Animal models have been a crucial tool in neuroscience research for decades,providing insights into the biomedical and evolutionary mechanisms of the nervous system,disease,and behavior.However,their use has raised co...Animal models have been a crucial tool in neuroscience research for decades,providing insights into the biomedical and evolutionary mechanisms of the nervous system,disease,and behavior.However,their use has raised concerns on several ethical,clinical,and scientific considerations.The welfare of animals and the 3R principles(replacement,reduction,refinement)are the focus of the ethical concerns,targeting the importance of reducing the stress and suffering of these models.Several laws and guidelines are applied and developed to protect animal rights during experimenting.Concurrently,in the clinic and biomedical fields,discussions on the relevance of animal model findings on human organisms have increased.Latest data suggest that in a considerable amount of time the animal model results are not translatable in humans,costing time and money.Alternative methods,such as in vitro(cell culture,microscopy,organoids,and micro physiological systems)techniques and in silico(computational)modeling,have emerged as potential replacements for animal models,providing more accurate data in a minimized cost.By adopting alternative methods and promoting ethical considerations in research practices,we can achieve the 3R goals while upholding our responsibility to both humans and other animals.Our goal is to present a thorough review of animal models used in neuroscience from the biomedical,evolutionary,and ethical perspectives.The novelty of this research lies in integrating diverse points of views to provide an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of animal models in neuroscience and in discussing potential alternative methods.展开更多
Cubic phase Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO),a member of the Li–Garnet family,is a promising solid electrolyte and has been widely studied in recent years.However,LLZO samples prepared via conventional ambient air sintering report...Cubic phase Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO),a member of the Li–Garnet family,is a promising solid electrolyte and has been widely studied in recent years.However,LLZO samples prepared via conventional ambient air sintering reported in the published literature often contain large grains with lower than desired(<94%)relative density.In this study,a non-contact method of co-firing with mother powder method is proposed to prepare high-quality Ta-doped LLZO–MgO composite ceramics.By sintering at 1150℃for 5 h,the ceramics can reach relative density of 98.2%,conductivity of 5.17×10^-4 S cm^-1 at 25℃and fracture strength of 150 MPa.The sintered samples have uniform fine-grained microstructure and high critical current densities of 0.75–0.95 mA cm-2 at room temperature in Li–Li symmetry cell with Au modification.In addition,systematic sintering experiments and characterizations are conducted to explore the function of MgO in inhibiting the Ta-LLZO grain growth and its existing form inside the composite ceramics.展开更多
The progresses of marine meteorology studies achieved in China during the four year period from 1999 to 2002 are summarized in six directions: air-sea flux, marine meteorology in high latitudes, marine disasters, conn...The progresses of marine meteorology studies achieved in China during the four year period from 1999 to 2002 are summarized in six directions: air-sea flux, marine meteorology in high latitudes, marine disasters, connection between ocean and weather/climate in China, remote sensing applications and new methodologies in marine meteorology. Compared to the previous ones, these studies adopted much more first-hand datasets, and more scientific issues were involved. As an exciting remark, there were so many contributions done by the young scientists. A brief statement about the research strategy of marine meteorology in China for the coming years is also given.展开更多
Based on the Kelvin viscoelastic differential constitutive law and the motion equation of the axially moving belt, the nonlinear dynamic model of the viscoelastic axial moving belt was established. And then it was red...Based on the Kelvin viscoelastic differential constitutive law and the motion equation of the axially moving belt, the nonlinear dynamic model of the viscoelastic axial moving belt was established. And then it was reduced to be a linear differential system which the analytical solutions with a constant transport velocity and with a harmonically varying transport velocity were obtained by applying Lie group transformations. According to the nonlinear dynamic model, the effects of material parameters and the steady-state velocity and the perturbed axial velocity of the belt on the dynamic responses of the belts were investigated by the research of digital simulation . The result shows:1) The nonlinear vibration frequency of the belt will become small when the relocity of the belt increases . 2) Increasing the value of viscosity or decreasing the value of elasticity leads to a deceasing in vibration frequencies. 3) The most effects of the transverse amplitudes come from the frequency of the perturbed velocity when the belt moves with harmonic velocity .展开更多
