Twenty accessions of African Yam Bean, grown at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso during the cropping seasons of May to November, 2014 and 2015 were assessed for gene...Twenty accessions of African Yam Bean, grown at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso during the cropping seasons of May to November, 2014 and 2015 were assessed for genetic diversity and Genotype × Environment interaction effects on trait performance and their ability to produce tuber. The first six Principal Components jointly explained 70.30% of the total variation among the accessions. Vine length, branching pattern, pod number, pod length, seed number, and seed yield contributed mostly to the observed variations. Seed biometric traits were most variable and contributed 52% of total variation. Variance due to genotype accounted for 54.2%, environment 10.5% and G × E interaction accounted for 30.1% of the interaction sum of squares. Accessions, G2, G4, G47, G49 and G50 produced tubers, while accessions G6, G15, G31, G32 and G33 nodulated extensively. Conversely, there was a marginal reduction in seed yield in accessions that either produced tubers or nodules.展开更多
The Hydrangea genus belongs to the Hydrangeaceae family,in the Cornales order of flowering plants,which early diverged among the Asterids,and includes several species that are commonly used ornamental plants.Of them,H...The Hydrangea genus belongs to the Hydrangeaceae family,in the Cornales order of flowering plants,which early diverged among the Asterids,and includes several species that are commonly used ornamental plants.Of them,Hydrangea macrophylla is one of the most valuable species in the nursery trade,yet few genomic resources are available for this crop or closely related Asterid species.Two high-quality haplotype-resolved reference genomes of hydrangea cultivars‘Veitchii’and‘Endless Summer’[highest quality at 2.22 gigabase pairs(Gb),396 contigs,N5022.8 megabase pairs(Mb)]were assembled and scaffolded into the expected 18 pseudochromosomes.Utilizing the newly developed high-quality reference genomes along with high-quality genomes of other related flowering plants,nuclear data were found to support a single divergence point in the Asterids clade where both the Cornales and Ericales diverged from the euasterids.Genetic mapping with an F1 hybrid population demonstrated the power of linkage mapping combined with the new genomic resources to identify the gene for inflorescence shape,CYP78A5 located on chromosome 4,and a novel gene,BAM3 located on chromosome 17,for causing double flower.Resources developed in this study will not only help to accelerate hydrangea genetic improvement but also contribute to understanding the largest group of flowering plants,the Asterids.展开更多
Yerba mate(Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.)is a species of great economic,social and environmental importance for the southern regions of Brazil,Uruguay and Argentina.Currently the most diverse products are obtained fr...Yerba mate(Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.)is a species of great economic,social and environmental importance for the southern regions of Brazil,Uruguay and Argentina.Currently the most diverse products are obtained from mate leaves,including mate tea.The objective of this study was to establish shoot meristem cultures(meristematic dome and a few primordia)of elite clones and identify the endophytic bacteria present in the explants.We tested the effect of clones(F1,F2,A03 and A07),culture media(MS,1/2MS,1/4MS and WPM),cytokinins(kinetin,BA and 2iP),activated charcoal(1,2 and 3 g L^-1),and disinfecting agent(sodium hypochlorite and mercuric chloride)on in vitro establishment.F1 and F2 clones were the most responsive for shoot meristem in vitro culture.WPM medium supplemented with 8.8 lM 2iP,0.2 lM NAA and 3 g L^-1 activated charcoal was the most suitable for the in vitro establishment of the F1 clone.No phytotoxic effect of the disinfectant was observed and some meristems sprouted.The isolated endophytic bacterium was identified for the first time in yerba mate as Agrobacterium larrymoorei.To conclude,we were able to establish in vitro culture of yerba mate using meristems as explants but the tissues were not free of endophytic microorganisms which could interfere with explant response.展开更多
