This article comments on Varatharajan et al recent article,highlighting the role of tubulointerstitial damage mechanisms in diabetic nephropathy progression.Evidence suggests a bidirectional interaction between the in...This article comments on Varatharajan et al recent article,highlighting the role of tubulointerstitial damage mechanisms in diabetic nephropathy progression.Evidence suggests a bidirectional interaction between the interstitium,tubular cells,and glomeruli.Renal tubules are highly susceptible to proteinuria,metabolic disorders,and toxins.Since diabetic nephropathy persistently activates inflammatory and fibrotic pathways,epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition mechanisms present promising targets for risk assessment.Periostin,a cellular matrix protein,plays a key role in modulating extracellular interactions.Increased periostin expression in tissue,serum,and urine correlates with type 2 diabetes,making it a valuable biomarker alongside neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1.While periostin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin reflect distal tubular damage,kidney injury molecule-1 serves as a marker for proximal tubular injury.Combining these biomarkers enhances diagnostic precision.展开更多
The evaporation ofmicrometer and millimeter liquid drops,involving a liquid-to-vapor phase transition accompanied by mass and energy transfer through the liquid-vapor interface,is encountered in many natural and indus...The evaporation ofmicrometer and millimeter liquid drops,involving a liquid-to-vapor phase transition accompanied by mass and energy transfer through the liquid-vapor interface,is encountered in many natural and industrial processes as well as in numerous engineering applications.Therefore,understanding and predicting the dynamics of evaporating flows have become of primary importance.Recent efforts have been addressed using the method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH),which has proven to be very efficient in correctly handling the intrinsic complexity introduced by the multiscale nature of the evaporation process.This paper aims to provide an overview of published work on SPH-based simulations related to the evaporation of drops suspended in static and convective environments and impacting on heated solid surfaces.After a brief theoretical account of the main ingredients necessary for the modeling of drop evaporation,the fundamental aspects of SPH are revisited along with the various existing formulations that have been implemented to address the challenges imposed by the physics of evaporating flows.In the following sections,the paper summarizes the results of SPH-based simulations of drop evaporation and ends with a few comments on the limitations of the current state-of-the-art SPHsimulations and future lines of research.展开更多
Species of the genus Paenibacillus,especially those from extreme environments that have been reported,are known for producing bioactive compounds with agricultural and biotechnological applications.In this study,we in...Species of the genus Paenibacillus,especially those from extreme environments that have been reported,are known for producing bioactive compounds with agricultural and biotechnological applications.In this study,we investigated the genomic and biochemical potential of Paenibacillus sp.VCA1 strain isolated from a thermophilic environment.Taxonomic identification was performed using whole genome similarity analysis,TETRA four-nucleotide frequency of occurrence analysis,ANI average nucleotide identity analysis,and gene distance analysis using digital DNA-DNA hybridization(dDDH).Functional analysis of the strain VCA1 was performed by detecting genes,enzymes,and genome subsystems involved in biocontrol and plant growth promotion,which was carried out using the RAST(Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology),the seed server and antiSAMSH(antibiotics&Secondary Metabolite Analysis Shell).Genetic analyses showed the existence of 11 fatty acid and isoprenoid production genes,56 motility and chemotaxis genes,29 N-acetylglucosamine genes,and five siderophore genes.Finally,the antifungal and emulsifying activities demonstrated that strain VCA1 has activity against Fusarium oxysporum strain 45ta using integrated genomic and experimental validation,and the antifungal properties of the Paenibacillus sp.VCA1 has suggested potential use as a biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi,and its continuous study can have beneficial applications in sustainable agriculture and biotechnology.展开更多
Nowadays,using mobile robots in different applications has been very important.However,the environment in which they operate can cause the wheels to slip or the robot body to slide,causing the assigned task not to be ...Nowadays,using mobile robots in different applications has been very important.However,the environment in which they operate can cause the wheels to slip or the robot body to slide,causing the assigned task not to be performed successfully.Therefore,the need arises to mathematically determine these external perturbations to predict the behavior of the mobile robot.Based on the above mentioned facts,this work focuses on obtaining the kinematic model of an omnidirectional mobile robot considering lateral and longitudinal sliding disturbances of the body and wheel slippage.To mitigate the effect of the disturbances,a control strategy is considered based on the design of a generalized proportional integral observer(GPIO)that allows the estimation of such perturbations.Then,an active disturbance rejection control(ADRC)methodology is implemented to solve the trajectory tracking problem,and it is theoretically proved that the tracking errors converge to a vicinity near the origin.Numerical simulations and real-time experiments validate the obtained perturbed model and the control strategy performance,achieving the desired trajectory tracking despite these perturbations.展开更多
The Trombe Wall(TW)is a low-cost,passive heating system known for its high thermal efficiency,particularly in cold and temperate climates.Recent research has explored its adaptability to warm-dry climates with high th...The Trombe Wall(TW)is a low-cost,passive heating system known for its high thermal efficiency,particularly in cold and temperate climates.Recent research has explored its adaptability to warm-dry climates with high thermal variability,such as those found in central Mexico.This study presents a dynamic simulation-based analysis of the TW’s thermal performance in a representative social housing unit located in Pachuca de Soto,Hidalgo.Two models were compared—one with a south-facing TW system and one without—to evaluate indoor thermal comfort throughout a full annual cycle.The simulations were conducted using OpenStudio and EnergyPlus,integrating detailed climate data and construction parameters.Results indicate significant improvements in interior temperature stability and comfort during winter,with temperature increases of up to 5.1℃ in living areas.The system’s implementation made it possible to attain a new level of average winter indoor temperature of 18.3℃ by using solar energy,up from 14.4℃ without mechanical heating.The introduction of the TW significantly reduces the interior thermal oscillation and enhances the habitability conditions during the winter,with an increase of 167%in the annual number of hours within the thermal comfort range of 18℃–24℃ vs.the base model.Currently,temperature fluctuations inside buildings due to climate change affect the health of users.The system presented in this study reduces these temperature fluctuations to improve quality of life.展开更多
