Objective To determine if global warming has an impact on the evolution of hemagglutinins from influenza A viruses, because both global warming and influenza pandemics/epidemics threaten the world. Methods 4 706 hemag...Objective To determine if global warming has an impact on the evolution of hemagglutinins from influenza A viruses, because both global warming and influenza pandemics/epidemics threaten the world. Methods 4 706 hemagglutinins from influenza A viruses sampled from 1956 to 2009 were converted to a time‐series to show their evolutionary process and compared with the global, northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere temperatures, to determine if their trends run in similar or opposite directions. Point‐to‐point comparisons between temperature and quantified hemagglutinins were performed for all species and for the major prevailing species. Results The comparisons show that the trends for both hemagglutinin evolution and temperature change run in a similar direction. Conclusion Global warming has a consistent and progressive impact on the hemagglutinin evolution of influenza A viruses.展开更多
The polymerase acidic protein is an important family of proteins from influenza A virus, which is classified as many different subtypes or spe-cies. Thus, an important question is if these classifications are numerica...The polymerase acidic protein is an important family of proteins from influenza A virus, which is classified as many different subtypes or spe-cies. Thus, an important question is if these classifications are numerically distinguishable with respect to the polymerase acidic protein. The amino-acid pair predictability was used to transfer 2432 polymerase acidic proteins into 2432 scalar data. The one-way ANOVA found these polymerase acidic proteins distinguish-able in terms of subtypes and species. However, the large residuals in ANOVA suggested a pos-sible large intra-subtype/species variation. Therefore, the inter- and intra-subtype/species variations were studied using the model II ANOVA. The results showed that the in-tra-subtype/species variations accounted most of variation, which was 100% in total for both inter- and intra- subtype/species variations. Our analysis threw lights on the issue of how to de-termine a wide variety of patterns of antigenic variation across space and time, and within and between subtypes as well as hosts.展开更多
In this study, we use the cross-impact analysis to build a descriptively probabilistic relationship between mutant von Hippel-Lindau protein and its clinical outcome after quantifying mutant von Hippel-Lindau proteins...In this study, we use the cross-impact analysis to build a descriptively probabilistic relationship between mutant von Hippel-Lindau protein and its clinical outcome after quantifying mutant von Hippel-Lindau proteins with the amino-acid distribution probability, then we use the Bayes-ian equation to determine the probability that the von Hippel-Lindau disease occurs under a mutation, and finally we attempt to distinguish the classifications of clinical outcomes as well as the endocrine and nonendocrine neoplasia induced by mutations of von Hippel-Lindau protein. The results show that a patient has 9/10 chance of being von Hippel-Lindau disease when a new mutation occurs in von Hippel- Lindau protein, the possible distinguishing of classifications of clinical outcomes using mod-eling, and the explanation of the endocrine and nonendocrine neoplasia in modeling view.展开更多
基金supported in part by Guangxi Science Foundation (No. 08115011 and 0991080)
文摘Objective To determine if global warming has an impact on the evolution of hemagglutinins from influenza A viruses, because both global warming and influenza pandemics/epidemics threaten the world. Methods 4 706 hemagglutinins from influenza A viruses sampled from 1956 to 2009 were converted to a time‐series to show their evolutionary process and compared with the global, northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere temperatures, to determine if their trends run in similar or opposite directions. Point‐to‐point comparisons between temperature and quantified hemagglutinins were performed for all species and for the major prevailing species. Results The comparisons show that the trends for both hemagglutinin evolution and temperature change run in a similar direction. Conclusion Global warming has a consistent and progressive impact on the hemagglutinin evolution of influenza A viruses.
文摘The polymerase acidic protein is an important family of proteins from influenza A virus, which is classified as many different subtypes or spe-cies. Thus, an important question is if these classifications are numerically distinguishable with respect to the polymerase acidic protein. The amino-acid pair predictability was used to transfer 2432 polymerase acidic proteins into 2432 scalar data. The one-way ANOVA found these polymerase acidic proteins distinguish-able in terms of subtypes and species. However, the large residuals in ANOVA suggested a pos-sible large intra-subtype/species variation. Therefore, the inter- and intra-subtype/species variations were studied using the model II ANOVA. The results showed that the in-tra-subtype/species variations accounted most of variation, which was 100% in total for both inter- and intra- subtype/species variations. Our analysis threw lights on the issue of how to de-termine a wide variety of patterns of antigenic variation across space and time, and within and between subtypes as well as hosts.
文摘In this study, we use the cross-impact analysis to build a descriptively probabilistic relationship between mutant von Hippel-Lindau protein and its clinical outcome after quantifying mutant von Hippel-Lindau proteins with the amino-acid distribution probability, then we use the Bayes-ian equation to determine the probability that the von Hippel-Lindau disease occurs under a mutation, and finally we attempt to distinguish the classifications of clinical outcomes as well as the endocrine and nonendocrine neoplasia induced by mutations of von Hippel-Lindau protein. The results show that a patient has 9/10 chance of being von Hippel-Lindau disease when a new mutation occurs in von Hippel- Lindau protein, the possible distinguishing of classifications of clinical outcomes using mod-eling, and the explanation of the endocrine and nonendocrine neoplasia in modeling view.
