Both abiotic conditions and management influence the success of forest restoration.Despite growing interest and practical effort in restoring degraded forest landscapes,understanding of how disparate factors,such as t...Both abiotic conditions and management influence the success of forest restoration.Despite growing interest and practical effort in restoring degraded forest landscapes,understanding of how disparate factors,such as terrain,soil conditions,climate and silvicultural treatments,directly or collectively control species performance and shape community recovery remains limited.In this study,we assessed how topography and management intervention affect seedling survival and growth in the early stages of restoration.To do so,we established seven experimental plots,each measuring 20 m×20 m(400 m2)subdivided into 48 subplots,in coarse,anthropogenic grassland on a mid-elevation mountain slope in Hong Kong,and planted a total of 3975 native tree seedlings belonging to 12 tree species within them.To characterise topography,we modelled the elevation,slope,convexity and aspect of each subplot.Two types of tree guard(enclosed blue plastic sleeve and open yellow mesh),two types of fertiliser(organic and inorganic)and cardboard weeding mats were used to assess the impact of management interventions on the establishment of the seedlings.Survivorship,height and basal diameter were measured at 1,2 and 4 years after planting.We used generalised linear models to examine the effect of these factors and their interactions on seedling survival,and we applied linear models and hierarchical partitioning to explore their relative importance in determining the relative growth rate(RGR)of each species.The most parsimonious models were selected using the Akaike Information Criterion.Survivorship was 98.1%,95.2%and 86.4%across all plots in the first,second and fourth year,respectively.On average,topographic and management variables explained 1.48–3.34%of total variation in RGR,respectively,for all species.The models revealed that type of tree guard,aspect and elevation were the most important factors explaining RGR and survival.Results of hierarchical partitioning by species and growth period showed that the key determinants of performance vary by species and shift over the course of early seedling establishment,emphasising the importance of both spatial and temporal scales in the restoration of degraded tropical forests.Our findings support the use of enclosed tree guards and fertiliser to improve survivorship and growth across a range of broadleaved Asiatic species.All potential limiting factors pertaining to both site factors and management,as well as their interactions,should be considered in restoration planning to maximise restoration success.展开更多
通过对黑土坡耕地免耕、少耕与传统耕作土壤物理性状全生育期观测，比较研究土壤结构和导水性状季节变化差异及其与水土流失的关系。结果表明，表层0～20 cm土壤，免耕土壤容重全生育期维持在1.20～1.30 g cm^-3，变化小，大于0.25 mm...通过对黑土坡耕地免耕、少耕与传统耕作土壤物理性状全生育期观测，比较研究土壤结构和导水性状季节变化差异及其与水土流失的关系。结果表明，表层0～20 cm土壤，免耕土壤容重全生育期维持在1.20～1.30 g cm^-3，变化小，大于0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量（WR0.25）和平均重量直径（MWD）高于传统耕作，初始和稳定入渗速率均高于少耕和传统耕作，土壤含水量分别较少耕和传统耕作高4.7和4.4个百分点，较传统耕作分别减少地表径流和土壤流失量86%和100%；少耕除夏季各项性状均介于免耕和传统耕作之间，夏季垄沟深松后，垄沟土壤容重显著降低，较免耕和传统耕作降低0.15 g cm^-3以上，提高土壤初始入渗速率30%以上，较传统耕作减少水和土壤流失量20%和40%。传统耕作土壤容重，垄台由播种时的0.91 g cm^-3增加至收获时的1.23 g cm^-3，垄沟一直维持在1.30 g cm^-3左右，WR0.25、MWD、土壤稳定入渗速率、含水量均较低，全生育期10%的雨水流失，土壤流失量615 t km^-2 a^-1。免耕土壤结构稳定，蓄水保水最佳，为效果显著的水土保持耕作措施，少耕也有一定的保水保土作用；免耕和少耕均能够改善土壤物理性状。展开更多
Aggregate stability is a very important predictor of soil structure and strength, which influences soil erodibility. Several aggregate stability indices were selected erodibility of four soil properties from temperate...Aggregate stability is a very important predictor of soil structure and strength, which influences soil erodibility. Several aggregate stability indices were selected erodibility of four soil properties from temperate for estimating interrill types with contrasting and subtropical regions of China. This study was conducted to investigate how closely the soil interrill erodibility factor in the Water Erosion Prediction Project （WEPP） model relates to soil aggregate stability. The mass fractal dimension （FD）, geometric mean diameter （GMD）, mean weight diameter （MWD）, and aggregate stability index （ASI） of soil aggregates were calculated. A rainfall simulator with a drainable flume （3.0 m long × 1.0 m wide × 0.5 m deep） was used at four slope gradients （5°,10 °,15° and 20°）, and four rainfall intensities （0.6, 1.1, 1.7 and 2.5 mm/min）. Results indicated that the interriU erodibility （Ki） values were significantly correlated to the indices of ASI, MWD, GMD, and FD computed from the aggregate wet-sieve data. The Kihad a strong positive correlation with FD, as well as a strong negative correlation with ASI, GMD, and MWD. Soils with a higher aggregate stability and lower fractal dimension have smaller Ki values. Stable soils were characterized by a high percentage of large aggregates and the erodible soils by a high percentage of smaller aggregates. The correlation coefficients of Ki with ASI and GMD were greater than those with FD and MWD, implying that both the ASI and GMD may be better alternative parameters for empirically predicting the soil Ki factor. ASI and GMD are more reasonable in interrill soil erodibility estimation, compared with Ki calculation in original WEPP model equation. Results demonstrate the validation of soil aggregation characterization as an appropriate indicator of soil susceptibility to erosion in contrasting soil types in China.展开更多
Biological soil crusts(biocrusts)are important landscape components that exist in various climates and habitats.The roles of biocrusts in numerous soil processes have been predominantly recognized in many dryland regi...Biological soil crusts(biocrusts)are important landscape components that exist in various climates and habitats.The roles of biocrusts in numerous soil processes have been predominantly recognized in many dryland regions worldwide.However,little is known about their effects on soil detachment process by overland flow,especially in humid climates.This study quantified the effects of moss-dominated biocrusts on soil detachment capacity(Dc)and soil erosion resistance to flowing water in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area which holds a subtropical humid climate.Potential factors driving soil detachment variation and their influencing mechanism were analyzed and elucidated.We designed five levels of coverage treatments(1%–20%,20%–40%,40%–60%,60%–80%,and 80%–100%)and a nearby bare land as control in a mossdominated site.Undisturbed soil samples were taken and subjected to water flow scouring in a hydraulic flume under six shear stresses ranging from 4.89 to 17.99 Pa.The results indicated that mean Dc of mosscovered soil varied from 0.008 to 0.081 kg m^-2 s^-1,which was 1.9 to 21.0 times lower than that of bare soil(0.160 kg m^-2 s^-1).Rill erodibility(Kr)of mosscovered soil ranged from 0.0095 to 0.0009 s m^-1,which was 2 to 20 times lower than that of bare soil(0.0187 s m^-1).Both relative soil detachment rate and Kr showed an exponential decay with increasing moss coverage,whereas the critical shear stress(τc)for different moss coverage levels did not differ significantly.Moss coverage,soil cohesion,and sand content were key factors affecting Dc,while moss coverage and soil bulk density were key factors affecting Kr.A power function of flow shear stress,soil cohesion,and moss coverage fitted well to estimate Dc(NSE=0.947).Our findings implied that biocrusts prevented soil detachment directly by their physical cover and indirectly by soil properties modification.Biocrusts could be rehabilitated as a promising soil conservation measure during ecological recovery to enhance soil erosion resistance in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.展开更多