A numerical study analyzed double diffusion caused by convective and radiative heat transfer in a greenhouse with and without internal humidity sources.Two cases were examined:one considering temperature and mass conc...A numerical study analyzed double diffusion caused by convective and radiative heat transfer in a greenhouse with and without internal humidity sources.Two cases were examined:one considering temperature and mass concentration gradients on vertical walls and another incorporating internal humidity sources,enhancing convective and diffusive flows.Four configurations were analyzed by varying the length of the greenhouse,and the Rayleigh number was calculated over a range from 2.29×10^(10) to 6.07×10^(12).Simulations modeled the greenhouse interior six times a day(8:00 a.m.to 7:00 p.m.),accounting for external temperature,humidity,and solar radiation.The Finite Volume Method solved the governing equations using the k-εturbulence model for the turbulent flow regime.Results showed a maximum temperature of 50℃ at 2:50 p.m.and a relative humidity of 84.12%.Adjusting inlet temperature and humidity effectively mitigated external weather effects.Adding humidity sources improved greenhouse performance,increasing humidity concentration by 4.93 to 5.35 times,particularly at 2:50 and 4:20 p.m.Convective and radiative Nusselt and Sherwood numbers were plotted for both cases,revealing higher humidity levels with internal sources,highlighting their importance in optimizing greenhouse microclimates.展开更多
Selenium(Se)deficiency is a global health problem affecting more than 500 million people;crop biofortification is a sustainable strategy for its mitigation.This study investigated the effect of the application of sele...Selenium(Se)deficiency is a global health problem affecting more than 500 million people;crop biofortification is a sustainable strategy for its mitigation.This study investigated the effect of the application of selenate nanoparticles(SeO_(4)^(2−))and the combination of selenate(SeO_(4)^(2−))and chitosan(CS)(forming a SeO_(4)^(2−)-CS complex)on the antioxidant profile,growth,biomass,bioactive compounds,enzymes,and Se accumulation of wheat(Triticum spp.)sprouts.Fourteen treatments were applied using a factorial design combining seven concentrations and two formulations:SeO_(4)^(2−)and SeO_(4)^(2−)-CS.It was identified that chitosan increased Se uptake efficiency by 30%versus conventional selenate.The optimal dose for biomass was 0.15 mg L^(−1) of SeO_(4)^(2−)-CS(+40%vs.control),while 0.25 mg L^(−1) maximized bioactive compounds(phenolics(25%)and flavonoids(21%))as well as antioxidant capacity(26%)and enzymatic activity(SOD:37%;POD:41%).In addition,CS reduced Se phytotoxicity at doses≥1.50 mg L^(−1),evidencing its dual role as a delivery vehicle and cell protector.These findings demonstrate that the SeO_(4)^(2−)-CS hybrid system is a technologically viable and efficient alternative to traditional selenate for the production of biofortified sprouts.This strategy shows high potential for scaling up in the functional food industry and for application in agricultural regions with selenium-deficient soils.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), rep- resents a group of chronic disorders characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, typically with...Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), rep- resents a group of chronic disorders characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, typically with a relapsing and remitting clinical course. Mucosal mac- rophages play an important role in the mucosal im- mune system, and an increase in the number of newly recruited monocytes and activated macrophages has been noted in the inflamed gut of patients with IBD. Activated macrophages are thought to be major con- tributors to the production of inflammatory cytokines in the gut, and imbalance of cytokines is contributing to the pathogenesis of IBD. The intestinal inflammation in IBD is controlled by a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Cytokines play a key role in IBD that determine T cell differentiation of Th1, Th2, T regulatory and newly described Th17 cells. Cytokines levels in time and space orchestrate the development, recurrence and exacerbation of the inflammatory process in IBD. Therefore, several cyto- kine therapies have been developed and tested for the treatment of IBD patients.展开更多
Genetic factors play a significant role in determining inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)susceptibility.Epidemiologic data support genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of IBD,which include familial aggregation,twin s...Genetic factors play a significant role in determining inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)susceptibility.Epidemiologic data support genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of IBD,which include familial aggregation,twin studies,racial and ethnic differences in disease prevalence.Linkage studies have identified several susceptibility genes contained in different genomic regions named IBD1 to IBD9.Nucleotide oligomerization domain(NOD2)and human leukocyte antigen(HLA)genes are the most extensively studied genetic regions(IBD1 and IBD3 respectively)in IBD.Mutations of the NOD2 gene are associated with Crohn's disease(CD)and several HLA genes are associated with ulcerative colitis(UC)and CD.Toll like receptors(TLRs)have an important role in the innate immune response against infections by mediating recognition of pathogen-associated microbial patterns.Studying single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in molecules involved in bacterial recognition seems to be essential to define genetic backgrounds at risk of IBD.Recently,numerous new genes have been identified to be involved in the genetic susceptibility to IBD:NOD1/Caspase-activation recruitment domains 4(CARD4),Chemokine ligand 20(CCL20),IL-11,and IL-18 among others.The characterization of these novel genes potentially will lead to the identification of therapeutic agents and clinical assessment of phenotype and prognosis in patients with IBD.展开更多
AIM: To assess whether the use of fibrin sealantshortens the closure time of postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs). METHODS: The prospective case-control study included 70 patients with postoperative ECFs with...AIM: To assess whether the use of fibrin sealantshortens the closure time of postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs). METHODS: The prospective case-control study included 70 patients with postoperative ECFs with an output of < 500 mL/d, a fistulous tract of > 2 cm and without any local complication. They were divided into study (n = 23) and control groups (n = 47). Esophageal, gastric and colocutaneous fistulas were monitored under endoscopic visualization, which also allowed fibrin glue application directly through the external hole. Outcome variables included closure time, time to resume oral feeding and morbidity related to nutritional support. RESULTS: There were no differences in mean age, fistula output, and follow-up. Closure-time for all patients of the study group was 12.5 ± 14.2 d and 32.5 ± 17.9 d for the control group (P < 0.001), and morbidity related to nutritional support was 8.6% and 42.5%, respectively (P < 0.01). In patients with colonic fistulas, complete closure occurred 23.5 ± 19.5 d after the first application of fibrin glue, and spontaneous closure was observed after 36.2 ± 22.8 d in the control group (P = 0.36). Recurrences were observed in 2 patients because of residual disease. One patient of each group died during follow-up as a consequence of septic complications related to parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSION: Closure time was significantly reduced with the use of fibrin sealant, and oral feeding was resumed faster. We suggest the use of fibrin sealant for the management of stable enterocutaneous fistulas.展开更多