Over twenty thousand lightning location data obtained by using Lightning Location System(LLS) from Lanzhou and Beijing regions have been analysed to ascertain the characteristics of ground flashes in both regions. The...Over twenty thousand lightning location data obtained by using Lightning Location System(LLS) from Lanzhou and Beijing regions have been analysed to ascertain the characteristics of ground flashes in both regions. The strength of positive flashes is 5 times higher in Lanzhou than in Beijing. The strength of positive flashes is 3 times and 2.2 times as large as negative flashes in Beijing and in Lanzhou respectively. It has been found that the strength of positive and negative flashes is submitted to the normal distribution, and is independent of the characteristics of thunderstorm. So the lightning strength obtained by DF may be used to forecast the coming of thunderstorm. Although the stroke number in both regions decreases as exponent regulation, the maximum number of return stroke for one lightning in Beijing is more than that in Lanzhou. The peak flash rate occurs in late afternoon for both regions, but the maximum and minimum flash rate appeared an hour earlier in Beijing than in Lanzhou.The relationship between DF display and lightning radiation electric field, discharge current is obtained.展开更多
Training of preschool teachers in Sichuan Province brings advantages in increasing government support for the preschool education industry.The society attaches an important role to the preschool education industry as ...Training of preschool teachers in Sichuan Province brings advantages in increasing government support for the preschool education industry.The society attaches an important role to the preschool education industry as well as the rapid development of preschool education in Sichuan Province.However,problem exists in large flows of preschool teachers and imbalanced gender ratios.By viewing from the new situation,the comprehensive liberalization of the second-child policy and the development of educational informatization as well as the implementation of the one belt and one road strategy have created great opportunities in training of preschool teachers.At the same time,the increase in external impact of high-quality graduates in the east also poses a great threat to the development of preschool teachers in Sichuan Province.Through the strategic combination of strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats analysis,the paper explores effective countermeasure ways to improve the quality of training of the preschool teachers in Sichuan Province and the construction of an excellent team of preschool teachers in Sichuan Province.展开更多
Based on the study on the city transport systems of some typical cities worldwide,this paper put forward that each city transport system has its own development mode,which is influenced by the city development plan,ec...Based on the study on the city transport systems of some typical cities worldwide,this paper put forward that each city transport system has its own development mode,which is influenced by the city development plan,economic development level,traveling vehicle composition etc..When some problems occur,such as the congestions caused by contradiction between the road capacity and vehicle composition,the city transport system may come into temporary maturity period.If the improvement for road system is limited meanwhile,optimized structure of vehicle composition should be an effective solution in this case.With the development of economy-internationalization,the development speed of city transport modernization is rapid.When traveling easiness is conflicting with efficiency,the advantages of public transport system become more obvious.Correspondingly,the superiority of two-wheel vehicles will reappear.Though the important function of two-wheel vehicles for alleviating city traffic problems is obvious,however,their development strategy must be reasonably proposed,and operation regulations must be performed accordingly.展开更多
The territorial consideration is enclosed in the development of network economy and e-Business, and there is no departure of the cultivation of e-Business from the establishment of territorial competitiveness. The tra...The territorial consideration is enclosed in the development of network economy and e-Business, and there is no departure of the cultivation of e-Business from the establishment of territorial competitiveness. The traditional theory of the territorial competitiveness has come across a serious impact from the Internet. So the development of Intemet infrastructures and institutional environment would be something new to the theory of territorial competitiveness in the Internet era.展开更多
This paper proposes a cross-layer dual adaptive coded modulation architecture using turbo codes for mobile multimedia communication, which adapts to both the varying channel characteristics and the QoS of various mult...This paper proposes a cross-layer dual adaptive coded modulation architecture using turbo codes for mobile multimedia communication, which adapts to both the varying channel characteristics and the QoS of various multimedia services simultancously to increase the average system throughput substantially. A pragmatic channeladaptive turbo coded modulation schcme, which comes within 2.5 dB of the Shannon limit, is optimally designed, and then a QoS-adaptive scheme is superimposed to build the dual adaptive architecture. Simulation results show that the novel dual adaption reduces the gap from the fading channel capacity to 2 dB when assuming different services occur in equal probability and the service duration follows exponential distribution.展开更多