According to the contemporary ecosystem approach, the linkages of human actions with their environment have to be assessed in an integrative manner. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response （DPSIR） model is applied...According to the contemporary ecosystem approach, the linkages of human actions with their environment have to be assessed in an integrative manner. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response （DPSIR） model is applied to identify and describe processes and interactions in human-environmental systems. An example application from a research project dealing with the development of sustainable management strategies for the agriculture in Jiangsu, China, illustrates the potentials and limitations of its sustainable development. The concept and indicators of ecological integrity are used to assess the indicators in the dimensions of DPSIR between 2003 and 2006. The main drivers included population growth which caused increasing demand for food, growing environmental demands, and rapidly decreasing of land and other natural resources. The main environmental problem was water pollution. The results show that in the dimension of driver, total grain output and agricultural land productivity both increased. Labor intensive agriculture has been promoted to increase agricultural land productivity. In the dimension of pressure, on the positive side, infrastructure got greatly improved, the input level such as total power of machinery, and level of fertilizer use increased, and level of pesticides use decreased, but on the negative side, cultivated land per capita and irrigation rate decreased, natural resources keep decreased. Environmental pollution indicators such as industrial wastewater discharge and acid rain rate increased in Jiangsu Province. In the aspect of state, ecosystem state was improved, plant coverage index increased, biological abundance index increased, fertilizer productivity increased, eco-environmental quality index increased, but land degradation index also increased. In the aspect of impact, output level increased, output efficiency enhanced, farmer＇s social economic benefit improved. In the aspect of response, social support was greatly improved, input for environmental governance increased. To assess the effects of environmental governance, Jiangsu government was successful to increase compliance rate of sulfur dioxide emissions, but not so efficient in compliance rate of industrial wastewater discharge.展开更多
Calcium hydroxide （CH） dressing residues can compromise endodontic sealing. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of remaining CH in root canals after mechanical removal by four groups of irrigation techniques inc...Calcium hydroxide （CH） dressing residues can compromise endodontic sealing. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of remaining CH in root canals after mechanical removal by four groups of irrigation techniques including needle irrigation only, ProTaper file, EndoActivator, and ultrasonic file. Fifteen extracted single-rooted teeth were collected and used for all four groups. The samples were firstly prepared by ProTaper rotary instruments, and then sectioned longitudinally through the long axis of the root canals, followed by final reassembling by wires. CH was kept in the canals for 7 days setting. The removal procedure began with 5 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite （NaOC1） followed by 1 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and a final irrigation with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOC1 solution for all groups. No additional agitation of the irrigant was performed in group 1, while agitation for 20 s be- tween irrigants was done with F2 ProTaper rotary file in group 2, EndoActivator with tip size 25/.04 in group 3 and by an ultrasonic file 25/.02 in group 4. The total activation time was 60 s. The roots were then disassembled and captured by digital camera. The ratio of CH coated surface area to the surface area of the whole canal as well as each third of the canal was calculated. The data were statistically ana- lyzed by one-way ANOVA using post hoc Tukey test. Results showed that none of the four techniques could remove all CH. No significant difference was found between EndoActivator and ultrasonic tech- niques. However, they both removed significantly more CH than ProTaper and needle irrigation （P=0.0001）. In conclusion, the sonic and ultrasonic agitation techniques were more effective in removing intracanal medicaments than the ProTaper rotary file and needle irrigation in all thirds of the canal.展开更多
Since trees and plants can absorb CO2, forests are widely regarded as a carbon sink that may control the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. The CO2 uptake rate of plants is affected by the plant species and environmenta...Since trees and plants can absorb CO2, forests are widely regarded as a carbon sink that may control the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. The CO2 uptake rate of plants is affected by the plant species and environmental conditions such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, water and nutrient contents. PAR is the most immediate environmental control on photosynthesis while air temperature affects both photorespiration and dark respiration. In the natural condition, PAR and temperature play an important role in net CO2 uptake. The effects of PAR and air temperature on the CO2 uptake of Pterocarpus macrocarpus grown in a natural habitat were studied in the present work. Due to many uncontrollable factors, a simple rectangular hyperbola could not represent the measured data. The data were divided into groups of 2oC intervals; CO2 uptake in each group may then be related to PAR by a rectangular hyperbola function. Using the obtained functions, the effect of PAR was removed from the original data. The PAR-independent CO2 uptake was then related to air temperature. Finally, the effects of PAR (I) and air temperature (Ta) on the CO2 uptake rate (A) were combined as: (-0.0575Ta2+2.6691Ta-23.264)I A= ——————————————— (-0.00766Ta2+0.40666Ta-3.99924) (-4.8794Ta2+227.13Ta-2456.9)+I展开更多
N-（2,3-Dimethyl-phenyl）-N＇-（methoxyl formyl）thiourea was synthesized by the reacting of 2,3-dimethylaniline,potassium thiocyanate（KSCN） and methyl chloroformate（ClCOOCH 3）.Single crystal was obtained by slowl...N-（2,3-Dimethyl-phenyl）-N＇-（methoxyl formyl）thiourea was synthesized by the reacting of 2,3-dimethylaniline,potassium thiocyanate（KSCN） and methyl chloroformate（ClCOOCH 3）.Single crystal was obtained by slowly evaporation solvent at room temperature.The structure was characterized by elemental analysis,IR and X-ray crystalography.The compound crystallized：a triclinic system with space group Pī,a=0.83440（12） nm,b=0.89113（13） nm,c=0.93015（13） nm,α=76.548（2） o,β=63.906（2） o,γ=82.538（2） o,V=0.60379（15） nm 3,Z=2,D c =1.311 mg/m 3,F（000）=252,μ=0.256 mm-1,R 1 =0.0379,wR 2 =0.0919.The specific heat capacity of the title compound was determined by a Micro-DSC method,and the specific heat capacity was 1.25 J·g-1 ·K-1 at 298.15 K.Thermodynamic functions,relative to those at the standard temperature of 298.15 K,were calculated via thermodynamic relationship.The thermal behavior of the title compound under a non-isothermal condition was studied by differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric（DSC/TG） method.There was an obvious endothermic peak in the DSC curve,the peak temperature was 479.43 K.The compound mass loss was 89.94% observed from the TG curve.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study the main rainfall factors influencing runoff and sediment in the sloping farmland with different plants in the central south of Shandong Province.[Method] Through grey relational analy...[Objective] The aim was to study the main rainfall factors influencing runoff and sediment in the sloping farmland with different plants in the central south of Shandong Province.[Method] Through grey relational analysis,the effects of different rainfall factors on runoff and sediment with different plants in the central south of Shandong were studied.[Result] In the sloping farmland with different plants,the effects of rainfall factors on runoff and sediment weren’t consistent.Rainfall was the dominant influencing factor of runoff,but PI30 had the greatest influence on runoff in natural grassland.Meanwhile,rainfall intensity was the main influencing factor of sediment,but PI had the greatest influence on sediment in Astragalus adsurgens Pall.plot.The compound factor had the minimal influence on runoff and sediment in Arachis hypogaea plot and natural grassland.In A.adsurgens Pall.plot,rainfall intensity had the minimal impact on runoff,but the compound factor had the least effect on sediment.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical references for the comprehensive control of slope soil erosion,the optimum utilization and sustainable development of land.展开更多