Sensor-based ore sorting is a technology used to classify high-grade mineralized rocks from low-grade waste rocks to reduce operation costs.Many ore-sorting algorithms using color images have been proposed in the past...Sensor-based ore sorting is a technology used to classify high-grade mineralized rocks from low-grade waste rocks to reduce operation costs.Many ore-sorting algorithms using color images have been proposed in the past,but only some validate their results using mineral grades or optimize the algorithms to classify rocks in real-time.This paper presents an ore-sorting algorithm based on image processing and machine learning that is able to classify rocks from a gold and silver mine based on their grade.The algorithm is composed of four main stages:(1)image segmentation and partition,(2)color and texture feature extraction,(3)sub-image classification using neural networks,and(4)a voting system to determine the overall class of the rock.The algorithm was trained using images of rocks that a geologist manually classified according to their mineral content and then was validated using a different set of rocks analyzed in a laboratory to determine their gold and silver grades.The proposed method achieved a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.961 points,higher than other classification algorithms based on support vector machines and convolutional neural networks,and a processing time under 44 ms,promising for real-time ore sorting applications.展开更多
Low bone mineral density and the increased risk of fracture in gastrointestinal diseases have a multifactorial pathogenesis. Inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） has been associated with an increased risk of osteoporosi...Low bone mineral density and the increased risk of fracture in gastrointestinal diseases have a multifactorial pathogenesis. Inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） has been associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia and epidemiologic studies have reported an increased prevalence of low bone mass in patients with IBD. Certainly, genetics play an important role, along with other factors such as systemic inflammation, malnutrition, hypogonadism, glucocorticoid therapy in IBD and other lifestyle factors. At a molecular level the proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to the intestinal immune response in IBD are known to enhance bone resorption. There are genes influencing osteoblast function and it is likely that LRP5 may be involved in the skeletal development. Also the identification of vitamin D receptors （VDRs） and some of its polymorphisms have led to consider the possible relationships between them and some autoimmune diseases and may be involved in the pathogenesis through the exertion of its immunomodulatory effects during inflammation. Trying to explain the physiopathology we have found that there is increasing evidence for the integration between systemic inflammation and bone loss likely mediated via receptor for activated nuclear factor kappa-B （RANK）, RANK-ligand, and osteoprotegerin, proteins that can affect both osteoclastogenesis and T-cell activation. Although glucocorticoids can reduce mucosal and systemic inflammation, they have intrinsic qualities that negatively impact on bone mass. It is still controversial if all IBD patients should be screened, especially in patients with preexisting risk factors for bone disease. Available methods to measure BMD include single energy x-ray absorptiometry, DXA, quantitative computed tomography （QCT）, radiographic absorptiometry, and ultrasound.DXA is the establish method to determine BMD, and routinely is measured in the hip and the lumbar spine. There are several treatments options that have proven their effectiveness, while new emergent therapies such as calcitonin and teriparatide among others remain to be assessed.展开更多
An alternative solution for the direct formation of?-LiAlO2 was presented by a modified combustion method,to apply it to rather simple systems,utilizing non-oxidizer compounds such as Al2O3 and LiOH,and urea as fuel.L...An alternative solution for the direct formation of?-LiAlO2 was presented by a modified combustion method,to apply it to rather simple systems,utilizing non-oxidizer compounds such as Al2O3 and LiOH,and urea as fuel.LiAlO2 was prepared via non-stoichiometric 1:1,1.5:1 and 2:1 of Li/Al molar ratios at 900 and 1000°C for 5 min.Textural and structural characterization ofγ-LiAlO2 was performed.Also,the effect of different Li/Al molar ratios on material morphology and its stability before high gamma radiation gradients was evaluated.The results showed that the crystal structures of the obtained powders wereγ-LiAlO2 and?-LiAlO2,depending on the Li/Al molar ratio.The results obtained demonstrate that?-LiAlO2 microbricks,polyhedral and laminar shapes can be successfully synthesized with the proposed method and without any subsequent process.Additionally,gamma irradiation showed that the?-LiAlO2 obtained does not decompose,forming only small amounts of Li2CO3.It can be established that the irradiation produces consolidation,which is not favourable for an efficient extraction of tritium.Finally,it could be demonstrated that nitrate precursors are not necessary in the combustion method to produceγ-LiAlO2 with high purity.展开更多
A global and local charge transfer partitioning model,based on the cornerstone theory developed by Robert G.Parr and Robert G.Pearson,which introduces two charge transfer channels(one for accepting electrons(electroph...A global and local charge transfer partitioning model,based on the cornerstone theory developed by Robert G.Parr and Robert G.Pearson,which introduces two charge transfer channels(one for accepting electrons(electrophilic) and another for donating(nucleophilic)),is applied to the reaction of a set of indoles with 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan.The global analysis indicates that the prevalent electron transfer mechanism in the reaction is a nucleophilic one on the indoles,i.e.,the indoles under consideration transfer electrons to 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan.Evaluating the reactivity descriptorswith exchange-correlation functionals including exact exchange(global hybrids) yields slightly better correlations than those obtained with generalized gradient-approximated functionals;however,the trends are preserved.Comparing the trend obtained with the number of electrons donated by the indoles,and predicted by the partitioning model,with that observed experimentally based on the measured rate constants,we propose that the number of electrons transferred through this channel can be used as a nucleophilicity scale to order the reactivity of indoles towards 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan.This approach to obtain reactivity scales has the advantage of depending on the intrinsic properties of the two reacting species;therefore,it opens the possibility that the same group of molecules may show different reactivity trends depending on the species with which they are reacting.The local model allows systematic incorporation of the reactive atoms based on the their decreasing condensed Fukui functions,and the correlations obtained by increasing the number of reactive atoms participating in the local analysis of the transferred nucleophilic charge improve,reaching an optimal correlation,which in the present case indicates keeping three atoms from the indoles and two from 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan.The atoms selected by this procedure provide valuable information about the local reactivity of the indoles.We further show that this information about the most reactive atoms on each reactant,combined with the spatial distribution of the nucleophilic and electrophilic Fukui functions of both reactants,allows one to propose non-trivial candidates of starting geometries for the search of the transition state structures present in these reactions.展开更多
A monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) lines the lumen of blood vessels and forms a multifunctional transducing organ that mediates a plethora of cardiovascular processes. The activation of ECs from as state of quiesc...A monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) lines the lumen of blood vessels and forms a multifunctional transducing organ that mediates a plethora of cardiovascular processes. The activation of ECs from as state of quiescence is, therefore, regarded among the early events leading to the onset and progression of potentially lethal diseases, such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, brain stroke, and tumor. Intracellular Ca2+ signals have long been know to play a central role in the complex network of signaling pathways regulating the endothelial functions. Notably, recent work has outlined how any change in the pattern of expression of endothelial channels, transporters and pumps involved in the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels may dramatically affect whole body homeostasis. Vascular ECs may react to both mechanical and chemical stimuli by generating a variety of intracellular Ca2+ signals, ranging from brief, localized Ca2+ pulses to prolonged Ca2+ oscillations engulfing the whole cytoplasm. The well-defined spatiotemporal profile of the subcellular Ca2+ signals elicited in ECs by specific extracellular inputs depends on the interaction between Ca2+ releasing channels, which arelocated both on the plasma membrane and in a number of intracellular organelles, and Ca2+ removing systems. The present article aims to summarize both the past and recent literature in the field to provide a clear-cut picture of our current knowledge on the molecular nature and the role played by the components of the Ca2+ machinery in vascular ECs under both physiological and pathological conditions.展开更多
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive malignancy confined within</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;&...Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive malignancy confined within</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the basement membrane of the breast ductal system. There is a lot of disparity in the natural history of DCIS with an estimated incidence of progression to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">invasive ductal carcinoma between 20%</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 53% over ten or more years afte</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">r </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">initial diagnosis. The surgical and adjuvant management of DCIS has advanced significantly in the last couple of decades. Nonetheless, surgeons, medical oncologist</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and radiation oncologists, along with their patients, still depend on conve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ntional clinical and pathologic risk factors to make management decisions. Irrespective of the management strategy, long-term survival is excel</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lent. The debate around DCIS relates to preventing either under-treatment or over-treatment. In this paper, we will review the incidence and management </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">options of DCIS. Additionally, we will focus on several current disputes related</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to the management of DCIS, including breast conserving surgery, the role of radiation in breast conservation surgery, sentinel node biopsy in DCIS, hormonal therapy, various risk stratification schemes, and the option of active surveillance for low-risk DCIS.展开更多
Depression, anxiety and tuberculosis are common conditions with significant public health implications. The connection among these conditions is syndemic: the incidence of one increases the chance of developing the ot...Depression, anxiety and tuberculosis are common conditions with significant public health implications. The connection among these conditions is syndemic: the incidence of one increases the chance of developing the other, with clusters of biological, social and psychological interaction. Therefore, it has become crucial to understand better the mechanisms liable for the physiological process</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">related to these three conditions.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The present</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">review focuses specifically on shared social events (perception of illness severity,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">social stigma,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">poverty and social isolation) and biological pathways (central response of the immune system within the CNS, the activation of the HPA axis and the SNS) that may mechanistically elucidate the depression-anxiety-tuberculosis association and discuss interventions prospects and significant issues to be arranged by future clinical and research implications.展开更多
The increase of human population generates the need to improve the efficiency of food production. A thorough planning is required following the scope of economic and sustainable development, being irrigation a basic t...The increase of human population generates the need to improve the efficiency of food production. A thorough planning is required following the scope of economic and sustainable development, being irrigation a basic tool, however water availability is restricted and it obliges farmers to progress increasing water productivity. Irrigation uses around 70% of total available fresh water, while irrigation water application efficiency is around 40%. Irrigation systems must follow strong criteria at the design stage to achieve high values of water productivity. Maintenance is indispensable to follow the original functioning level of those systems. At last the daily precise management of systems, following soil water potential, considering the effective rain storage at root depth of the crop and the evolution of daily evapotranspiration, preserving natural resources, are relevant to achieve low values of water footprint of this crop. In an 8 year drip irrigation system, the Uniformity Coefficient of Christiansen (UCC) measured was 95.14%;the Uniform Coefficient of the Minor Quart (UCMQ) was 93.16%. The Total Distribution Efficiency (EDT) was 95.13% when measurements finished while the irrigation systems is of. When measurements also considered the volume collected during the “recession phase in drip irrigation” and the “volume of water collected during recession phase in drip irrigation” collected at different points, EDT was 95.13%. Moreover it can be seen that when three different typical soil of the area were considered, the EDT was, 91.85%, 91.47% and 90.30% respectively, according with different water storage capacity of each soil. The Total Distribution Efficient is a strong method, to evaluate the design and management of drip irrigation systems, under different design criteria, management practices and maintenance of the systems. Water footprint in a blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) crop with drip and sprinkler anti-frost system, were measure and values obtained were 846, 310, 223, 212, 172 and 218 liters per kg of fresh fruit in the period 2010-2015. The UCC and the UCMQ reflects properly the irrigation design, while the EDT reflects irrigation design, management and maintenance. Water footprint is at last the strong tool to evaluate design and operation of the irrigation system and crop management.展开更多
