Combustion of fossil fuels increases permanently the carbon content of the fast carbon cycle consisting of atmos-phere, land and surface ocean. The carbon residence times in these reservoirs are relatively low in the ...Combustion of fossil fuels increases permanently the carbon content of the fast carbon cycle consisting of atmos-phere, land and surface ocean. The carbon residence times in these reservoirs are relatively low in the order of some years. Howev-er, the carbon residence time in the whole fast cycle is in the order of 2,000 years. This means the final storage problem of fossil en-ergy use is in the same order as that of nuclear energy use.There are two other main driving forces for a continuous decarbonisation of the world energy system. The first one is the short-ening of raw materials, an the second one is the greenhous gas effect of carbon dioxide with the risk of climate change. Based on the "molecular fingerprints" of various fossil fuels a new quantity, the "energetic carbon efficiency" can be derived. This quantity fa-vours methane (natural gas) more than any other fossil fuel. E. g. , methane is two times more efficient than lignite or hard coal. Therefore, the future role of this energy carrier will be discussed more in detail.Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is not a convincing concept and therefore it cannot be considered as a responsible excuse for new coal fired power stations. A reasonable way out may be the carbon moratorium. This means a thermal splitting of methane into carbon and hydrogen. Only the hydrogen is used as a fuel whereas the carbon is deposited in the earth, because storage of carbon is much safer than storage of carbon dioxide.Very often biofuels are considered as a sustainable option. Critical arguments are presented against the meander of biofuels. Negative climate implications and very low efficiencies are serious arguments against these technolgies. Even the fashionable new hope for bioenergy from algea farms has no rational fundamentA long-time sustainable energy system requires not only low carbon but zero carbon technologies. This means solar energy in all kinds of its appearance (water power, wind, solar heat and photovoltaics). However these kinds of energy require new energy stor-age technologies. Various storage technologies will be discussed with a special focus on electrochemical batteries and electromobility. All of these new energy technologies are not able to remove any carbon from the fast carbon cycle. Therefore, some prominent con-cepts of climate engineering will be introduced.展开更多
1 Introduction In the past,several oxide scale failure models were developed for different types of failure,and approaches exist to combine these models with oxide failure diagrams.The most well known concept is descr...1 Introduction In the past,several oxide scale failure models were developed for different types of failure,and approaches exist to combine these models with oxide failure diagrams.The most well known concept is described in EPRI report FP686 from 1978 which served as a basis for the assessment of strain展开更多
电解技术的革新推动了Power to X能源长期存储解决方案的发展——CO2已经成为化学工业中的一种原材料、交通运输部门和可再生能源之间的连接器以及精细化工产品的关键,上述种种过程中都离不开电解。这也使电解技术引起了科学届和工业届...电解技术的革新推动了Power to X能源长期存储解决方案的发展——CO2已经成为化学工业中的一种原材料、交通运输部门和可再生能源之间的连接器以及精细化工产品的关键,上述种种过程中都离不开电解。这也使电解技术引起了科学届和工业届的高度关注,也反应在其最新的研发工作中。展开更多
文摘Combustion of fossil fuels increases permanently the carbon content of the fast carbon cycle consisting of atmos-phere, land and surface ocean. The carbon residence times in these reservoirs are relatively low in the order of some years. Howev-er, the carbon residence time in the whole fast cycle is in the order of 2,000 years. This means the final storage problem of fossil en-ergy use is in the same order as that of nuclear energy use.There are two other main driving forces for a continuous decarbonisation of the world energy system. The first one is the short-ening of raw materials, an the second one is the greenhous gas effect of carbon dioxide with the risk of climate change. Based on the "molecular fingerprints" of various fossil fuels a new quantity, the "energetic carbon efficiency" can be derived. This quantity fa-vours methane (natural gas) more than any other fossil fuel. E. g. , methane is two times more efficient than lignite or hard coal. Therefore, the future role of this energy carrier will be discussed more in detail.Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is not a convincing concept and therefore it cannot be considered as a responsible excuse for new coal fired power stations. A reasonable way out may be the carbon moratorium. This means a thermal splitting of methane into carbon and hydrogen. Only the hydrogen is used as a fuel whereas the carbon is deposited in the earth, because storage of carbon is much safer than storage of carbon dioxide.Very often biofuels are considered as a sustainable option. Critical arguments are presented against the meander of biofuels. Negative climate implications and very low efficiencies are serious arguments against these technolgies. Even the fashionable new hope for bioenergy from algea farms has no rational fundamentA long-time sustainable energy system requires not only low carbon but zero carbon technologies. This means solar energy in all kinds of its appearance (water power, wind, solar heat and photovoltaics). However these kinds of energy require new energy stor-age technologies. Various storage technologies will be discussed with a special focus on electrochemical batteries and electromobility. All of these new energy technologies are not able to remove any carbon from the fast carbon cycle. Therefore, some prominent con-cepts of climate engineering will be introduced.
文摘1 Introduction In the past,several oxide scale failure models were developed for different types of failure,and approaches exist to combine these models with oxide failure diagrams.The most well known concept is described in EPRI report FP686 from 1978 which served as a basis for the assessment of strain