The crystallization properties and morphology structure of the cationic dyeable polypropylene fibers which were produced by the blending spinning method were studied by making use of X-ray and scanning electron micros...The crystallization properties and morphology structure of the cationic dyeable polypropylene fibers which were produced by the blending spinning method were studied by making use of X-ray and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It comes to the conclusions that the larger the crystallite size in the fibers is , the better the dyeable properties of the fibers are and there is a little compatibility between the dyeable agent and polypropylene resin. And the dye-uptake of the fibers may be up to 90% because the dyeable agent can uniformly be scattered in polypropylene.展开更多
WHEN China＇s biggest online commerce company Alibaba rang the bell at the New York Stock Exchange on September 19 and its CEO Ma Yun became the wealthiest man in China. Yang Yong, a graduate from Peking University, w...WHEN China＇s biggest online commerce company Alibaba rang the bell at the New York Stock Exchange on September 19 and its CEO Ma Yun became the wealthiest man in China. Yang Yong, a graduate from Peking University, was also in the United States, sharing his experience of Chinese-style group funding.展开更多
In this paper, using the daily grid data (2.5 × 2.5) of the ECMWF / WMO, we have computed respectively the three-dimensional wave activity flux in the stages of pre-onset, prevailing and post ending of Meiyu from...In this paper, using the daily grid data (2.5 × 2.5) of the ECMWF / WMO, we have computed respectively the three-dimensional wave activity flux in the stages of pre-onset, prevailing and post ending of Meiyu from 1 to 31 July 1982. The potential vorticity field is taken as the physical quantity relating the wave activity flux to the variation of the subtropical high over the Western Pacific. It is found that the three-dimensional wave activity flux is a powerful means for diagnosis of the variation of the subtropical high over the Western Pacific: The region of the subtropical high is just the confluence area of wave energy, whose changes in intensity and range decide the variation of the subtropical high. The confluence of wave energy comes from the monsoon flow in low latitudes, the Meiyu rain belts in middle latitudes and the heating fields on the eastern side of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The relation between these sources and the subtropical high displays the self-adjusting mechanism among members of East-Asia summer monsoon.展开更多
A mouse monoclonal antibody against EB virus EA-R named BAE- 5 was prepared applying hybridoma technique by use of n-butyric add and croton oil induced Raji cells as immunogen.And then, 34 NPCs and 29 mm-NPC neoplasms...A mouse monoclonal antibody against EB virus EA-R named BAE- 5 was prepared applying hybridoma technique by use of n-butyric add and croton oil induced Raji cells as immunogen.And then, 34 NPCs and 29 mm-NPC neoplasms were detected by the BAE-5 using APAAP immunohistochemical staining method.The results Indicated that all of the 34 NPCs and 9 of the 29 non-NPC neoplasms could reacted with the BAE-5 in spite of the columnar epithelium reserve cells showing positivity also. It is reasonable to come to the conclusion that most of the NPC cells can not only harbour EBV DNA but some of them be able to express EA-R. Some non-NPC neoplasms being demonstrated BAE-5 posttlvlty may be due to the presence of EBV EA- R antigenic epitope or polypeptides simulating the structure of EA-R. The authors think that these findings have theoretical significance for understanding the role of EBV- encoded poiypeptides, especially EA complex, In the development and progression of NPC as well as some non- NPC neoplasms harbouring EBV-DNA.展开更多
A high angular resolution near-infrared image that shows the intensity of polarization for the GG Tau A binary system was obtained with the Subaru Telescope. The image shows a circumbinary disk scattering the light fr...A high angular resolution near-infrared image that shows the intensity of polarization for the GG Tau A binary system was obtained with the Subaru Telescope. The image shows a circumbinary disk scattering the light from the central binary. The azimuthal profile of the intensity of polarization for the circumbinary disk is roughly reproduced by a simple disk model with the Henyey-Greenstein phase function and the Rayleigh function, indicating there are small dust grains at the surface of the disk. Combined with a previous observation of the circumbinary disk, our image indicates that the gap structure in the circumbinary disk orbits counterclockwise, but material in the disk orbits clockwise. We propose that there is a shadow caused by material located between the central binary and the circumbinary disk. The separations and position angles of the stellar components of the binary in the past 20 yr are consistent with the binary orbit with a = 33.4 AU and e = 0.34.展开更多
Directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs) have long dominated the data center optical interconnect market, attributed to VCSELs' cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency. However, numerous...Directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs) have long dominated the data center optical interconnect market, attributed to VCSELs' cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency. However, numerous challenges are currently being addressed to enhance device characteristics and modulation speed, aligning with the evolving trends in nextgeneration data centers that underscore the need for enhanced communication rates and extended transmission distances. This review delves into VCSEL structure design, methods for achieving single-mode control, techniques for fabricating long-wavelength VCSELs, and advanced packaging technology for VCSEL arrays, offering insights into recent research on high-speed single-mode VCSEL development and related technologies.展开更多
文摘Animal models have been a crucial tool in neuroscience research for decades,providing insights into the biomedical and evolutionary mechanisms of the nervous system,disease,and behavior.However,their use has raised concerns on several ethical,clinical,and scientific considerations.The welfare of animals and the 3R principles(replacement,reduction,refinement)are the focus of the ethical concerns,targeting the importance of reducing the stress and suffering of these models.Several laws and guidelines are applied and developed to protect animal rights during experimenting.Concurrently,in the clinic and biomedical fields,discussions on the relevance of animal model findings on human organisms have increased.Latest data suggest that in a considerable amount of time the animal model results are not translatable in humans,costing time and money.Alternative methods,such as in vitro(cell culture,microscopy,organoids,and micro physiological systems)techniques and in silico(computational)modeling,have emerged as potential replacements for animal models,providing more accurate data in a minimized cost.By adopting alternative methods and promoting ethical considerations in research practices,we can achieve the 3R goals while upholding our responsibility to both humans and other animals.Our goal is to present a thorough review of animal models used in neuroscience from the biomedical,evolutionary,and ethical perspectives.The novelty of this research lies in integrating diverse points of views to provide an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of animal models in neuroscience and in discussing potential alternative methods.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No.2018YFB0905400,Corning Incorporatedthe National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51772315,No.51432010
文摘Cubic phase Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO),a member of the Li–Garnet family,is a promising solid electrolyte and has been widely studied in recent years.However,LLZO samples prepared via conventional ambient air sintering reported in the published literature often contain large grains with lower than desired(<94%)relative density.In this study,a non-contact method of co-firing with mother powder method is proposed to prepare high-quality Ta-doped LLZO–MgO composite ceramics.By sintering at 1150℃for 5 h,the ceramics can reach relative density of 98.2%,conductivity of 5.17×10^-4 S cm^-1 at 25℃and fracture strength of 150 MPa.The sintered samples have uniform fine-grained microstructure and high critical current densities of 0.75–0.95 mA cm-2 at room temperature in Li–Li symmetry cell with Au modification.In addition,systematic sintering experiments and characterizations are conducted to explore the function of MgO in inhibiting the Ta-LLZO grain growth and its existing form inside the composite ceramics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40136010)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2001DIA50041)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZCX-2-205).
文摘The progresses of marine meteorology studies achieved in China during the four year period from 1999 to 2002 are summarized in six directions: air-sea flux, marine meteorology in high latitudes, marine disasters, connection between ocean and weather/climate in China, remote sensing applications and new methodologies in marine meteorology. Compared to the previous ones, these studies adopted much more first-hand datasets, and more scientific issues were involved. As an exciting remark, there were so many contributions done by the young scientists. A brief statement about the research strategy of marine meteorology in China for the coming years is also given.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (59636140)
文摘Based on the Kelvin viscoelastic differential constitutive law and the motion equation of the axially moving belt, the nonlinear dynamic model of the viscoelastic axial moving belt was established. And then it was reduced to be a linear differential system which the analytical solutions with a constant transport velocity and with a harmonically varying transport velocity were obtained by applying Lie group transformations. According to the nonlinear dynamic model, the effects of material parameters and the steady-state velocity and the perturbed axial velocity of the belt on the dynamic responses of the belts were investigated by the research of digital simulation . The result shows:1) The nonlinear vibration frequency of the belt will become small when the relocity of the belt increases . 2) Increasing the value of viscosity or decreasing the value of elasticity leads to a deceasing in vibration frequencies. 3) The most effects of the transverse amplitudes come from the frequency of the perturbed velocity when the belt moves with harmonic velocity .