In the present investigation, two zeolite-rich tuffs from Guaymas and El Cajon（State of Sonora）, which were conditioned with a sodium chloride solution and subsequently modified with a thiourea solution, were chosen...In the present investigation, two zeolite-rich tuffs from Guaymas and El Cajon（State of Sonora）, which were conditioned with a sodium chloride solution and subsequently modified with a thiourea solution, were chosen to evaluate the removal of Cd from aqueous systems. The zeolitic materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The surface area was also determined. The experiments were performed in a batch system, and the influences of p H, contact time between phases, and the concentration of Cd in the solution on the adsorption by sodium or thiourea-modified zeolite-rich tuff were investigated. It was found that the efficiency of Cd ion removal from aqueous solutions is influenced by the p H of the aqueous systems. The Cd adsorption kinetic data were well fitted to a pseudo-second-order model in all cases. The Langmuir and Langmuir–Freundlich isotherms adequately described the Cd sorption behavior by the zeolite from El Cajon pretreated with Na Cl and the zeolite from Guaymas modified with thiourea, respectively.展开更多
文摘This article comments on Varatharajan et al recent article,highlighting the role of tubulointerstitial damage mechanisms in diabetic nephropathy progression.Evidence suggests a bidirectional interaction between the interstitium,tubular cells,and glomeruli.Renal tubules are highly susceptible to proteinuria,metabolic disorders,and toxins.Since diabetic nephropathy persistently activates inflammatory and fibrotic pathways,epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition mechanisms present promising targets for risk assessment.Periostin,a cellular matrix protein,plays a key role in modulating extracellular interactions.Increased periostin expression in tissue,serum,and urine correlates with type 2 diabetes,making it a valuable biomarker alongside neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1.While periostin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin reflect distal tubular damage,kidney injury molecule-1 serves as a marker for proximal tubular injury.Combining these biomarkers enhances diagnostic precision.
文摘The evaporation ofmicrometer and millimeter liquid drops,involving a liquid-to-vapor phase transition accompanied by mass and energy transfer through the liquid-vapor interface,is encountered in many natural and industrial processes as well as in numerous engineering applications.Therefore,understanding and predicting the dynamics of evaporating flows have become of primary importance.Recent efforts have been addressed using the method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH),which has proven to be very efficient in correctly handling the intrinsic complexity introduced by the multiscale nature of the evaporation process.This paper aims to provide an overview of published work on SPH-based simulations related to the evaporation of drops suspended in static and convective environments and impacting on heated solid surfaces.After a brief theoretical account of the main ingredients necessary for the modeling of drop evaporation,the fundamental aspects of SPH are revisited along with the various existing formulations that have been implemented to address the challenges imposed by the physics of evaporating flows.In the following sections,the paper summarizes the results of SPH-based simulations of drop evaporation and ends with a few comments on the limitations of the current state-of-the-art SPHsimulations and future lines of research.
基金funded by Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico/IT de Tuxtla Gutierrez with project number 22847.25-PFunding came from the“Consejo Nacional de Humanidades,Ciencias y Tecnologias”(CONAHCYT,Mexico),with Project No.320299.
文摘Species of the genus Paenibacillus,especially those from extreme environments that have been reported,are known for producing bioactive compounds with agricultural and biotechnological applications.In this study,we investigated the genomic and biochemical potential of Paenibacillus sp.VCA1 strain isolated from a thermophilic environment.Taxonomic identification was performed using whole genome similarity analysis,TETRA four-nucleotide frequency of occurrence analysis,ANI average nucleotide identity analysis,and gene distance analysis using digital DNA-DNA hybridization(dDDH).Functional analysis of the strain VCA1 was performed by detecting genes,enzymes,and genome subsystems involved in biocontrol and plant growth promotion,which was carried out using the RAST(Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology),the seed server and antiSAMSH(antibiotics&Secondary Metabolite Analysis Shell).Genetic analyses showed the existence of 11 fatty acid and isoprenoid production genes,56 motility and chemotaxis genes,29 N-acetylglucosamine genes,and five siderophore genes.Finally,the antifungal and emulsifying activities demonstrated that strain VCA1 has activity against Fusarium oxysporum strain 45ta using integrated genomic and experimental validation,and the antifungal properties of the Paenibacillus sp.VCA1 has suggested potential use as a biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi,and its continuous study can have beneficial applications in sustainable agriculture and biotechnology.
基金supported by Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado under grant 20253806in part by project UNAM PAPIME PE104125.
文摘Nowadays,using mobile robots in different applications has been very important.However,the environment in which they operate can cause the wheels to slip or the robot body to slide,causing the assigned task not to be performed successfully.Therefore,the need arises to mathematically determine these external perturbations to predict the behavior of the mobile robot.Based on the above mentioned facts,this work focuses on obtaining the kinematic model of an omnidirectional mobile robot considering lateral and longitudinal sliding disturbances of the body and wheel slippage.To mitigate the effect of the disturbances,a control strategy is considered based on the design of a generalized proportional integral observer(GPIO)that allows the estimation of such perturbations.Then,an active disturbance rejection control(ADRC)methodology is implemented to solve the trajectory tracking problem,and it is theoretically proved that the tracking errors converge to a vicinity near the origin.Numerical simulations and real-time experiments validate the obtained perturbed model and the control strategy performance,achieving the desired trajectory tracking despite these perturbations.
文摘The Trombe Wall(TW)is a low-cost,passive heating system known for its high thermal efficiency,particularly in cold and temperate climates.Recent research has explored its adaptability to warm-dry climates with high thermal variability,such as those found in central Mexico.This study presents a dynamic simulation-based analysis of the TW’s thermal performance in a representative social housing unit located in Pachuca de Soto,Hidalgo.Two models were compared—one with a south-facing TW system and one without—to evaluate indoor thermal comfort throughout a full annual cycle.The simulations were conducted using OpenStudio and EnergyPlus,integrating detailed climate data and construction parameters.Results indicate significant improvements in interior temperature stability and comfort during winter,with temperature increases of up to 5.1℃ in living areas.The system’s implementation made it possible to attain a new level of average winter indoor temperature of 18.3℃ by using solar energy,up from 14.4℃ without mechanical heating.The introduction of the TW significantly reduces the interior thermal oscillation and enhances the habitability conditions during the winter,with an increase of 167%in the annual number of hours within the thermal comfort range of 18℃–24℃ vs.the base model.Currently,temperature fluctuations inside buildings due to climate change affect the health of users.The system presented in this study reduces these temperature fluctuations to improve quality of life.