Annual discharge and annual suspended sediment loads of Beipei Hydrological Station of the Jialing River catchment were analyzed to describe the trend of Jialing River over the last five decades (1956-2006). These loa...Annual discharge and annual suspended sediment loads of Beipei Hydrological Station of the Jialing River catchment were analyzed to describe the trend of Jialing River over the last five decades (1956-2006). These loads were also analyzed to ascertain the influential factors associated with its variation with the help of Kendall's Tau-b correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results indicated that the Jialing River annual discharge showed no significant trend at >95% confidence level while the annual sediment load appeared to have a significant decrease trend over the last 50 years. A decrease in the annual sediment load was particularly apparent after the year 1985, at which a substantial shift in the sediment level occurred. This shift is attributed to the construction of numerous dams in 1980s. However, after the year of 1985, two periodical stages (1986-1991 and 1992-2006) with distinct sediment load and sediment-runoff ratio were identified. The period 1992-2006 is characterised by low sediment load, which is most probably due to the impact of large scale of soil and water conservation, which took place at the end of the 1980s. Last, models describing the relationship between the discharge and the sediment load, discharge and sediment-runoff ratio as well as between the sediment load and sediment-runoff ratio were constructed.展开更多
Litterfall, which is influenced by physical and biological factors, is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to investigate monthly litterfall production i...Litterfall, which is influenced by physical and biological factors, is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to investigate monthly litterfall production in three forests in Jeju Island differentiated by forest composition and precipitation: Cheongsu(Quercus glauca as the dominant species;low precipitation), Seonheulb(Q. glauca as the dominant species;high precipitation), and Seonheulm(Q. glauca and Pinus thunbergii as the dominant species;high precipitation). Litterfall was collected monthly from April to December 2015 and divided into leaf litter, twig, bark, seeds, and unidentified materials.Seasonal patterns of litterfall production varied across stands according to their species composition. However,the amount of leaf litterfall and total litterfall were comparable among stands, ranging from 362 to 375 g m-2 for leaf litter and 524 g m-2 to 580 g m-2 for total litterfall.Oak leaf litter in May was the highest in all stands, while needle litter was the highest in December in Seonheulm.High twig litterfall in July may be attributable to high rainfall with strong winds and storms during the rainy season. Although forest type and climate factor had no influence on litterfall amounts in this study, the pattern of litterfall production was species dependent, suggesting diverse effects on carbon and nutrient cycling in these forests.展开更多
Rangeland degradation is a serious problem throughout sub-Saharan Africa and its restoration is a challenge for the management of arid and semi-arid areas. In Lake Baringo Basin of Kenya, communities and individual fa...Rangeland degradation is a serious problem throughout sub-Saharan Africa and its restoration is a challenge for the management of arid and semi-arid areas. In Lake Baringo Basin of Kenya, communities and individual farmers are restoring indigenous vegetation inside enclosures in an effort to combat severe land degradation and address their livelihood problems. This study evaluated the impact of enclosure management on soil properties and microbial biomass, being key indicators of soil ecosystem health. Six reseeded communal enclosures using soil embankments as water-harvesting structures and strictly regulated access were selected, varying in age from 13 to 23 years. In six private enclosures, ranging from 3 to 17 years in age, individual farmers emulated the communal enclosure strategy and restored areas for their exclusive use. Significant decreases in bulk density, and increases in the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and microbial biomass contents and stocks were found in the enclosures as compared with the degraded open rangeland. In the private enclosures, the impact of rehabilitation on the soil quality was variable, and soil quality was in general lower than that obtained under communal management. The significant increase of absolute stocks of carbon, nitrogen and microbial biomass compared to the degraded open rangeland indicates the potential for the restoration of soil quality through range rehabilitation. Over-sowing with indigenous legume fodder species could improve total nitrogen content in the soil and nutritional value of the pastures as well.展开更多
Most seabird species display colonial behavior during the breeding period which implies that food resources around breeding sites can easily go depleted. Seabirds need to both reach profitable areas, which can be loca...Most seabird species display colonial behavior during the breeding period which implies that food resources around breeding sites can easily go depleted. Seabirds need to both reach profitable areas, which can be located far from the colony, and return to the colony regularly. In this context, flexibility in movement behavior may be crucial for breeding success. During chick-rearing, Procellariformes species can alternate short trips lasting 1-4 days for chick provisioning with longer trips for self-provisioning in what has been called a dual-foraging strategy. We analyzed foraging trips from 136 Scopoli＇s shearwaters from three Mediterranean colonies tracked with GPS during 6 chick-rearing seasons to assess whether the adoption of a dual fo- raging strategy depends on the quality of habitat surrounding the colony. We found a marked dual-foraging strategy only in birds from the Linosa colony which was the largest colony in terms of breeding pairs and was characterized by having a lower marine habitat quality. Birds from this colony performed foraging trips that extended up to 369 km from the nest and lasted more than 10 days. In general, the decision to perform long lasting trips was triggered by lower values of primary production and higher offspring weight. Contrary to expectation, the decision to feed far from the colony was not related to the parents＇ weight. At the same time, despite the higher productivity offered by distant areas, the higher proportion of long trips performed by birds breeding in poor areas was not sufficient to maintain the same body mass as the ones breeding in richer areas [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 622-630, 2014].展开更多
The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most important and abundant red tide organisms and it is distributed world-wide. It occurs in two forms. Red Noctiluca is heterotrophic and fills the role of one ...The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most important and abundant red tide organisms and it is distributed world-wide. It occurs in two forms. Red Noctiluca is heterotrophic and fills the role of one of the microzooplankton grazers in the foodweb. In contrast, green Noctiluca contains a photosynthetic symbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae （a prasinophyte）, but it also feeds on other plankton when the food supply is abundant. In this review, we document the global distribution of these two forms and include the first maps of their global distribution. Red Noctiluca occurs widely in the temperate to sub-tropical coastal regions of the world. It occurs over a wide temperature range of about 10℃ to 25℃ and at higher salinities （generally not in estuaries）. It is particularly abundant in high productivity areas such as upwelling or eutrophic areas where diatoms dominate since they are its preferred food source. Green Noctiluca is much more restricted to a temperature range of 25℃-30℃ and mainly occurs in tropical waters of Southeast Asia, Bay of Bengal （east coast of India）, in the eastern, western and northern Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and recently it has become very abundant in the Gulf of Oman. Red and green Noctiluca do overlap in their distribution in the eastern, northern and western Arabian Sea with a seasonal shift from green Noctiluca in the cooler winter convective mixing, higher productivity season, to red Noctiluca in the more oligotrophic warmer summer season.展开更多