Drought is a major production constraint for major fruits and vegetable crops in the tropics. This study was conducted to in- vestigate the effect of limited water supply at three growth stages （vegetative, flowering...Drought is a major production constraint for major fruits and vegetable crops in the tropics. This study was conducted to in- vestigate the effect of limited water supply at three growth stages （vegetative, flowering and fruiting） on the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in three pepper species. Seeds of the three pepper species, Capsicum chinense Jacq., C. annuum L. and C. frutescens L. were raised in a nursery and the seedlings were transplanted into seventy two plastic pots arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, 25 days after planting. Four water treatments, 200 mL of water supplied twice daily （W1）, once in every three days （W2）, once in every five days （W3）, and zero water supplied throughout growing period （W0） were imposed at three vegetative, flowering, and fruiting growth stages. Data were collected on relative water content, free proline and total soluble sugar. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan＇s multiple range test. Results show that the concentration ofproline and soluble sugar in leaves of the three pepper species were found to be remarkable at the different stages of growth in the stressed plants.展开更多
Two field studies were carried out using Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum scabrum to investigate the effects of planting methods and seed density required for optimum biomass yield and nutrient content in southwest Nig...Two field studies were carried out using Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum scabrum to investigate the effects of planting methods and seed density required for optimum biomass yield and nutrient content in southwest Nigeria. Two planting methods (drilling and broadcasting), and two seed densities (4 and 8 table spoon full) were investigated as a 2×2×3 factorial experiment in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Four seed spoons gave 25.78 kg seeds ha-1 for S. macrocarpon and 20.67 kg·seeds·ha-1 for S. scabrum. Significant highest S. macrocarpon shoots (2.75 kg·m-2) and Ca, K, Fe and Zn contents and S. scabrum (2.95 kg·m-2) and Zn content, were obtained with drilling and four spoons of seeds compared with broadcasting and 8 spoons of seeds. This treatment gave average values for N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca/P and Na/K ratio were 2.79%, 0.03%, 3.37%, 1.64%, 0.02%, 300 mg·kg-1, 100 mg·kg-1, 300 mg·kg-1, 8 mg·kg-1, 1.22 and 0.008 for S. macrocarpon and 2.05%, 0.27%, 5.81%, 3.27%, 2.91%, 0.09%, 280 mg·kg-1, 52.99 mg·kg-1, 359.35 mg·kg-1 and 22.42 mg·kg-1, 11.63 and 0.016 for S. scabrum. It was concluded that planting in drilling made weeding, fertilizer application, irrigation and harvesting more effective rather than by broadcasting, and four spoons of seeds per 9 m-2 produced deep green and broader leaves and balanced nutrient contents than eight spoons of seeds.展开更多
The demand for rice to meet the dietary need in low-income countries is expected to witness an exponential rise as the population increases.Meeting the rice demand domestically has remained challenging due to signific...The demand for rice to meet the dietary need in low-income countries is expected to witness an exponential rise as the population increases.Meeting the rice demand domestically has remained challenging due to significant yield loss caused by several biotic and abiotic factors.Among these factors,one of the most important is the high weed pressure that ravages the upland rice ecology.In Nigeria,several independent weed control techniques,such as physical,chemical and cultural methods,have been recommended and adopted for weed control across varying rice upland ecologies.However,outcomes of these approaches when used independently have not consistently led to an increase in yield.There remains an outstanding deficit between the actual yield and the potential rice yield.This review aimed to identify potential research gaps,and quest effective and sustainable weed management strategies in smallholder upland rice farming systems in Nigeria.A critical analysis of studies suggests the potential of sustainable weed management practices if adopted and adapted smartly in different upland ecologies in Nigeria.Competitiveness of upland rice against weeds can be enhanced through strategic integration of weed competitive cultivars,optimum nitrogen application timings(within weed-free periods),uniform plant spacing,and high seeding rates,with conventional herbicide/manual weed control practices.However,such management practices can only be engaged where inputs are supplied on time and the technical know-how is extended to farmers.The review equally highlights potential research gaps for further studies.展开更多