文摘A numerical study analyzed double diffusion caused by convective and radiative heat transfer in a greenhouse with and without internal humidity sources.Two cases were examined:one considering temperature and mass concentration gradients on vertical walls and another incorporating internal humidity sources,enhancing convective and diffusive flows.Four configurations were analyzed by varying the length of the greenhouse,and the Rayleigh number was calculated over a range from 2.29×10^(10) to 6.07×10^(12).Simulations modeled the greenhouse interior six times a day(8:00 a.m.to 7:00 p.m.),accounting for external temperature,humidity,and solar radiation.The Finite Volume Method solved the governing equations using the k-εturbulence model for the turbulent flow regime.Results showed a maximum temperature of 50℃ at 2:50 p.m.and a relative humidity of 84.12%.Adjusting inlet temperature and humidity effectively mitigated external weather effects.Adding humidity sources improved greenhouse performance,increasing humidity concentration by 4.93 to 5.35 times,particularly at 2:50 and 4:20 p.m.Convective and radiative Nusselt and Sherwood numbers were plotted for both cases,revealing higher humidity levels with internal sources,highlighting their importance in optimizing greenhouse microclimates.
文摘Selenium(Se)deficiency is a global health problem affecting more than 500 million people;crop biofortification is a sustainable strategy for its mitigation.This study investigated the effect of the application of selenate nanoparticles(SeO_(4)^(2−))and the combination of selenate(SeO_(4)^(2−))and chitosan(CS)(forming a SeO_(4)^(2−)-CS complex)on the antioxidant profile,growth,biomass,bioactive compounds,enzymes,and Se accumulation of wheat(Triticum spp.)sprouts.Fourteen treatments were applied using a factorial design combining seven concentrations and two formulations:SeO_(4)^(2−)and SeO_(4)^(2−)-CS.It was identified that chitosan increased Se uptake efficiency by 30%versus conventional selenate.The optimal dose for biomass was 0.15 mg L^(−1) of SeO_(4)^(2−)-CS(+40%vs.control),while 0.25 mg L^(−1) maximized bioactive compounds(phenolics(25%)and flavonoids(21%))as well as antioxidant capacity(26%)and enzymatic activity(SOD:37%;POD:41%).In addition,CS reduced Se phytotoxicity at doses≥1.50 mg L^(−1),evidencing its dual role as a delivery vehicle and cell protector.These findings demonstrate that the SeO_(4)^(2−)-CS hybrid system is a technologically viable and efficient alternative to traditional selenate for the production of biofortified sprouts.This strategy shows high potential for scaling up in the functional food industry and for application in agricultural regions with selenium-deficient soils.
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), rep- resents a group of chronic disorders characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, typically with a relapsing and remitting clinical course. Mucosal mac- rophages play an important role in the mucosal im- mune system, and an increase in the number of newly recruited monocytes and activated macrophages has been noted in the inflamed gut of patients with IBD. Activated macrophages are thought to be major con- tributors to the production of inflammatory cytokines in the gut, and imbalance of cytokines is contributing to the pathogenesis of IBD. The intestinal inflammation in IBD is controlled by a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Cytokines play a key role in IBD that determine T cell differentiation of Th1, Th2, T regulatory and newly described Th17 cells. Cytokines levels in time and space orchestrate the development, recurrence and exacerbation of the inflammatory process in IBD. Therefore, several cyto- kine therapies have been developed and tested for the treatment of IBD patients.
文摘Genetic factors play a significant role in determining inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)susceptibility.Epidemiologic data support genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of IBD,which include familial aggregation,twin studies,racial and ethnic differences in disease prevalence.Linkage studies have identified several susceptibility genes contained in different genomic regions named IBD1 to IBD9.Nucleotide oligomerization domain(NOD2)and human leukocyte antigen(HLA)genes are the most extensively studied genetic regions(IBD1 and IBD3 respectively)in IBD.Mutations of the NOD2 gene are associated with Crohn's disease(CD)and several HLA genes are associated with ulcerative colitis(UC)and CD.Toll like receptors(TLRs)have an important role in the innate immune response against infections by mediating recognition of pathogen-associated microbial patterns.Studying single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in molecules involved in bacterial recognition seems to be essential to define genetic backgrounds at risk of IBD.Recently,numerous new genes have been identified to be involved in the genetic susceptibility to IBD:NOD1/Caspase-activation recruitment domains 4(CARD4),Chemokine ligand 20(CCL20),IL-11,and IL-18 among others.The characterization of these novel genes potentially will lead to the identification of therapeutic agents and clinical assessment of phenotype and prognosis in patients with IBD.
基金Supported by A Grant from the National Council of Scienceand Technology, No. Conacyt-Si Morelos 2000-0302003
文摘AIM: To assess whether the use of fibrin sealantshortens the closure time of postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs). METHODS: The prospective case-control study included 70 patients with postoperative ECFs with an output of < 500 mL/d, a fistulous tract of > 2 cm and without any local complication. They were divided into study (n = 23) and control groups (n = 47). Esophageal, gastric and colocutaneous fistulas were monitored under endoscopic visualization, which also allowed fibrin glue application directly through the external hole. Outcome variables included closure time, time to resume oral feeding and morbidity related to nutritional support. RESULTS: There were no differences in mean age, fistula output, and follow-up. Closure-time for all patients of the study group was 12.5 ± 14.2 d and 32.5 ± 17.9 d for the control group (P < 0.001), and morbidity related to nutritional support was 8.6% and 42.5%, respectively (P < 0.01). In patients with colonic fistulas, complete closure occurred 23.5 ± 19.5 d after the first application of fibrin glue, and spontaneous closure was observed after 36.2 ± 22.8 d in the control group (P = 0.36). Recurrences were observed in 2 patients because of residual disease. One patient of each group died during follow-up as a consequence of septic complications related to parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSION: Closure time was significantly reduced with the use of fibrin sealant, and oral feeding was resumed faster. We suggest the use of fibrin sealant for the management of stable enterocutaneous fistulas.