Climate change affects distribution and persistence of species. However, forecasting species＇ re-sponses to these changes requires long-term data series that are often lacking in ecological studies.We used 15 years o...Climate change affects distribution and persistence of species. However, forecasting species＇ re-sponses to these changes requires long-term data series that are often lacking in ecological studies.We used 15 years of small mammal trapping data collected between 1978 and 2015 in 3 areas atDoSana National Park （southwest Spain） to （i） describe changes in species composition and （ii） test theassociation between local climate conditions and size of small mammal populations. Overall, 5 specieswere captured： wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus, algerian mouse Mus spretus, greater white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula, garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus, and black rat Rattus rattus. Thetemporal pattern in the proportion of captures of each species suggests that the small mammal diver-sity declined with time. Although the larger species （e.g., E. quercinus）, better adapted to colder cli-mate, have disappeared from our trapping records, M. spretus, a small species inhabiting southwestEurope and the Mediterranean coast of Africa, currently is almost the only trapped species. We used 2-level hierarchical models to separate changes in abundance from changes in probability of captureusing records of A. sylvaticus in all 3 areas and of Mo spretus in 1. We found that heavy rainfall and lowtemperatures were positively related to abundance of A. sylvaticus, and that the number of extremelyhot days was negatively related to abundance of M. spretus. Despite other mechanisms are likely to beinvolved, our findings support the importance of climate for the distribution and persistence of thesespecies and raise conservation concerns about potential cascading effects in the Donana ecosystem.展开更多
Scarabaeinae is a globally distributed coprophagous coleopteran group with southeast Asia and Africa as the key areas of distribution. Located in the southern part of China, Hong Kong has subtropical climate and diver...Scarabaeinae is a globally distributed coprophagous coleopteran group with southeast Asia and Africa as the key areas of distribution. Located in the southern part of China, Hong Kong has subtropical climate and diverse habitats supporting a high diversity of scarabaeines. This paper gives a detailed review on Scarabaeinae from Hong Kong, including the new records to Hong Kong, photographic records of type specimens from Hong Kong, and identification keys to genera and species. A total of 13 genera and 51 species of scarabaeines were recorded in Hong Kong. Among them, 14 species were new records to Hong Kong found in the authors＇ recent surveys, viz. Caccobius（Caccophilus） brevis Waterhouse, 1875, Copris（s. str.） punctatus Gillet, 1910, C.（s. str.） szechouanicus Balthasar, 1958, Microcopris propinquus Felsche, 1910, Onitis excavatus Arrow, 1931, Oni. intermedius Frivaldszky, 1892, Oni. subopacus Arrow, 1931, Onthophagus brutus Arrow, 1931, Ont. tricolor Boucomont, 1914, Ont.（Matashia） lenzi Harold, 1874, Ont.（s. str.） roubali Balthasar, 1935, Ont.（Parascatonomus） horni Balthasar, 1935, Scarabaeus（Kheper） erichsoni Harold, 1867 and Sisyphus（s. str.） indicus Hope, 1831. Onthophagus（Paraphanaeomorphus） trituber jacobsoni Kabakov, 2006 was found to be a new synonym of the nominate subspecies. Catharsius davidis Deyrolle ＆ Fairmaire, 1878 and Copris davidis（Deyrolle ＆ Fairmaire, 1878） were found to be the new synonyms of Catharsius molossus（Linnaeus, 1758）. Hong Kong was also the only locality where Liatongus pugionatus and Onthophagus convexicollis were recorded over the world.展开更多
An assessment should be made of the current state of the historic buildings before starting in any intervention procedures. Where, any procedures of conservation of the building must be outrun by a perfect diagnosis a...An assessment should be made of the current state of the historic buildings before starting in any intervention procedures. Where, any procedures of conservation of the building must be outrun by a perfect diagnosis according to the international conventions. Chemical, physical, mechanical properties and structural status are extremely important to give information about the current condition of Qanibay al-Rammah madrasa, which situated within Saladin square in Historic Cairo. This building has been affected by several deterioration factors since the construction and still suffering damage factors at the moment, which led to the occurrence of several damage aspects to the building, such as fissures in architectural elements, granular disintegration, loss of stone material, peeling of limestone surface, splitting in building material, the efflorescence of salts, pitting in limestone surface, black spots in stone surface, hard black crust, etc. The aim of this study is evaluation of the condition of Qanibay al-Rammah madrasa by two methods, firstly by different scientific techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), EDX analytical methods, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Polarizing Light Microscopy (PLM), and Stereo Microscopy, and secondly by Numerical analysis based on 3D finite elements analysis to determine the critical places of the building. The followed methodology in this study allowed us to the assessment of the current status of the building by various scientific techniques to determine the real causes of damage, which must be taken into account during the intervention procedures.展开更多
This research presents damage causes of the pylons in the ancient Egyptian temples based on 3D finite elements analysis. The main purpose of the research determines the failure causes of the first pylon of the Ramessi...This research presents damage causes of the pylons in the ancient Egyptian temples based on 3D finite elements analysis. The main purpose of the research determines the failure causes of the first pylon of the Ramessium temple, which is situated in Upper Egypt, at Luxor “Thebes” on the west bank of the Nile River. The first pylon of Ramessium temple subjected to seismic activity effects on long term, combined with several structural damage factors such as the defects resulting from the construction technique, where the builder used the poor quality of stones in foundations of the pylon, the building materials residue was used as filler for the core of the pylon walls, and it lacked vertical joints between the courses. In addition to it founded on alluvial soil that is vulnerable to contaminated water, it is still suffering damage factors and urban trespasses at the moment. All of the former factors helped the pylon to be affected by the earthquakes loads that occurred on it. The structural behavior of the pylon under self-weight and earthquakes loads were carried out by Numerical analysis to find out the loads and stresses which caused collapsing of the pylon. Results of the study indicated that the pylon subjected to a horizontal displacement due to old earthquakes force, led to collapse of the pylon. Finally, the study represents use of modern technique to study the structural behavior of the most important architectural units in ancient Egyptian temples to identify the causes of its collapse.展开更多
基金The financial support of CLP Holdings Limited is acknowledged for supporting KFBG's ongoing applied forest restoration research.
