The green rice leafhopper (GRH;Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler) is one of the most devastating insect pests of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in temperate regions in Asia. Using the rice germplasms with biotic stress ...The green rice leafhopper (GRH;Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler) is one of the most devastating insect pests of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in temperate regions in Asia. Using the rice germplasms with biotic stress resistance is the most effective and environmentally-friendly way to control the insect pests in the paddy. Sixty accessions from a core set of worldwide collection of rice were characterized for resistance to the GRH by antibiosis test both at the seedling and at the booting stages. The positive correlations of average nymph mortality (ANM) were observed between at the seedling stage and at the booting stage on 3 days after infestation (DAI) (r = 0.684**), 5DAI (r = 0.680**), and 7DAI (r = 0.652**), respectively. This result will give us the opportunity to screen resistance to the GRH with the cost-efficient way using rice seedlings in a growth chamber. To classify the 60 accessions evaluated, the ANM of the GRH of each accession was compared to the respective ANM of resistant and susceptible controls with the least significant difference (LSD) value. Based on the statistical difference or similarity of the ANMs to the resistant and the susceptible controls, we proposed the four groups of resistance to the GRH, (I) high level of resistance, (II) considerable level of resistance, (III) moderate level of resistance, and (IV) susceptibility. At the seedling stage, a total of 26 accessions were highly resistant in addition to other 6 for considerable level of resistance and other 10 for moderate level of resistance. At the booting stage, on the other hand, a total of 18 accessions were highly resistant in addition to other 3 for considerable level of resistance and other 5 for moderate level of resistance. A total of 42 accessions with high to moderate level of resistance were distributed across 16 countries in Asia in addition to each one for Madagascar and USA. The classification of landraces based on the present protocol for screening resistance to the insect provided fundamental information for genetics and breeding on resistance to the GRH in rice.展开更多
Bacterial leaf blight of rice (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases in Asian rice fields. A high-quality rice variety, LT2, was used as the recipient parent.IRBB21, wh...Bacterial leaf blight of rice (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases in Asian rice fields. A high-quality rice variety, LT2, was used as the recipient parent.IRBB21, which carries the Xa21 gene, was used as the donor parent. The resistance gene Xa21 was introduced into LT2 by marker-assisted backcrossing. Three Xoo races were used to inoculate the improved lines following the clipping method. Eleven BC_3F_3 lines carrying Xa21 were obtained based on molecular markers and agronomic performance. The 11 lines were then inoculated with the three Xoo races. All the 11 improved lines showed better resistance to BLB than the recipient parent LT2. Based on the level of resistance to BLB and their agronomic performance, five lines (BC_3F_3 5.1.5.1, BC_3F_3 5.1.5.12, BC_3F_3 8.5.6.44, BC_3F_3 9.5.4.1 and BC_3F_3 9.5.4.23) were selected as the most promising for commercial release. These improved lines could contribute to rice production in terms of food security.展开更多
Conventional, grid-based sampling location tracking approach with GPS or topographic maps is time-consuming and inconvenient. Therefore, this study combined the freely available virtual/digital globe with recent advan...Conventional, grid-based sampling location tracking approach with GPS or topographic maps is time-consuming and inconvenient. Therefore, this study combined the freely available virtual/digital globe with recent advancements of smartphone geo-browsers to develop a new sampling location tracking approach. The sampling frame was developed with pre-uploaded point map formulated in GIS environment by combining land-use map and one-kilometer grid with center coordinates. The sampling location grid was uploaded to smartphone and each point was tracked with Google Map path finder using point ID (coded grid coordinate) when searching each sampling location. The suitability of the new approach was tested for soil sample collection from paddy lands distributed in 0.9 million hectares in Sri Lanka. The sampling locations could be reached conveniently with the help of Google path-finder voice direction guide and optional routes. The efficiency of new approach was found to be remarkably high, <em>i.e</em>., over 99% of the 9000 sampling points, which were spread across Sri Lanka having an area of 65,610 km<sup>2</sup>. All sampling points in the country could be covered with twelve member field investigation crew who were guided through smartphones uploaded with sampling point grid on six motorbikes within 60 days. The new sampling location tracking approach is effective in terms of cost, time, human resource requirements, thus can be adopted in large-scale soil/plant sampling frames with high accuracy.展开更多