文摘Sensor-based ore sorting is a technology used to classify high-grade mineralized rocks from low-grade waste rocks to reduce operation costs.Many ore-sorting algorithms using color images have been proposed in the past,but only some validate their results using mineral grades or optimize the algorithms to classify rocks in real-time.This paper presents an ore-sorting algorithm based on image processing and machine learning that is able to classify rocks from a gold and silver mine based on their grade.The algorithm is composed of four main stages:(1)image segmentation and partition,(2)color and texture feature extraction,(3)sub-image classification using neural networks,and(4)a voting system to determine the overall class of the rock.The algorithm was trained using images of rocks that a geologist manually classified according to their mineral content and then was validated using a different set of rocks analyzed in a laboratory to determine their gold and silver grades.The proposed method achieved a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.961 points,higher than other classification algorithms based on support vector machines and convolutional neural networks,and a processing time under 44 ms,promising for real-time ore sorting applications.
文摘Low bone mineral density and the increased risk of fracture in gastrointestinal diseases have a multifactorial pathogenesis. Inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） has been associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia and epidemiologic studies have reported an increased prevalence of low bone mass in patients with IBD. Certainly, genetics play an important role, along with other factors such as systemic inflammation, malnutrition, hypogonadism, glucocorticoid therapy in IBD and other lifestyle factors. At a molecular level the proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to the intestinal immune response in IBD are known to enhance bone resorption. There are genes influencing osteoblast function and it is likely that LRP5 may be involved in the skeletal development. Also the identification of vitamin D receptors （VDRs） and some of its polymorphisms have led to consider the possible relationships between them and some autoimmune diseases and may be involved in the pathogenesis through the exertion of its immunomodulatory effects during inflammation. Trying to explain the physiopathology we have found that there is increasing evidence for the integration between systemic inflammation and bone loss likely mediated via receptor for activated nuclear factor kappa-B （RANK）, RANK-ligand, and osteoprotegerin, proteins that can affect both osteoclastogenesis and T-cell activation. Although glucocorticoids can reduce mucosal and systemic inflammation, they have intrinsic qualities that negatively impact on bone mass. It is still controversial if all IBD patients should be screened, especially in patients with preexisting risk factors for bone disease. Available methods to measure BMD include single energy x-ray absorptiometry, DXA, quantitative computed tomography （QCT）, radiographic absorptiometry, and ultrasound.DXA is the establish method to determine BMD, and routinely is measured in the hip and the lumbar spine. There are several treatments options that have proven their effectiveness, while new emergent therapies such as calcitonin and teriparatide among others remain to be assessed.
基金supported by National Institute of Nuclear Research (ININ)Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP)co-financed by National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT, México)
文摘An alternative solution for the direct formation of?-LiAlO2 was presented by a modified combustion method,to apply it to rather simple systems,utilizing non-oxidizer compounds such as Al2O3 and LiOH,and urea as fuel.LiAlO2 was prepared via non-stoichiometric 1:1,1.5:1 and 2:1 of Li/Al molar ratios at 900 and 1000°C for 5 min.Textural and structural characterization ofγ-LiAlO2 was performed.Also,the effect of different Li/Al molar ratios on material morphology and its stability before high gamma radiation gradients was evaluated.The results showed that the crystal structures of the obtained powders wereγ-LiAlO2 and?-LiAlO2,depending on the Li/Al molar ratio.The results obtained demonstrate that?-LiAlO2 microbricks,polyhedral and laminar shapes can be successfully synthesized with the proposed method and without any subsequent process.Additionally,gamma irradiation showed that the?-LiAlO2 obtained does not decompose,forming only small amounts of Li2CO3.It can be established that the irradiation produces consolidation,which is not favourable for an efficient extraction of tritium.Finally,it could be demonstrated that nitrate precursors are not necessary in the combustion method to produceγ-LiAlO2 with high purity.
基金UOV was supported in part by Conacyt through a doctoral fellowship. JLG thanks Conacyt for grant 237045, and AV thanks Conacyt for grant Fronteras 867.
文摘A global and local charge transfer partitioning model,based on the cornerstone theory developed by Robert G.Parr and Robert G.Pearson,which introduces two charge transfer channels(one for accepting electrons(electrophilic) and another for donating(nucleophilic)),is applied to the reaction of a set of indoles with 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan.The global analysis indicates that the prevalent electron transfer mechanism in the reaction is a nucleophilic one on the indoles,i.e.,the indoles under consideration transfer electrons to 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan.Evaluating the reactivity descriptorswith exchange-correlation functionals including exact exchange(global hybrids) yields slightly better correlations than those obtained with generalized gradient-approximated functionals;however,the trends are preserved.Comparing the trend obtained with the number of electrons donated by the indoles,and predicted by the partitioning model,with that observed experimentally based on the measured rate constants,we propose that the number of electrons transferred through this channel can be used as a nucleophilicity scale to order the reactivity of indoles towards 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan.This approach to obtain reactivity scales has the advantage of depending on the intrinsic properties of the two reacting species;therefore,it opens the possibility that the same group of molecules may show different reactivity trends depending on the species with which they are reacting.The local model allows systematic incorporation of the reactive atoms based on the their decreasing condensed Fukui functions,and the correlations obtained by increasing the number of reactive atoms participating in the local analysis of the transferred nucleophilic charge improve,reaching an optimal correlation,which in the present case indicates keeping three atoms from the indoles and two from 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan.The atoms selected by this procedure provide valuable information about the local reactivity of the indoles.We further show that this information about the most reactive atoms on each reactant,combined with the spatial distribution of the nucleophilic and electrophilic Fukui functions of both reactants,allows one to propose non-trivial candidates of starting geometries for the search of the transition state structures present in these reactions.