Nine sorghum varieties comprises of five hybrids from IAR,Zaria and four local varieties from Turare local community were evaluated at Turare village in Dutsin-Ma,Katsina state to compare their performance with the ai...Nine sorghum varieties comprises of five hybrids from IAR,Zaria and four local varieties from Turare local community were evaluated at Turare village in Dutsin-Ma,Katsina state to compare their performance with the aim of selecting the sorghum with the best performance in yield for multiplication and distribution to the local farmers.The experiment field was laid using randomized complete block design(RCBD)with three replications.Random table number was used to allocate sorghum varieties to plots.Among the nine varieties,Samsorg 45 was the best performed variety in agronomic characteristics and yield followed by Samsorg 46 and then Samsorg 40.These three varieties were selected among the nine varieties.The study concludes that Samsorg 40,45 and 46 have a better attributes of early maturity,yield and higher nutritive value.This will relatively translated to higher income for the farmers.It is therefore recommended that farmers should be sensitized and educated on their planting.展开更多
<i>Solanum macrocarpon</i> and <i>Solanum scabrum</i> are good sources of vitamin, minerals, protein, anti-oxidants and fiber in southwest Nigeria. The study examined the effects of nitrogen fe...<i>Solanum macrocarpon</i> and <i>Solanum scabrum</i> are good sources of vitamin, minerals, protein, anti-oxidants and fiber in southwest Nigeria. The study examined the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on yields and nitrogen use efficiencies of <i>Solanum macrocarpon</i> and <i>Solanum scabrum</i> in Iwaro-Oka, Ondo State in southwest Nigeria in 2014 and 2015. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arranged into a randomized complete block design with four rates of urea-N drilled at 0, 40, 80 and 160 kg/ha and replicated four times. Each plot was 3 m × 2 m with space of 1 m between plots. Vegetable seeds were planted by drilling. Fresh shoot and dry matter yields were determined. Nitrogen content and uptake were determined, and nitrogen use efficiency estimated. The result showed that average dry matter weight for <i>S. macrocarpon</i> was 228 kg/ha and <i>S. scabrum</i> was 6116 kg/ha. Average nitrogen uptake was 5.90 kg/h and 158.60 kg/ha for <i>S. macrocarpon</i> and <i>S. scabrum</i>, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiencies were 6.48 kg/ha, 0.15 kg/ha and 0.1 kg/ha for <i>S. macrocarpon</i> and 87.33 kg/ha, 26.14 kg/ha and 24.35 kg/ha for <i>S. scabrum</i> at 40, 80 and 160 kg N/ha, respectively. Negative values were obtained for N-recovery for <i>S. macrocarpon</i> while <i>S. scabrum</i> gave 5.85%, 2.10% and 1.44% at 40, 80 and 160 kg N/ha, respectively. The study concluded that <i>S. scabrum</i> had higher nitrogen use efficiency in the soil than <i>S. macrocarpon</i> and that highest NUE and N recovery were obtained at 40 kg N/ha.展开更多
For the application of biochar in restoring pesticide-contaminated soils and minimizing the risk associated with their uptake in plants,it is crucial to understand the biochar impact on soil biological activities and ...For the application of biochar in restoring pesticide-contaminated soils and minimizing the risk associated with their uptake in plants,it is crucial to understand the biochar impact on soil biological activities and dissipation and accumulation of pesticides in plant and soil systems.In this study,the effect of Mentha-distilled waste-derived biochar was investigated on chlorpyrifos and atrazine contaminated sandy loam soil.The four application rates of atrazine(2,4,6,and 8 mg kg^(−1))and chlorpyrifos(2,4,6,and 12 mg kg^(−1))and a single application rate of biochar(4%)were used in this study.The degradation of pesticides,the diversity of the bacterial community,and enzymatic activities(alkaline phosphatase,dehydrogenase,arylsulfatase,phenol oxidase,urease activity and N-acetyl glucosaminidase)were exam-ined in soil.The uptake of two pesticides and their effect on growth and stress parameters were also investigated in plants(A.paniculata).The dissipation of chlorpyrifos and atrazine followed simple