The successful implementation of Renewable Energy Communities(RECs)involves maximizing the self-consumption within a community,particularly in regulatory contexts in which shared energy is incentivized.In many countri...The successful implementation of Renewable Energy Communities(RECs)involves maximizing the self-consumption within a community,particularly in regulatory contexts in which shared energy is incentivized.In many countries,the absence of a metering infrastructure that provides data at an hourly or sub-hourly resolution level for low-voltage users(e.g.,residential and commercial users)makes the design of a new energy community a challenging task.This study proposes a non-intrusive machine learning methodology that can be used to generate residential electrical consumption profiles at an hourly resolution level using only monthly consumption data(i.e.,billed energy),with the aim of estimating the energy shared by RECs.The proposed methodology involves three phases:first,identifying the typical load patterns of residential users through k-Means clustering,then implementing a Random Forest algorithm,based on monthly energy bills,to identify typical load patterns and,finally,reconstructing the hourly electrical load profile through a data-driven rescaling procedure.The effectiveness of the proposed methodology has been evaluated through an REC case study composed by 37 residential users powered by a 70 kWp photovoltaic plant.The Normalized Mean Absolute Error(NMAE)and the Normalized Root Mean Squared Error(NRMSE)were evaluated over an entire year and whenever the energy was shared within the REC.The Relative Absolute Error was also measured when estimating the shared energy at both a monthly(MRAE)and at an annual basis.(RAE).A comparison between the REC load profile reconstructed using the proposed methodology and the real load profile yielded an overall NMAE of 20.04%,an NRMSE of 26.17%,and errors of 18.34%and 23.87%during shared energy timeframes,respectively.Furthermore,our model delivered relative absolute errors for the estimation of the shared energy at a monthly and annual scale of 8.31%and 0.12%,respectively.展开更多
Science should drive policies and regulations to ensure a sustainable(environmentally,socially,and economically)green transition to a Net-Zero/Net-Negative circular economy.Since 2015,which saw COP21 in Paris,Net Zero...Science should drive policies and regulations to ensure a sustainable(environmentally,socially,and economically)green transition to a Net-Zero/Net-Negative circular economy.Since 2015,which saw COP21 in Paris,Net Zero has been a global target that must be rapidly accompanied by a Net Negative strategy to mitigate climate change.Accordingly,biochar’s role as a durable carbon removal method is gaining attention and increasing.In this work,we discuss the durability of the carbon in biochar and the need for analytical techniques to support stakeholders on a project level.The different ecologically relevant groups of carbon forms contained in biochar are presented,and possible project-based methods to assess the quality and durability of the product versus the regulatory requirements for the permanence of carbon removals are summarized.Biochar is today one of the CDR technologies with the highest technology readiness level(TRL 8-9)that can ensure permanent removals for time frames relevant to climate change mitigation projects,combined with co-benefits that are gaining relevance in terms of mitigating climate impacts in agricultural soils.展开更多
Natural gas hydrates(NGH)are found in marine sediments on continental and island slopes,deep-water sediments of inland lakes and seas,and polar sediments on continents and continental shelves.NGH constitutes the large...Natural gas hydrates(NGH)are found in marine sediments on continental and island slopes,deep-water sediments of inland lakes and seas,and polar sediments on continents and continental shelves.NGH constitutes the largest hydrocarbon resource on Earth,representing a reservoir of sustainable fuel owing to the possibility of a so-called CO_(2)-CH_(4)replacement process.If CO_(2)is injected into NGH sediments,CH_(4)is released and CO_(2)hydrate formed.The extraction of gas from NGH,combined with carbon capture,presents significant potential advantages in the energy infrastructure and various economic and political contexts,aligning with future green policies.This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge by reviewing the findings of a three-year Italian research project focused on methane recovery and carbon dioxide disposal in NGH.The consortium comprises seven multidisciplinary Italian partners.This study introduces a novel process wherein the CO_(2)-CH_(4)replacement process is integrated with methane purification and CO_(2)recirculation,which has been experimentally tested and represents a new advancement in gas hydrate science.Experimental tests at the microscopic and macroscopic levels showed that the efficiency of the process strongly depends on the mutual influence of the properties of water,sediment,and the involved gaseous species.Energy evaluations show that the ratio between the energy spent to complete an entire cycle of replacement and recirculation over the stored energy in the recovered methane is 17%,resulting in a beneficial energy balance,while economic analysis shows that the transition could generate—even in the short term—large high-impact cash-out.展开更多
基金the project“Network 4 Energy Sustainable Transition-NEST”,Project code PE0000021Concession Decree No.1561 of 11.10.2022 adopted by Ministero dell’Universit`a e della Ricerca(MUR),CUP E13C22001890001+1 种基金funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan(NRRP),Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.3-Call for tender No.341 of 15.03.2022 of MURfunded by the European Union-NextGenerationEU.