文摘The green rice leafhopper (GRH;Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler) is one of the most devastating insect pests of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in temperate regions in Asia. Using the rice germplasms with biotic stress resistance is the most effective and environmentally-friendly way to control the insect pests in the paddy. Sixty accessions from a core set of worldwide collection of rice were characterized for resistance to the GRH by antibiosis test both at the seedling and at the booting stages. The positive correlations of average nymph mortality (ANM) were observed between at the seedling stage and at the booting stage on 3 days after infestation (DAI) (r = 0.684**), 5DAI (r = 0.680**), and 7DAI (r = 0.652**), respectively. This result will give us the opportunity to screen resistance to the GRH with the cost-efficient way using rice seedlings in a growth chamber. To classify the 60 accessions evaluated, the ANM of the GRH of each accession was compared to the respective ANM of resistant and susceptible controls with the least significant difference (LSD) value. Based on the statistical difference or similarity of the ANMs to the resistant and the susceptible controls, we proposed the four groups of resistance to the GRH, (I) high level of resistance, (II) considerable level of resistance, (III) moderate level of resistance, and (IV) susceptibility. At the seedling stage, a total of 26 accessions were highly resistant in addition to other 6 for considerable level of resistance and other 10 for moderate level of resistance. At the booting stage, on the other hand, a total of 18 accessions were highly resistant in addition to other 3 for considerable level of resistance and other 5 for moderate level of resistance. A total of 42 accessions with high to moderate level of resistance were distributed across 16 countries in Asia in addition to each one for Madagascar and USA. The classification of landraces based on the present protocol for screening resistance to the insect provided fundamental information for genetics and breeding on resistance to the GRH in rice.
文摘Bacterial leaf blight of rice (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases in Asian rice fields. A high-quality rice variety, LT2, was used as the recipient parent.IRBB21, which carries the Xa21 gene, was used as the donor parent. The resistance gene Xa21 was introduced into LT2 by marker-assisted backcrossing. Three Xoo races were used to inoculate the improved lines following the clipping method. Eleven BC_3F_3 lines carrying Xa21 were obtained based on molecular markers and agronomic performance. The 11 lines were then inoculated with the three Xoo races. All the 11 improved lines showed better resistance to BLB than the recipient parent LT2. Based on the level of resistance to BLB and their agronomic performance, five lines (BC_3F_3 5.1.5.1, BC_3F_3 5.1.5.12, BC_3F_3 8.5.6.44, BC_3F_3 9.5.4.1 and BC_3F_3 9.5.4.23) were selected as the most promising for commercial release. These improved lines could contribute to rice production in terms of food security.
文摘Conventional, grid-based sampling location tracking approach with GPS or topographic maps is time-consuming and inconvenient. Therefore, this study combined the freely available virtual/digital globe with recent advancements of smartphone geo-browsers to develop a new sampling location tracking approach. The sampling frame was developed with pre-uploaded point map formulated in GIS environment by combining land-use map and one-kilometer grid with center coordinates. The sampling location grid was uploaded to smartphone and each point was tracked with Google Map path finder using point ID (coded grid coordinate) when searching each sampling location. The suitability of the new approach was tested for soil sample collection from paddy lands distributed in 0.9 million hectares in Sri Lanka. The sampling locations could be reached conveniently with the help of Google path-finder voice direction guide and optional routes. The efficiency of new approach was found to be remarkably high, <em>i.e</em>., over 99% of the 9000 sampling points, which were spread across Sri Lanka having an area of 65,610 km<sup>2</sup>. All sampling points in the country could be covered with twelve member field investigation crew who were guided through smartphones uploaded with sampling point grid on six motorbikes within 60 days. The new sampling location tracking approach is effective in terms of cost, time, human resource requirements, thus can be adopted in large-scale soil/plant sampling frames with high accuracy.