文摘Both abiotic conditions and management influence the success of forest restoration.Despite growing interest and practical effort in restoring degraded forest landscapes,understanding of how disparate factors,such as terrain,soil conditions,climate and silvicultural treatments,directly or collectively control species performance and shape community recovery remains limited.In this study,we assessed how topography and management intervention affect seedling survival and growth in the early stages of restoration.To do so,we established seven experimental plots,each measuring 20 m×20 m(400 m2)subdivided into 48 subplots,in coarse,anthropogenic grassland on a mid-elevation mountain slope in Hong Kong,and planted a total of 3975 native tree seedlings belonging to 12 tree species within them.To characterise topography,we modelled the elevation,slope,convexity and aspect of each subplot.Two types of tree guard(enclosed blue plastic sleeve and open yellow mesh),two types of fertiliser(organic and inorganic)and cardboard weeding mats were used to assess the impact of management interventions on the establishment of the seedlings.Survivorship,height and basal diameter were measured at 1,2 and 4 years after planting.We used generalised linear models to examine the effect of these factors and their interactions on seedling survival,and we applied linear models and hierarchical partitioning to explore their relative importance in determining the relative growth rate(RGR)of each species.The most parsimonious models were selected using the Akaike Information Criterion.Survivorship was 98.1%,95.2%and 86.4%across all plots in the first,second and fourth year,respectively.On average,topographic and management variables explained 1.48–3.34%of total variation in RGR,respectively,for all species.The models revealed that type of tree guard,aspect and elevation were the most important factors explaining RGR and survival.Results of hierarchical partitioning by species and growth period showed that the key determinants of performance vary by species and shift over the course of early seedling establishment,emphasising the importance of both spatial and temporal scales in the restoration of degraded tropical forests.Our findings support the use of enclosed tree guards and fertiliser to improve survivorship and growth across a range of broadleaved Asiatic species.All potential limiting factors pertaining to both site factors and management,as well as their interactions,should be considered in restoration planning to maximise restoration success.
文摘通过对黑土坡耕地免耕、少耕与传统耕作土壤物理性状全生育期观测，比较研究土壤结构和导水性状季节变化差异及其与水土流失的关系。结果表明，表层0～20 cm土壤，免耕土壤容重全生育期维持在1.20～1.30 g cm^-3，变化小，大于0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量（WR0.25）和平均重量直径（MWD）高于传统耕作，初始和稳定入渗速率均高于少耕和传统耕作，土壤含水量分别较少耕和传统耕作高4.7和4.4个百分点，较传统耕作分别减少地表径流和土壤流失量86%和100%；少耕除夏季各项性状均介于免耕和传统耕作之间，夏季垄沟深松后，垄沟土壤容重显著降低，较免耕和传统耕作降低0.15 g cm^-3以上，提高土壤初始入渗速率30%以上，较传统耕作减少水和土壤流失量20%和40%。传统耕作土壤容重，垄台由播种时的0.91 g cm^-3增加至收获时的1.23 g cm^-3，垄沟一直维持在1.30 g cm^-3左右，WR0.25、MWD、土壤稳定入渗速率、含水量均较低，全生育期10%的雨水流失，土壤流失量615 t km^-2 a^-1。免耕土壤结构稳定，蓄水保水最佳，为效果显著的水土保持耕作措施，少耕也有一定的保水保土作用；免耕和少耕均能够改善土壤物理性状。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41271303,40901135)the National Key Technology R&D Program(Grant Nos.2012BAK10B04,2008BAD98B02)+2 种基金the Non-profit Industry Financial Program of MWR(Grant No.201301058)the Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute of Sciences Innovation Team Project(Grant No.CKSF2012052/TB)Central public welfare scientific research project(Grant No.CKSF2013013/TB)
文摘Aggregate stability is a very important predictor of soil structure and strength, which influences soil erodibility. Several aggregate stability indices were selected erodibility of four soil properties from temperate for estimating interrill types with contrasting and subtropical regions of China. This study was conducted to investigate how closely the soil interrill erodibility factor in the Water Erosion Prediction Project （WEPP） model relates to soil aggregate stability. The mass fractal dimension （FD）, geometric mean diameter （GMD）, mean weight diameter （MWD）, and aggregate stability index （ASI） of soil aggregates were calculated. A rainfall simulator with a drainable flume （3.0 m long × 1.0 m wide × 0.5 m deep） was used at four slope gradients （5°,10 °,15° and 20°）, and four rainfall intensities （0.6, 1.1, 1.7 and 2.5 mm/min）. Results indicated that the interriU erodibility （Ki） values were significantly correlated to the indices of ASI, MWD, GMD, and FD computed from the aggregate wet-sieve data. The Kihad a strong positive correlation with FD, as well as a strong negative correlation with ASI, GMD, and MWD. Soils with a higher aggregate stability and lower fractal dimension have smaller Ki values. Stable soils were characterized by a high percentage of large aggregates and the erodible soils by a high percentage of smaller aggregates. The correlation coefficients of Ki with ASI and GMD were greater than those with FD and MWD, implying that both the ASI and GMD may be better alternative parameters for empirically predicting the soil Ki factor. ASI and GMD are more reasonable in interrill soil erodibility estimation, compared with Ki calculation in original WEPP model equation. Results demonstrate the validation of soil aggregation characterization as an appropriate indicator of soil susceptibility to erosion in contrasting soil types in China.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41877082)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(Grant No.CKSF2019410TB)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(Grant No.41701316,51909011)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC050530302)the Demonstration Project of Water Conservancy Technology(Grant No.SF-201905)。
文摘Biological soil crusts(biocrusts)are important landscape components that exist in various climates and habitats.The roles of biocrusts in numerous soil processes have been predominantly recognized in many dryland regions worldwide.However,little is known about their effects on soil detachment process by overland flow,especially in humid climates.This study quantified the effects of moss-dominated biocrusts on soil detachment capacity(Dc)and soil erosion resistance to flowing water in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area which holds a subtropical humid climate.Potential factors driving soil detachment variation and their influencing mechanism were analyzed and elucidated.We designed five levels of coverage treatments(1%–20%,20%–40%,40%–60%,60%–80%,and 80%–100%)and a nearby bare land as control in a mossdominated site.Undisturbed soil samples were taken and subjected to water flow scouring in a hydraulic flume under six shear stresses ranging from 4.89 to 17.99 Pa.The results indicated that mean Dc of mosscovered soil varied from 0.008 to 0.081 kg m^-2 s^-1,which was 1.9 to 21.0 times lower than that of bare soil(0.160 kg m^-2 s^-1).Rill erodibility(Kr)of mosscovered soil ranged from 0.0095 to 0.0009 s m^-1,which was 2 to 20 times lower than that of bare soil(0.0187 s m^-1).Both relative soil detachment rate and Kr showed an exponential decay with increasing moss coverage,whereas the critical shear stress(τc)for different moss coverage levels did not differ significantly.Moss coverage,soil cohesion,and sand content were key factors affecting Dc,while moss coverage and soil bulk density were key factors affecting Kr.A power function of flow shear stress,soil cohesion,and moss coverage fitted well to estimate Dc(NSE=0.947).Our findings implied that biocrusts prevented soil detachment directly by their physical cover and indirectly by soil properties modification.Biocrusts could be rehabilitated as a promising soil conservation measure during ecological recovery to enhance soil erosion resistance in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.