文摘Over twenty thousand lightning location data obtained by using Lightning Location System(LLS) from Lanzhou and Beijing regions have been analysed to ascertain the characteristics of ground flashes in both regions. The strength of positive flashes is 5 times higher in Lanzhou than in Beijing. The strength of positive flashes is 3 times and 2.2 times as large as negative flashes in Beijing and in Lanzhou respectively. It has been found that the strength of positive and negative flashes is submitted to the normal distribution, and is independent of the characteristics of thunderstorm. So the lightning strength obtained by DF may be used to forecast the coming of thunderstorm. Although the stroke number in both regions decreases as exponent regulation, the maximum number of return stroke for one lightning in Beijing is more than that in Lanzhou. The peak flash rate occurs in late afternoon for both regions, but the maximum and minimum flash rate appeared an hour earlier in Beijing than in Lanzhou.The relationship between DF display and lightning radiation electric field, discharge current is obtained.
文摘Training of preschool teachers in Sichuan Province brings advantages in increasing government support for the preschool education industry.The society attaches an important role to the preschool education industry as well as the rapid development of preschool education in Sichuan Province.However,problem exists in large flows of preschool teachers and imbalanced gender ratios.By viewing from the new situation,the comprehensive liberalization of the second-child policy and the development of educational informatization as well as the implementation of the one belt and one road strategy have created great opportunities in training of preschool teachers.At the same time,the increase in external impact of high-quality graduates in the east also poses a great threat to the development of preschool teachers in Sichuan Province.Through the strategic combination of strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats analysis,the paper explores effective countermeasure ways to improve the quality of training of the preschool teachers in Sichuan Province and the construction of an excellent team of preschool teachers in Sichuan Province.
文摘Based on the study on the city transport systems of some typical cities worldwide,this paper put forward that each city transport system has its own development mode,which is influenced by the city development plan,economic development level,traveling vehicle composition etc..When some problems occur,such as the congestions caused by contradiction between the road capacity and vehicle composition,the city transport system may come into temporary maturity period.If the improvement for road system is limited meanwhile,optimized structure of vehicle composition should be an effective solution in this case.With the development of economy-internationalization,the development speed of city transport modernization is rapid.When traveling easiness is conflicting with efficiency,the advantages of public transport system become more obvious.Correspondingly,the superiority of two-wheel vehicles will reappear.Though the important function of two-wheel vehicles for alleviating city traffic problems is obvious,however,their development strategy must be reasonably proposed,and operation regulations must be performed accordingly.
文摘The territorial consideration is enclosed in the development of network economy and e-Business, and there is no departure of the cultivation of e-Business from the establishment of territorial competitiveness. The traditional theory of the territorial competitiveness has come across a serious impact from the Internet. So the development of Intemet infrastructures and institutional environment would be something new to the theory of territorial competitiveness in the Internet era.
基金This work is supported by the High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No. 2001AA121031)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60072028)
文摘This paper proposes a cross-layer dual adaptive coded modulation architecture using turbo codes for mobile multimedia communication, which adapts to both the varying channel characteristics and the QoS of various multimedia services simultancously to increase the average system throughput substantially. A pragmatic channeladaptive turbo coded modulation schcme, which comes within 2.5 dB of the Shannon limit, is optimally designed, and then a QoS-adaptive scheme is superimposed to build the dual adaptive architecture. Simulation results show that the novel dual adaption reduces the gap from the fading channel capacity to 2 dB when assuming different services occur in equal probability and the service duration follows exponential distribution.