文摘A monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) lines the lumen of blood vessels and forms a multifunctional transducing organ that mediates a plethora of cardiovascular processes. The activation of ECs from as state of quiescence is, therefore, regarded among the early events leading to the onset and progression of potentially lethal diseases, such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, brain stroke, and tumor. Intracellular Ca2+ signals have long been know to play a central role in the complex network of signaling pathways regulating the endothelial functions. Notably, recent work has outlined how any change in the pattern of expression of endothelial channels, transporters and pumps involved in the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels may dramatically affect whole body homeostasis. Vascular ECs may react to both mechanical and chemical stimuli by generating a variety of intracellular Ca2+ signals, ranging from brief, localized Ca2+ pulses to prolonged Ca2+ oscillations engulfing the whole cytoplasm. The well-defined spatiotemporal profile of the subcellular Ca2+ signals elicited in ECs by specific extracellular inputs depends on the interaction between Ca2+ releasing channels, which arelocated both on the plasma membrane and in a number of intracellular organelles, and Ca2+ removing systems. The present article aims to summarize both the past and recent literature in the field to provide a clear-cut picture of our current knowledge on the molecular nature and the role played by the components of the Ca2+ machinery in vascular ECs under both physiological and pathological conditions.
文摘Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive malignancy confined within</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the basement membrane of the breast ductal system. There is a lot of disparity in the natural history of DCIS with an estimated incidence of progression to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">invasive ductal carcinoma between 20%</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 53% over ten or more years afte</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">r </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">initial diagnosis. The surgical and adjuvant management of DCIS has advanced significantly in the last couple of decades. Nonetheless, surgeons, medical oncologist</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and radiation oncologists, along with their patients, still depend on conve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ntional clinical and pathologic risk factors to make management decisions. Irrespective of the management strategy, long-term survival is excel</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lent. The debate around DCIS relates to preventing either under-treatment or over-treatment. In this paper, we will review the incidence and management </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">options of DCIS. Additionally, we will focus on several current disputes related</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to the management of DCIS, including breast conserving surgery, the role of radiation in breast conservation surgery, sentinel node biopsy in DCIS, hormonal therapy, various risk stratification schemes, and the option of active surveillance for low-risk DCIS.
文摘Depression, anxiety and tuberculosis are common conditions with significant public health implications. The connection among these conditions is syndemic: the incidence of one increases the chance of developing the other, with clusters of biological, social and psychological interaction. Therefore, it has become crucial to understand better the mechanisms liable for the physiological process</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">related to these three conditions.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The present</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">review focuses specifically on shared social events (perception of illness severity,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">social stigma,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">poverty and social isolation) and biological pathways (central response of the immune system within the CNS, the activation of the HPA axis and the SNS) that may mechanistically elucidate the depression-anxiety-tuberculosis association and discuss interventions prospects and significant issues to be arranged by future clinical and research implications.
文摘The increase of human population generates the need to improve the efficiency of food production. A thorough planning is required following the scope of economic and sustainable development, being irrigation a basic tool, however water availability is restricted and it obliges farmers to progress increasing water productivity. Irrigation uses around 70% of total available fresh water, while irrigation water application efficiency is around 40%. Irrigation systems must follow strong criteria at the design stage to achieve high values of water productivity. Maintenance is indispensable to follow the original functioning level of those systems. At last the daily precise management of systems, following soil water potential, considering the effective rain storage at root depth of the crop and the evolution of daily evapotranspiration, preserving natural resources, are relevant to achieve low values of water footprint of this crop. In an 8 year drip irrigation system, the Uniformity Coefficient of Christiansen (UCC) measured was 95.14%;the Uniform Coefficient of the Minor Quart (UCMQ) was 93.16%. The Total Distribution Efficiency (EDT) was 95.13% when measurements finished while the irrigation systems is of. When measurements also considered the volume collected during the “recession phase in drip irrigation” and the “volume of water collected during recession phase in drip irrigation” collected at different points, EDT was 95.13%. Moreover it can be seen that when three different typical soil of the area were considered, the EDT was, 91.85%, 91.47% and 90.30% respectively, according with different water storage capacity of each soil. The Total Distribution Efficient is a strong method, to evaluate the design and management of drip irrigation systems, under different design criteria, management practices and maintenance of the systems. Water footprint in a blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) crop with drip and sprinkler anti-frost system, were measure and values obtained were 846, 310, 223, 212, 172 and 218 liters per kg of fresh fruit in the period 2010-2015. The UCC and the UCMQ reflects properly the irrigation design, while the EDT reflects irrigation design, management and maintenance. Water footprint is at last the strong tool to evaluate design and operation of the irrigation system and crop management.
基金supported by the National Institute of Nuclear Researches(project CB-505)CONACyT(project 254665)SEP-TecNM(project 2340.09-P)
文摘In the present investigation, two zeolite-rich tuffs from Guaymas and El Cajon（State of Sonora）, which were conditioned with a sodium chloride solution and subsequently modified with a thiourea solution, were chosen to evaluate the removal of Cd from aqueous systems. The zeolitic materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The surface area was also determined. The experiments were performed in a batch system, and the influences of p H, contact time between phases, and the concentration of Cd in the solution on the adsorption by sodium or thiourea-modified zeolite-rich tuff were investigated. It was found that the efficiency of Cd ion removal from aqueous solutions is influenced by the p H of the aqueous systems. The Cd adsorption kinetic data were well fitted to a pseudo-second-order model in all cases. The Langmuir and Langmuir–Freundlich isotherms adequately described the Cd sorption behavior by the zeolite from El Cajon pretreated with Na Cl and the zeolite from Guaymas modified with thiourea, respectively.