基金supported by the Key Projects of National Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of China(11&ZD046)The Key Projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China (70833001)+2 种基金China Agricultural Research System (CARS-14-10B)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (20120097110034)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(6J0546)
文摘According to the contemporary ecosystem approach, the linkages of human actions with their environment have to be assessed in an integrative manner. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response （DPSIR） model is applied to identify and describe processes and interactions in human-environmental systems. An example application from a research project dealing with the development of sustainable management strategies for the agriculture in Jiangsu, China, illustrates the potentials and limitations of its sustainable development. The concept and indicators of ecological integrity are used to assess the indicators in the dimensions of DPSIR between 2003 and 2006. The main drivers included population growth which caused increasing demand for food, growing environmental demands, and rapidly decreasing of land and other natural resources. The main environmental problem was water pollution. The results show that in the dimension of driver, total grain output and agricultural land productivity both increased. Labor intensive agriculture has been promoted to increase agricultural land productivity. In the dimension of pressure, on the positive side, infrastructure got greatly improved, the input level such as total power of machinery, and level of fertilizer use increased, and level of pesticides use decreased, but on the negative side, cultivated land per capita and irrigation rate decreased, natural resources keep decreased. Environmental pollution indicators such as industrial wastewater discharge and acid rain rate increased in Jiangsu Province. In the aspect of state, ecosystem state was improved, plant coverage index increased, biological abundance index increased, fertilizer productivity increased, eco-environmental quality index increased, but land degradation index also increased. In the aspect of impact, output level increased, output efficiency enhanced, farmer＇s social economic benefit improved. In the aspect of response, social support was greatly improved, input for environmental governance increased. To assess the effects of environmental governance, Jiangsu government was successful to increase compliance rate of sulfur dioxide emissions, but not so efficient in compliance rate of industrial wastewater discharge.
文摘Calcium hydroxide （CH） dressing residues can compromise endodontic sealing. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of remaining CH in root canals after mechanical removal by four groups of irrigation techniques including needle irrigation only, ProTaper file, EndoActivator, and ultrasonic file. Fifteen extracted single-rooted teeth were collected and used for all four groups. The samples were firstly prepared by ProTaper rotary instruments, and then sectioned longitudinally through the long axis of the root canals, followed by final reassembling by wires. CH was kept in the canals for 7 days setting. The removal procedure began with 5 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite （NaOC1） followed by 1 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and a final irrigation with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOC1 solution for all groups. No additional agitation of the irrigant was performed in group 1, while agitation for 20 s be- tween irrigants was done with F2 ProTaper rotary file in group 2, EndoActivator with tip size 25/.04 in group 3 and by an ultrasonic file 25/.02 in group 4. The total activation time was 60 s. The roots were then disassembled and captured by digital camera. The ratio of CH coated surface area to the surface area of the whole canal as well as each third of the canal was calculated. The data were statistically ana- lyzed by one-way ANOVA using post hoc Tukey test. Results showed that none of the four techniques could remove all CH. No significant difference was found between EndoActivator and ultrasonic tech- niques. However, they both removed significantly more CH than ProTaper and needle irrigation （P=0.0001）. In conclusion, the sonic and ultrasonic agitation techniques were more effective in removing intracanal medicaments than the ProTaper rotary file and needle irrigation in all thirds of the canal.
文摘Since trees and plants can absorb CO2, forests are widely regarded as a carbon sink that may control the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. The CO2 uptake rate of plants is affected by the plant species and environmental conditions such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, water and nutrient contents. PAR is the most immediate environmental control on photosynthesis while air temperature affects both photorespiration and dark respiration. In the natural condition, PAR and temperature play an important role in net CO2 uptake. The effects of PAR and air temperature on the CO2 uptake of Pterocarpus macrocarpus grown in a natural habitat were studied in the present work. Due to many uncontrollable factors, a simple rectangular hyperbola could not represent the measured data. The data were divided into groups of 2oC intervals; CO2 uptake in each group may then be related to PAR by a rectangular hyperbola function. Using the obtained functions, the effect of PAR was removed from the original data. The PAR-independent CO2 uptake was then related to air temperature. Finally, the effects of PAR (I) and air temperature (Ta) on the CO2 uptake rate (A) were combined as: (-0.0575Ta2+2.6691Ta-23.264)I A= ——————————————— (-0.00766Ta2+0.40666Ta-3.99924) (-4.8794Ta2+227.13Ta-2456.9)+I
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20571060)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2007B08)
文摘N-（2,3-Dimethyl-phenyl）-N＇-（methoxyl formyl）thiourea was synthesized by the reacting of 2,3-dimethylaniline,potassium thiocyanate（KSCN） and methyl chloroformate（ClCOOCH 3）.Single crystal was obtained by slowly evaporation solvent at room temperature.The structure was characterized by elemental analysis,IR and X-ray crystalography.The compound crystallized：a triclinic system with space group Pī,a=0.83440（12） nm,b=0.89113（13） nm,c=0.93015（13） nm,α=76.548（2） o,β=63.906（2） o,γ=82.538（2） o,V=0.60379（15） nm 3,Z=2,D c =1.311 mg/m 3,F（000）=252,μ=0.256 mm-1,R 1 =0.0379,wR 2 =0.0919.The specific heat capacity of the title compound was determined by a Micro-DSC method,and the specific heat capacity was 1.25 J·g-1 ·K-1 at 298.15 K.Thermodynamic functions,relative to those at the standard temperature of 298.15 K,were calculated via thermodynamic relationship.The thermal behavior of the title compound under a non-isothermal condition was studied by differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric（DSC/TG） method.There was an obvious endothermic peak in the DSC curve,the peak temperature was 479.43 K.The compound mass loss was 89.94% observed from the TG curve.
