SKINNY-64-64 is a lightweight block cipher with a 64-bit block length and key length,and it is mainly used on the Internet of Things(IoT).Currently,faults can be injected into cryptographic devices by attackers in a v...SKINNY-64-64 is a lightweight block cipher with a 64-bit block length and key length,and it is mainly used on the Internet of Things(IoT).Currently,faults can be injected into cryptographic devices by attackers in a variety of ways,but it is still difficult to achieve a precisely located fault attacks at a low cost,whereas a Hardware Trojan(HT)can realize this.Temperature,as a physical quantity incidental to the operation of a cryptographic device,is easily overlooked.In this paper,a temperature-triggered HT(THT)is designed,which,when activated,causes a specific bit of the intermediate state of the SKINNY-64-64 to be flipped.Further,in this paper,a THT-based algebraic fault analysis(THT-AFA)method is proposed.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method,experiments on algebraic fault analysis(AFA)and THT-AFA have been carried out on SKINNY-64-64.In the THT-AFA for SKINNY-64-64,it is only required to activate the THT 3 times to obtain the master key with a 100%success rate,and the average time for the attack is 64.57 s.However,when performing AFA on this cipher,we provide a relation-ship between the number of different faults and the residual entropy of the key.In comparison,our proposed THT-AFA method has better performance in terms of attack efficiency.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first HT attack on SKINNY-64-64.展开更多
A multi-functional full-space metasurface based on frequency and polarization multiplexing is proposed.The metasurface unit consists of metallic patterns printed on the two faces of a single-layered dielectric substra...A multi-functional full-space metasurface based on frequency and polarization multiplexing is proposed.The metasurface unit consists of metallic patterns printed on the two faces of a single-layered dielectric substrate.The unit cell can control electromagnetic wavefronts to achieve a broadband transmission with amplitudes greater than 0.4 from 4.4 to 10.4 GHz.Meanwhile,at 11.7 GHz and 15.4 GHz,four high-efficiency reflection channels with a reflection amplitude greater than 0.8 are also realized.When illuminated by linearly polarized waves,five different functions can be realized at five different frequencies,which are demonstrated by theoretical calculations,full-wave simulations,and experimental measurements.展开更多
基金supported in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(Grant No.LH2022F053)in part by the Scientific and technological development project of the central government guiding local(Grant No.SBZY2021E076)+2 种基金in part by the PostdoctoralResearch Fund Project of Heilongjiang Province of China(Grant No.LBH-Q21195)in part by the Fundamental Research Funds of Heilongjiang Provincial Universities of China(Grant No.145209146)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.61501275).
文摘SKINNY-64-64 is a lightweight block cipher with a 64-bit block length and key length,and it is mainly used on the Internet of Things(IoT).Currently,faults can be injected into cryptographic devices by attackers in a variety of ways,but it is still difficult to achieve a precisely located fault attacks at a low cost,whereas a Hardware Trojan(HT)can realize this.Temperature,as a physical quantity incidental to the operation of a cryptographic device,is easily overlooked.In this paper,a temperature-triggered HT(THT)is designed,which,when activated,causes a specific bit of the intermediate state of the SKINNY-64-64 to be flipped.Further,in this paper,a THT-based algebraic fault analysis(THT-AFA)method is proposed.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method,experiments on algebraic fault analysis(AFA)and THT-AFA have been carried out on SKINNY-64-64.In the THT-AFA for SKINNY-64-64,it is only required to activate the THT 3 times to obtain the master key with a 100%success rate,and the average time for the attack is 64.57 s.However,when performing AFA on this cipher,we provide a relation-ship between the number of different faults and the residual entropy of the key.In comparison,our proposed THT-AFA method has better performance in terms of attack efficiency.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first HT attack on SKINNY-64-64.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.LH2022F053)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62275063 and 62171153)+3 种基金the Scientific and Technological Development Project of the Central Government Guiding Local(No.SBZY2021E076)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves(No.K202309)the Postdoctoral Research Fund Project of Heilongjiang Province of China(No.LBH-Q21195)the Fundamental Research Funds of Heilongjiang Provincial Universities of China(No.145209151).
文摘A multi-functional full-space metasurface based on frequency and polarization multiplexing is proposed.The metasurface unit consists of metallic patterns printed on the two faces of a single-layered dielectric substrate.The unit cell can control electromagnetic wavefronts to achieve a broadband transmission with amplitudes greater than 0.4 from 4.4 to 10.4 GHz.Meanwhile,at 11.7 GHz and 15.4 GHz,four high-efficiency reflection channels with a reflection amplitude greater than 0.8 are also realized.When illuminated by linearly polarized waves,five different functions can be realized at five different frequencies,which are demonstrated by theoretical calculations,full-wave simulations,and experimental measurements.