first-order kinetics with a halflife of 6.6-74.6 and 21-145 days,respectively.The presence of deisopropyl atrazine desethyl atrazine(metabolites of atrazine)and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(a metabolite of chlorpyrifos)was observed in soil and plant tissues.Biochar application significantly(p=0.001)enhanced the degradation rate of chlorpyrifos and atrazine leading to the lower half-life of chlorpyrifos and atrazine in soil.A significant reduction(p=0.001)in the uptake of chlorpyrifos and atrazine and alteration in their binding affinity and uptake rate in plant tissues was observed in biochar treatments.The incorporation of biochar improved chlorpyrifos/atrazine degrader and plant growth-promoting bacterial genera such as Balneimonas,Kaistobacter,Rubrobacter,Ammoniphilus,and Bacillus.The upregulation of functional genes associated with nucleotide,energy,carbohydrate,amino acid metabolism,xenobiotic biodegradation,and metabolism:atrazine degradation was observed in biochar treatments.The biochar amendments significantly(p=0.001)reduced the plant’s uptake velocity(Vmax)and affinity(Km)of chlorpyrifos and atrazine.These results delineated that Mentha-distilled waste-derived biochar can potentially remediate chlorpyrifos and atrazine contaminated soils and ensure the safety of plants for consumption.展开更多
In this study,four biochars prepared from different crop residue waste i.e.sugarcane bagasse(SBB),coconut shell(CNB),paddy straw(PDB),and distilled waste of lemongrass(LGB)were evaluated for removal of Remazol Brillia...In this study,four biochars prepared from different crop residue waste i.e.sugarcane bagasse(SBB),coconut shell(CNB),paddy straw(PDB),and distilled waste of lemongrass(LGB)were evaluated for removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R from the aqueous system.The RBBR adsorption capacities of biochar were 97-79%for SBB,99.9-99.47%for CNB,66.1-48%for PDB,and 78-68%for LGB,dominantly controlled by their aromaticity and mineral content.The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic models have described the chemisorption of RBBR on biochar surfaces.The thermodynamic data suggested that adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic.These biochars demonstrated excellent reusability(till four cycles with 50-61%regeneration).The purified water and biochar dye sludge demonstrated no phytotoxicity.The findings obtained in this study may provide supports for the potential of biochars for anionic dye removal from water and utilization of generated sludge for zero waste-producing technologies in the future.展开更多
文摘Twenty accessions of African Yam Bean, grown at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso during the cropping seasons of May to November, 2014 and 2015 were assessed for genetic diversity and Genotype × Environment interaction effects on trait performance and their ability to produce tuber. The first six Principal Components jointly explained 70.30% of the total variation among the accessions. Vine length, branching pattern, pod number, pod length, seed number, and seed yield contributed mostly to the observed variations. Seed biometric traits were most variable and contributed 52% of total variation. Variance due to genotype accounted for 54.2%, environment 10.5% and G × E interaction accounted for 30.1% of the interaction sum of squares. Accessions, G2, G4, G47, G49 and G50 produced tubers, while accessions G6, G15, G31, G32 and G33 nodulated extensively. Conversely, there was a marginal reduction in seed yield in accessions that either produced tubers or nodules.
基金The research presented in this article was supported in part by funds from the Floral and Nursery Research Initiative administered through the United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service(USDA-ARS).Theworkwas supported by USDA-ARS CRIS project numbers 6066-21310-005-00D and 8020-21000-072-000-DThe authors would like to thank Carrie Witcher for assistance with pollen collection and microscopy and Dr Jerry Jenkins from the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology for his technical advice on scaffolding.BenjaminMoore and Joseph Davis maintained the plants used in this experiment.This research used resources provided by the SCINet project of the USDA Agricultural Research Service,ARS project numbers 0500-00093-001-00-D and 5030-21000-069-00D.The mention of trade names of commercial products in the publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture.