基金Supported by Project of Shandong Water Resources Department" Study on the Mechanism and Comprehensive Control Benefit of Soil Erosion in the Typical Eroded Area of Shandong"
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the main rainfall factors influencing runoff and sediment in the sloping farmland with different plants in the central south of Shandong Province.[Method] Through grey relational analysis,the effects of different rainfall factors on runoff and sediment with different plants in the central south of Shandong were studied.[Result] In the sloping farmland with different plants,the effects of rainfall factors on runoff and sediment weren’t consistent.Rainfall was the dominant influencing factor of runoff,but PI30 had the greatest influence on runoff in natural grassland.Meanwhile,rainfall intensity was the main influencing factor of sediment,but PI had the greatest influence on sediment in Astragalus adsurgens Pall.plot.The compound factor had the minimal influence on runoff and sediment in Arachis hypogaea plot and natural grassland.In A.adsurgens Pall.plot,rainfall intensity had the minimal impact on runoff,but the compound factor had the least effect on sediment.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical references for the comprehensive control of slope soil erosion,the optimum utilization and sustainable development of land.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (40901135)973 program (2007CB40720301)+1 种基金National Key Technology R&D Program (2008BAD98B02)the open fund of Institute of Changjiang River Scientific Research program (YWF0716/TB01)
文摘Annual discharge and annual suspended sediment loads of Beipei Hydrological Station of the Jialing River catchment were analyzed to describe the trend of Jialing River over the last five decades (1956-2006). These loads were also analyzed to ascertain the influential factors associated with its variation with the help of Kendall's Tau-b correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results indicated that the Jialing River annual discharge showed no significant trend at >95% confidence level while the annual sediment load appeared to have a significant decrease trend over the last 50 years. A decrease in the annual sediment load was particularly apparent after the year 1985, at which a substantial shift in the sediment level occurred. This shift is attributed to the construction of numerous dams in 1980s. However, after the year of 1985, two periodical stages (1986-1991 and 1992-2006) with distinct sediment load and sediment-runoff ratio were identified. The period 1992-2006 is characterised by low sediment load, which is most probably due to the impact of large scale of soil and water conservation, which took place at the end of the 1980s. Last, models describing the relationship between the discharge and the sediment load, discharge and sediment-runoff ratio as well as between the sediment load and sediment-runoff ratio were constructed.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2018R1D1A3B07045079)。
文摘Litterfall, which is influenced by physical and biological factors, is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to investigate monthly litterfall production in three forests in Jeju Island differentiated by forest composition and precipitation: Cheongsu(Quercus glauca as the dominant species;low precipitation), Seonheulb(Q. glauca as the dominant species;high precipitation), and Seonheulm(Q. glauca and Pinus thunbergii as the dominant species;high precipitation). Litterfall was collected monthly from April to December 2015 and divided into leaf litter, twig, bark, seeds, and unidentified materials.Seasonal patterns of litterfall production varied across stands according to their species composition. However,the amount of leaf litterfall and total litterfall were comparable among stands, ranging from 362 to 375 g m-2 for leaf litter and 524 g m-2 to 580 g m-2 for total litterfall.Oak leaf litter in May was the highest in all stands, while needle litter was the highest in December in Seonheulm.High twig litterfall in July may be attributable to high rainfall with strong winds and storms during the rainy season. Although forest type and climate factor had no influence on litterfall amounts in this study, the pattern of litterfall production was species dependent, suggesting diverse effects on carbon and nutrient cycling in these forests.
基金the financial support provided by the Flemish Interuniversity Council (VLIR) of Belgium in favour of the first author
文摘Rangeland degradation is a serious problem throughout sub-Saharan Africa and its restoration is a challenge for the management of arid and semi-arid areas. In Lake Baringo Basin of Kenya, communities and individual farmers are restoring indigenous vegetation inside enclosures in an effort to combat severe land degradation and address their livelihood problems. This study evaluated the impact of enclosure management on soil properties and microbial biomass, being key indicators of soil ecosystem health. Six reseeded communal enclosures using soil embankments as water-harvesting structures and strictly regulated access were selected, varying in age from 13 to 23 years. In six private enclosures, ranging from 3 to 17 years in age, individual farmers emulated the communal enclosure strategy and restored areas for their exclusive use. Significant decreases in bulk density, and increases in the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and microbial biomass contents and stocks were found in the enclosures as compared with the degraded open rangeland. In the private enclosures, the impact of rehabilitation on the soil quality was variable, and soil quality was in general lower than that obtained under communal management. The significant increase of absolute stocks of carbon, nitrogen and microbial biomass compared to the degraded open rangeland indicates the potential for the restoration of soil quality through range rehabilitation. Over-sowing with indigenous legume fodder species could improve total nitrogen content in the soil and nutritional value of the pastures as well.
文摘Most seabird species display colonial behavior during the breeding period which implies that food resources around breeding sites can easily go depleted. Seabirds need to both reach profitable areas, which can be located far from the colony, and return to the colony regularly. In this context, flexibility in movement behavior may be crucial for breeding success. During chick-rearing, Procellariformes species can alternate short trips lasting 1-4 days for chick provisioning with longer trips for self-provisioning in what has been called a dual-foraging strategy. We analyzed foraging trips from 136 Scopoli＇s shearwaters from three Mediterranean colonies tracked with GPS during 6 chick-rearing seasons to assess whether the adoption of a dual fo- raging strategy depends on the quality of habitat surrounding the colony. We found a marked dual-foraging strategy only in birds from the Linosa colony which was the largest colony in terms of breeding pairs and was characterized by having a lower marine habitat quality. Birds from this colony performed foraging trips that extended up to 369 km from the nest and lasted more than 10 days. In general, the decision to perform long lasting trips was triggered by lower values of primary production and higher offspring weight. Contrary to expectation, the decision to feed far from the colony was not related to the parents＇ weight. At the same time, despite the higher productivity offered by distant areas, the higher proportion of long trips performed by birds breeding in poor areas was not sufficient to maintain the same body mass as the ones breeding in richer areas [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 622-630, 2014].
基金the University Grants Council of Hong Kong and its Area of Excellence Program to PJH. KF was supported by a JSPS grant on the ecophysiology of green Noctiluca in the Gulf of Thailand. PMG received funding from NSF （No. OCE-1015980）This is contribution number 4502 from the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Studies. KY Acknowledges Support from the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams （No. KZCXZYW-T001）. DMA received partial funding through the NSF/NIEHS Centers for Oceans and Human Health （No. NIEHS P50 ES012742, NSF OCE- 043072 and OCE-0911031）, and through NSF Grant （No. OCE-0850421）+1 种基金 This paper is based on work partially supported by SCOR/LOICZ Working Group 132, supported by the Scientific Committee on Oceanographic Research （SCOR） through grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation （No OCE-0938349 and OCE-0813697） from the Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone （LOICZ） Project and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. We thank A. KANA for assistance with the GIS produced maps and LIU Hao for his assistance with the tables and references.