文摘The crystallization properties and morphology structure of the cationic dyeable polypropylene fibers which were produced by the blending spinning method were studied by making use of X-ray and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It comes to the conclusions that the larger the crystallite size in the fibers is , the better the dyeable properties of the fibers are and there is a little compatibility between the dyeable agent and polypropylene resin. And the dye-uptake of the fibers may be up to 90% because the dyeable agent can uniformly be scattered in polypropylene.
文摘WHEN China＇s biggest online commerce company Alibaba rang the bell at the New York Stock Exchange on September 19 and its CEO Ma Yun became the wealthiest man in China. Yang Yong, a graduate from Peking University, was also in the United States, sharing his experience of Chinese-style group funding.
文摘In this paper, using the daily grid data (2.5 × 2.5) of the ECMWF / WMO, we have computed respectively the three-dimensional wave activity flux in the stages of pre-onset, prevailing and post ending of Meiyu from 1 to 31 July 1982. The potential vorticity field is taken as the physical quantity relating the wave activity flux to the variation of the subtropical high over the Western Pacific. It is found that the three-dimensional wave activity flux is a powerful means for diagnosis of the variation of the subtropical high over the Western Pacific: The region of the subtropical high is just the confluence area of wave energy, whose changes in intensity and range decide the variation of the subtropical high. The confluence of wave energy comes from the monsoon flow in low latitudes, the Meiyu rain belts in middle latitudes and the heating fields on the eastern side of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The relation between these sources and the subtropical high displays the self-adjusting mechanism among members of East-Asia summer monsoon.
文摘A mouse monoclonal antibody against EB virus EA-R named BAE- 5 was prepared applying hybridoma technique by use of n-butyric add and croton oil induced Raji cells as immunogen.And then, 34 NPCs and 29 mm-NPC neoplasms were detected by the BAE-5 using APAAP immunohistochemical staining method.The results Indicated that all of the 34 NPCs and 9 of the 29 non-NPC neoplasms could reacted with the BAE-5 in spite of the columnar epithelium reserve cells showing positivity also. It is reasonable to come to the conclusion that most of the NPC cells can not only harbour EBV DNA but some of them be able to express EA-R. Some non-NPC neoplasms being demonstrated BAE-5 posttlvlty may be due to the presence of EBV EA- R antigenic epitope or polypeptides simulating the structure of EA-R. The authors think that these findings have theoretical significance for understanding the role of EBV- encoded poiypeptides, especially EA complex, In the development and progression of NPC as well as some non- NPC neoplasms harbouring EBV-DNA.
基金supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 24540231)supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Award (No. 1009203)
文摘A high angular resolution near-infrared image that shows the intensity of polarization for the GG Tau A binary system was obtained with the Subaru Telescope. The image shows a circumbinary disk scattering the light from the central binary. The azimuthal profile of the intensity of polarization for the circumbinary disk is roughly reproduced by a simple disk model with the Henyey-Greenstein phase function and the Rayleigh function, indicating there are small dust grains at the surface of the disk. Combined with a previous observation of the circumbinary disk, our image indicates that the gap structure in the circumbinary disk orbits counterclockwise, but material in the disk orbits clockwise. We propose that there is a shadow caused by material located between the central binary and the circumbinary disk. The separations and position angles of the stellar components of the binary in the past 20 yr are consistent with the binary orbit with a = 33.4 AU and e = 0.34.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.62205026)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars,and the Open Fund of IPOC (BUPT)。
文摘Directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs) have long dominated the data center optical interconnect market, attributed to VCSELs' cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency. However, numerous challenges are currently being addressed to enhance device characteristics and modulation speed, aligning with the evolving trends in nextgeneration data centers that underscore the need for enhanced communication rates and extended transmission distances. This review delves into VCSEL structure design, methods for achieving single-mode control, techniques for fabricating long-wavelength VCSELs, and advanced packaging technology for VCSEL arrays, offering insights into recent research on high-speed single-mode VCSEL development and related technologies.