文摘The Hydrangea genus belongs to the Hydrangeaceae family,in the Cornales order of flowering plants,which early diverged among the Asterids,and includes several species that are commonly used ornamental plants.Of them,Hydrangea macrophylla is one of the most valuable species in the nursery trade,yet few genomic resources are available for this crop or closely related Asterid species.Two high-quality haplotype-resolved reference genomes of hydrangea cultivars‘Veitchii’and‘Endless Summer’[highest quality at 2.22 gigabase pairs(Gb),396 contigs,N5022.8 megabase pairs(Mb)]were assembled and scaffolded into the expected 18 pseudochromosomes.Utilizing the newly developed high-quality reference genomes along with high-quality genomes of other related flowering plants,nuclear data were found to support a single divergence point in the Asterids clade where both the Cornales and Ericales diverged from the euasterids.Genetic mapping with an F1 hybrid population demonstrated the power of linkage mapping combined with the new genomic resources to identify the gene for inflorescence shape,CYP78A5 located on chromosome 4,and a novel gene,BAM3 located on chromosome 17,for causing double flower.Resources developed in this study will not only help to accelerate hydrangea genetic improvement but also contribute to understanding the largest group of flowering plants,the Asterids.
基金Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation(EMBRAPA)Forestry
文摘Yerba mate(Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.)is a species of great economic,social and environmental importance for the southern regions of Brazil,Uruguay and Argentina.Currently the most diverse products are obtained from mate leaves,including mate tea.The objective of this study was to establish shoot meristem cultures(meristematic dome and a few primordia)of elite clones and identify the endophytic bacteria present in the explants.We tested the effect of clones(F1,F2,A03 and A07),culture media(MS,1/2MS,1/4MS and WPM),cytokinins(kinetin,BA and 2iP),activated charcoal(1,2 and 3 g L^-1),and disinfecting agent(sodium hypochlorite and mercuric chloride)on in vitro establishment.F1 and F2 clones were the most responsive for shoot meristem in vitro culture.WPM medium supplemented with 8.8 lM 2iP,0.2 lM NAA and 3 g L^-1 activated charcoal was the most suitable for the in vitro establishment of the F1 clone.No phytotoxic effect of the disinfectant was observed and some meristems sprouted.The isolated endophytic bacterium was identified for the first time in yerba mate as Agrobacterium larrymoorei.To conclude,we were able to establish in vitro culture of yerba mate using meristems as explants but the tissues were not free of endophytic microorganisms which could interfere with explant response.
文摘Drought is a major production constraint for major fruits and vegetable crops in the tropics. This study was conducted to in- vestigate the effect of limited water supply at three growth stages （vegetative, flowering and fruiting） on the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in three pepper species. Seeds of the three pepper species, Capsicum chinense Jacq., C. annuum L. and C. frutescens L. were raised in a nursery and the seedlings were transplanted into seventy two plastic pots arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, 25 days after planting. Four water treatments, 200 mL of water supplied twice daily （W1）, once in every three days （W2）, once in every five days （W3）, and zero water supplied throughout growing period （W0） were imposed at three vegetative, flowering, and fruiting growth stages. Data were collected on relative water content, free proline and total soluble sugar. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan＇s multiple range test. Results show that the concentration ofproline and soluble sugar in leaves of the three pepper species were found to be remarkable at the different stages of growth in the stressed plants.
文摘Two field studies were carried out using Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum scabrum to investigate the effects of planting methods and seed density required for optimum biomass yield and nutrient content in southwest Nigeria. Two planting methods (drilling and broadcasting), and two seed densities (4 and 8 table spoon full) were investigated as a 2×2×3 factorial experiment in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Four seed spoons gave 25.78 kg seeds ha-1 for S. macrocarpon and 20.67 kg·seeds·ha-1 for S. scabrum. Significant highest S. macrocarpon shoots (2.75 kg·m-2) and Ca, K, Fe and Zn contents and S. scabrum (2.95 kg·m-2) and Zn content, were obtained with drilling and four spoons of seeds compared with broadcasting and 8 spoons of seeds. This treatment gave average values for N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca/P and Na/K ratio were 2.79%, 0.03%, 3.37%, 1.64%, 0.02%, 300 mg·kg-1, 100 mg·kg-1, 300 mg·kg-1, 8 mg·kg-1, 1.22 and 0.008 for S. macrocarpon and 2.05%, 0.27%, 5.81%, 3.27%, 2.91%, 0.09%, 280 mg·kg-1, 52.99 mg·kg-1, 359.35 mg·kg-1 and 22.42 mg·kg-1, 11.63 and 0.016 for S. scabrum. It was concluded that planting in drilling made weeding, fertilizer application, irrigation and harvesting more effective rather than by broadcasting, and four spoons of seeds per 9 m-2 produced deep green and broader leaves and balanced nutrient contents than eight spoons of seeds.