文摘The successful implementation of Renewable Energy Communities(RECs)involves maximizing the self-consumption within a community,particularly in regulatory contexts in which shared energy is incentivized.In many countries,the absence of a metering infrastructure that provides data at an hourly or sub-hourly resolution level for low-voltage users(e.g.,residential and commercial users)makes the design of a new energy community a challenging task.This study proposes a non-intrusive machine learning methodology that can be used to generate residential electrical consumption profiles at an hourly resolution level using only monthly consumption data(i.e.,billed energy),with the aim of estimating the energy shared by RECs.The proposed methodology involves three phases:first,identifying the typical load patterns of residential users through k-Means clustering,then implementing a Random Forest algorithm,based on monthly energy bills,to identify typical load patterns and,finally,reconstructing the hourly electrical load profile through a data-driven rescaling procedure.The effectiveness of the proposed methodology has been evaluated through an REC case study composed by 37 residential users powered by a 70 kWp photovoltaic plant.The Normalized Mean Absolute Error(NMAE)and the Normalized Root Mean Squared Error(NRMSE)were evaluated over an entire year and whenever the energy was shared within the REC.The Relative Absolute Error was also measured when estimating the shared energy at both a monthly(MRAE)and at an annual basis.(RAE).A comparison between the REC load profile reconstructed using the proposed methodology and the real load profile yielded an overall NMAE of 20.04%,an NRMSE of 26.17%,and errors of 18.34%and 23.87%during shared energy timeframes,respectively.Furthermore,our model delivered relative absolute errors for the estimation of the shared energy at a monthly and annual scale of 8.31%and 0.12%,respectively.
文摘Science should drive policies and regulations to ensure a sustainable(environmentally,socially,and economically)green transition to a Net-Zero/Net-Negative circular economy.Since 2015,which saw COP21 in Paris,Net Zero has been a global target that must be rapidly accompanied by a Net Negative strategy to mitigate climate change.Accordingly,biochar’s role as a durable carbon removal method is gaining attention and increasing.In this work,we discuss the durability of the carbon in biochar and the need for analytical techniques to support stakeholders on a project level.The different ecologically relevant groups of carbon forms contained in biochar are presented,and possible project-based methods to assess the quality and durability of the product versus the regulatory requirements for the permanence of carbon removals are summarized.Biochar is today one of the CDR technologies with the highest technology readiness level(TRL 8-9)that can ensure permanent removals for time frames relevant to climate change mitigation projects,combined with co-benefits that are gaining relevance in terms of mitigating climate impacts in agricultural soils.
基金funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR)under the Prin 2017 Framework-Research Projects of Relevant National Interest 2019-2023The research in Antarctica has been partially supported by the Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide(PNRA).3.
文摘Natural gas hydrates(NGH)are found in marine sediments on continental and island slopes,deep-water sediments of inland lakes and seas,and polar sediments on continents and continental shelves.NGH constitutes the largest hydrocarbon resource on Earth,representing a reservoir of sustainable fuel owing to the possibility of a so-called CO_(2)-CH_(4)replacement process.If CO_(2)is injected into NGH sediments,CH_(4)is released and CO_(2)hydrate formed.The extraction of gas from NGH,combined with carbon capture,presents significant potential advantages in the energy infrastructure and various economic and political contexts,aligning with future green policies.This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge by reviewing the findings of a three-year Italian research project focused on methane recovery and carbon dioxide disposal in NGH.The consortium comprises seven multidisciplinary Italian partners.This study introduces a novel process wherein the CO_(2)-CH_(4)replacement process is integrated with methane purification and CO_(2)recirculation,which has been experimentally tested and represents a new advancement in gas hydrate science.Experimental tests at the microscopic and macroscopic levels showed that the efficiency of the process strongly depends on the mutual influence of the properties of water,sediment,and the involved gaseous species.Energy evaluations show that the ratio between the energy spent to complete an entire cycle of replacement and recirculation over the stored energy in the recovered methane is 17%,resulting in a beneficial energy balance,while economic analysis shows that the transition could generate—even in the short term—large high-impact cash-out.