文摘The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most important and abundant red tide organisms and it is distributed world-wide. It occurs in two forms. Red Noctiluca is heterotrophic and fills the role of one of the microzooplankton grazers in the foodweb. In contrast, green Noctiluca contains a photosynthetic symbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae （a prasinophyte）, but it also feeds on other plankton when the food supply is abundant. In this review, we document the global distribution of these two forms and include the first maps of their global distribution. Red Noctiluca occurs widely in the temperate to sub-tropical coastal regions of the world. It occurs over a wide temperature range of about 10℃ to 25℃ and at higher salinities （generally not in estuaries）. It is particularly abundant in high productivity areas such as upwelling or eutrophic areas where diatoms dominate since they are its preferred food source. Green Noctiluca is much more restricted to a temperature range of 25℃-30℃ and mainly occurs in tropical waters of Southeast Asia, Bay of Bengal （east coast of India）, in the eastern, western and northern Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and recently it has become very abundant in the Gulf of Oman. Red and green Noctiluca do overlap in their distribution in the eastern, northern and western Arabian Sea with a seasonal shift from green Noctiluca in the cooler winter convective mixing, higher productivity season, to red Noctiluca in the more oligotrophic warmer summer season.
文摘Climate change affects distribution and persistence of species. However, forecasting species＇ re-sponses to these changes requires long-term data series that are often lacking in ecological studies.We used 15 years of small mammal trapping data collected between 1978 and 2015 in 3 areas atDoSana National Park （southwest Spain） to （i） describe changes in species composition and （ii） test theassociation between local climate conditions and size of small mammal populations. Overall, 5 specieswere captured： wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus, algerian mouse Mus spretus, greater white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula, garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus, and black rat Rattus rattus. Thetemporal pattern in the proportion of captures of each species suggests that the small mammal diver-sity declined with time. Although the larger species （e.g., E. quercinus）, better adapted to colder cli-mate, have disappeared from our trapping records, M. spretus, a small species inhabiting southwestEurope and the Mediterranean coast of Africa, currently is almost the only trapped species. We used 2-level hierarchical models to separate changes in abundance from changes in probability of captureusing records of A. sylvaticus in all 3 areas and of Mo spretus in 1. We found that heavy rainfall and lowtemperatures were positively related to abundance of A. sylvaticus, and that the number of extremelyhot days was negatively related to abundance of M. spretus. Despite other mechanisms are likely to beinvolved, our findings support the importance of climate for the distribution and persistence of thesespecies and raise conservation concerns about potential cascading effects in the Donana ecosystem.
基金undertaken by the KLZSE was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31172143,31672345)the National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research(Special Subjects in Animal Taxonomy,NSFC-J0630964/J0109,J1210002)the Humboldt Fellowship(M.B.)from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
文摘Scarabaeinae is a globally distributed coprophagous coleopteran group with southeast Asia and Africa as the key areas of distribution. Located in the southern part of China, Hong Kong has subtropical climate and diverse habitats supporting a high diversity of scarabaeines. This paper gives a detailed review on Scarabaeinae from Hong Kong, including the new records to Hong Kong, photographic records of type specimens from Hong Kong, and identification keys to genera and species. A total of 13 genera and 51 species of scarabaeines were recorded in Hong Kong. Among them, 14 species were new records to Hong Kong found in the authors＇ recent surveys, viz. Caccobius（Caccophilus） brevis Waterhouse, 1875, Copris（s. str.） punctatus Gillet, 1910, C.（s. str.） szechouanicus Balthasar, 1958, Microcopris propinquus Felsche, 1910, Onitis excavatus Arrow, 1931, Oni. intermedius Frivaldszky, 1892, Oni. subopacus Arrow, 1931, Onthophagus brutus Arrow, 1931, Ont. tricolor Boucomont, 1914, Ont.（Matashia） lenzi Harold, 1874, Ont.（s. str.） roubali Balthasar, 1935, Ont.（Parascatonomus） horni Balthasar, 1935, Scarabaeus（Kheper） erichsoni Harold, 1867 and Sisyphus（s. str.） indicus Hope, 1831. Onthophagus（Paraphanaeomorphus） trituber jacobsoni Kabakov, 2006 was found to be a new synonym of the nominate subspecies. Catharsius davidis Deyrolle ＆ Fairmaire, 1878 and Copris davidis（Deyrolle ＆ Fairmaire, 1878） were found to be the new synonyms of Catharsius molossus（Linnaeus, 1758）. Hong Kong was also the only locality where Liatongus pugionatus and Onthophagus convexicollis were recorded over the world.
文摘An assessment should be made of the current state of the historic buildings before starting in any intervention procedures. Where, any procedures of conservation of the building must be outrun by a perfect diagnosis according to the international conventions. Chemical, physical, mechanical properties and structural status are extremely important to give information about the current condition of Qanibay al-Rammah madrasa, which situated within Saladin square in Historic Cairo. This building has been affected by several deterioration factors since the construction and still suffering damage factors at the moment, which led to the occurrence of several damage aspects to the building, such as fissures in architectural elements, granular disintegration, loss of stone material, peeling of limestone surface, splitting in building material, the efflorescence of salts, pitting in limestone surface, black spots in stone surface, hard black crust, etc. The aim of this study is evaluation of the condition of Qanibay al-Rammah madrasa by two methods, firstly by different scientific techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), EDX analytical methods, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Polarizing Light Microscopy (PLM), and Stereo Microscopy, and secondly by Numerical analysis based on 3D finite elements analysis to determine the critical places of the building. The followed methodology in this study allowed us to the assessment of the current status of the building by various scientific techniques to determine the real causes of damage, which must be taken into account during the intervention procedures.
文摘This research presents damage causes of the pylons in the ancient Egyptian temples based on 3D finite elements analysis. The main purpose of the research determines the failure causes of the first pylon of the Ramessium temple, which is situated in Upper Egypt, at Luxor “Thebes” on the west bank of the Nile River. The first pylon of Ramessium temple subjected to seismic activity effects on long term, combined with several structural damage factors such as the defects resulting from the construction technique, where the builder used the poor quality of stones in foundations of the pylon, the building materials residue was used as filler for the core of the pylon walls, and it lacked vertical joints between the courses. In addition to it founded on alluvial soil that is vulnerable to contaminated water, it is still suffering damage factors and urban trespasses at the moment. All of the former factors helped the pylon to be affected by the earthquakes loads that occurred on it. The structural behavior of the pylon under self-weight and earthquakes loads were carried out by Numerical analysis to find out the loads and stresses which caused collapsing of the pylon. Results of the study indicated that the pylon subjected to a horizontal displacement due to old earthquakes force, led to collapse of the pylon. Finally, the study represents use of modern technique to study the structural behavior of the most important architectural units in ancient Egyptian temples to identify the causes of its collapse.