文摘The demand for rice to meet the dietary need in low-income countries is expected to witness an exponential rise as the population increases.Meeting the rice demand domestically has remained challenging due to significant yield loss caused by several biotic and abiotic factors.Among these factors,one of the most important is the high weed pressure that ravages the upland rice ecology.In Nigeria,several independent weed control techniques,such as physical,chemical and cultural methods,have been recommended and adopted for weed control across varying rice upland ecologies.However,outcomes of these approaches when used independently have not consistently led to an increase in yield.There remains an outstanding deficit between the actual yield and the potential rice yield.This review aimed to identify potential research gaps,and quest effective and sustainable weed management strategies in smallholder upland rice farming systems in Nigeria.A critical analysis of studies suggests the potential of sustainable weed management practices if adopted and adapted smartly in different upland ecologies in Nigeria.Competitiveness of upland rice against weeds can be enhanced through strategic integration of weed competitive cultivars,optimum nitrogen application timings(within weed-free periods),uniform plant spacing,and high seeding rates,with conventional herbicide/manual weed control practices.However,such management practices can only be engaged where inputs are supplied on time and the technical know-how is extended to farmers.The review equally highlights potential research gaps for further studies.
文摘Nine sorghum varieties comprises of five hybrids from IAR,Zaria and four local varieties from Turare local community were evaluated at Turare village in Dutsin-Ma,Katsina state to compare their performance with the aim of selecting the sorghum with the best performance in yield for multiplication and distribution to the local farmers.The experiment field was laid using randomized complete block design(RCBD)with three replications.Random table number was used to allocate sorghum varieties to plots.Among the nine varieties,Samsorg 45 was the best performed variety in agronomic characteristics and yield followed by Samsorg 46 and then Samsorg 40.These three varieties were selected among the nine varieties.The study concludes that Samsorg 40,45 and 46 have a better attributes of early maturity,yield and higher nutritive value.This will relatively translated to higher income for the farmers.It is therefore recommended that farmers should be sensitized and educated on their planting.
文摘<i>Solanum macrocarpon</i> and <i>Solanum scabrum</i> are good sources of vitamin, minerals, protein, anti-oxidants and fiber in southwest Nigeria. The study examined the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on yields and nitrogen use efficiencies of <i>Solanum macrocarpon</i> and <i>Solanum scabrum</i> in Iwaro-Oka, Ondo State in southwest Nigeria in 2014 and 2015. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arranged into a randomized complete block design with four rates of urea-N drilled at 0, 40, 80 and 160 kg/ha and replicated four times. Each plot was 3 m × 2 m with space of 1 m between plots. Vegetable seeds were planted by drilling. Fresh shoot and dry matter yields were determined. Nitrogen content and uptake were determined, and nitrogen use efficiency estimated. The result showed that average dry matter weight for <i>S. macrocarpon</i> was 228 kg/ha and <i>S. scabrum</i> was 6116 kg/ha. Average nitrogen uptake was 5.90 kg/h and 158.60 kg/ha for <i>S. macrocarpon</i> and <i>S. scabrum</i>, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiencies were 6.48 kg/ha, 0.15 kg/ha and 0.1 kg/ha for <i>S. macrocarpon</i> and 87.33 kg/ha, 26.14 kg/ha and 24.35 kg/ha for <i>S. scabrum</i> at 40, 80 and 160 kg N/ha, respectively. Negative values were obtained for N-recovery for <i>S. macrocarpon</i> while <i>S. scabrum</i> gave 5.85%, 2.10% and 1.44% at 40, 80 and 160 kg N/ha, respectively. The study concluded that <i>S. scabrum</i> had higher nitrogen use efficiency in the soil than <i>S. macrocarpon</i> and that highest NUE and N recovery were obtained at 40 kg N/ha.
基金the Department of Biotechnology(DBT),New Delhi(BT/PR24706/NER/95/822/2017)underthe twinning program and CSIR-CIMAP(MLP-10)for financial assistanceCIMAP manuscript number is CIMAP/PUB/2023/141.
文摘For the application of biochar in restoring pesticide-contaminated soils and minimizing the risk associated with their uptake in plants,it is crucial to understand the biochar impact on soil biological activities and dissipation and accumulation of pesticides in plant and soil systems.In this study,the effect of Mentha-distilled waste-derived biochar was investigated on chlorpyrifos and atrazine contaminated sandy loam soil.The four application rates of atrazine(2,4,6,and 8 mg kg^(−1))and chlorpyrifos(2,4,6,and 12 mg kg^(−1))and a single application rate of biochar(4%)were used in this study.The degradation of pesticides,the diversity of the bacterial community,and enzymatic activities(alkaline phosphatase,dehydrogenase,arylsulfatase,phenol oxidase,urease activity and N-acetyl glucosaminidase)were exam-ined in soil.The uptake of two pesticides and their effect on growth and stress parameters were also investigated in plants(A.paniculata).The dissipation of chlorpyrifos and atrazine followed simple first-order kinetics with a halflife of 6.6-74.6 and 21-145 days,respectively.The presence of deisopropyl atrazine desethyl atrazine(metabolites of atrazine)and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(a metabolite of chlorpyrifos)was observed in soil and plant tissues.Biochar application significantly(p=0.001)enhanced the degradation rate of chlorpyrifos and atrazine leading to the lower half-life of chlorpyrifos and atrazine in soil.A significant reduction(p=0.001)in the uptake of chlorpyrifos and atrazine and alteration in their binding affinity and uptake rate in plant tissues was observed in biochar treatments.The incorporation of biochar improved chlorpyrifos/atrazine degrader and plant growth-promoting bacterial genera such as Balneimonas,Kaistobacter,Rubrobacter,Ammoniphilus,and Bacillus.The upregulation of functional genes associated with nucleotide,energy,carbohydrate,amino acid metabolism,xenobiotic biodegradation,and metabolism:atrazine degradation was observed in biochar treatments.The biochar amendments significantly(p=0.001)reduced the plant’s uptake velocity(Vmax)and affinity(Km)of chlorpyrifos and atrazine.These results delineated that Mentha-distilled waste-derived biochar can potentially remediate chlorpyrifos and atrazine contaminated soils and ensure the safety of plants for consumption.
基金financial support by the Department of Biotechnology(DBT),New Delhi(BT/PR24706/NER/95/822/2017)under the twinning program.
文摘In this study,four biochars prepared from different crop residue waste i.e.sugarcane bagasse(SBB),coconut shell(CNB),paddy straw(PDB),and distilled waste of lemongrass(LGB)were evaluated for removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R from the aqueous system.The RBBR adsorption capacities of biochar were 97-79%for SBB,99.9-99.47%for CNB,66.1-48%for PDB,and 78-68%for LGB,dominantly controlled by their aromaticity and mineral content.The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic models have described the chemisorption of RBBR on biochar surfaces.The thermodynamic data suggested that adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic.These biochars demonstrated excellent reusability(till four cycles with 50-61%regeneration).The purified water and biochar dye sludge demonstrated no phytotoxicity.The findings obtained in this study may provide supports for the potential of biochars for anionic dye removal from water and utilization of generated sludge for zero waste-producing technologies in the future.
