The concept of community resilience in the contexts of climate change and disasters draws increasing attention and interest from practitioners and researchers in recent development discourse. This paper provides a cri...The concept of community resilience in the contexts of climate change and disasters draws increasing attention and interest from practitioners and researchers in recent development discourse. This paper provides a critical review of six selected frameworks of community resilience building operationalized in Bangladesh over the span of years. In other words, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of resilience through a systematic analysis of the dimensions and indicators of community resilience frameworks. The analysis shows that comprehensive and effective community resilience frameworks should incorporate the missing components linked to fundamental elements of good governance, economic growth, environmental sustainability, social transformation, and capacity development. The paper concludes by highlighting a few other areas of grave concern that need more appropriate attention, considering the severe threats posed by climate change and natural disasters in line with sustainable development goals. Finally, this study recommends further research regarding the effectiveness of these frameworks in different climatic and disaster contexts that can lead the concept into a new dimension of community resilience and sustainability.展开更多
Background： Currently, the common and feasible way to estimate the most accurate forest biomass requires ground measurements and allometric models.Previous studies have been conducted on allometric equations developm...Background： Currently, the common and feasible way to estimate the most accurate forest biomass requires ground measurements and allometric models.Previous studies have been conducted on allometric equations development for estimating tree aboveground biomass（AGB） of tropical dipterocarp forests（TDFs） in Kalimantan（Indonesian Borneo）.However, before the use of existing equations, a validation for the selection of the best allometric equation is required to assess the model bias and precision.This study aims at evaluating the validity of local and pantropical equations; developing new allometric equations for estimating tree AGB in TDFs of Kalimantan; and validating the new equations using independent datasets.Methods： We used 108 tree samples from destructive sampling to develop the allometric equations, with maximum tree diameter of 175 cm and another 109 samples from previous studies for validating our equations.We performed ordinary least squares linear regression to explore the relationship between the AGB and the predictor variables in the natural logarithmic form.Results： This study found that most of the existing local equations tended to be biased and imprecise, with mean relative error and mean absolute relative error more than 0.1 and 0.3, respectively.We developed new allometric equations for tree AGB estimation in the TDFs of Kalimantan.Through a validation using an independent dataset,we found that our equations were reliable in estimating tree AGB in TDF.The pantropical equation, which includes tree diameter, wood density and total height as predictor variables performed only slightly worse than our new models.Conclusions： Our equations improve the precision and reduce the bias of AGB estimates of TDFs.Local models developed from small samples tend to systematically bias.A validation of existing AGB models is essential before the use of the models.展开更多
Dependency on forest resources poses a threat to the environment in Patharghata, Bangladesh. Therefore, this study explores the role of forest resource in the life and livelihood of coastal people as well as to unders...Dependency on forest resources poses a threat to the environment in Patharghata, Bangladesh. Therefore, this study explores the role of forest resource in the life and livelihood of coastal people as well as to understand the effectiveness of forest and status of forest dependency in and around south-central coast in Patharghata, Bangladesh. We collected data randomly from 105 household heads through both open and close-ended questionnaire. To investigate the forest dependency and people’s perception regarding alternative solutions, Microsoft excel software program has been applied. The findings reveal that usage of fuelwood in cooking, housing structure, fish catching, honey & fodder collection significantly contributes to household dependency on forest resources, while other variables seem to be insignificant. Our study amplifies that the share of forest income to the total household income was only 19% while other earning sources provide</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 81% income. The result shows that respondent people collect forest resources primarily for cooking purpose with a share of 71% where 9% forest resources are collected as fodder followed by 8% forest resource collection as food and sheltering purposes. Moreover, the study found that using alternative cooking system, artificial instruments, declaring the forest as tourist spot, changes in housing structure, occupation are some effective options to reduce forest dependency. The study concludes that these alternative options need more financial and other support from the government, non-government and other civil society organizations to cut down forest resource dependency.展开更多
Background Large-river decision-makers are charged with maintaining diverse ecosystem services through unprec-edented social-ecological transformations as climate change and other global stressors intensify.The interc...Background Large-river decision-makers are charged with maintaining diverse ecosystem services through unprec-edented social-ecological transformations as climate change and other global stressors intensify.The interconnected,dendritic habitats of rivers,which often demarcate jurisdictional boundaries,generate complex management chal-lenges.Here,we explore how the Resist–Accept–Direct(RAD)framework may enhance large-river management by promoting coordinated and deliberate responses to social-ecological trajectories of change.The RAD frame-work identifies the full decision space of potential management approaches,wherein managers may resist change to maintain historical conditions,accept change toward different conditions,or direct change to a specified future with novel conditions.In the Upper Mississippi River System,managers are facing social-ecological transformations from more frequent and extreme high-water events.We illustrate how RAD-informed basin-,reach-,and site-scale decisions could:(1)provide cross-spatial scale framing;(2)open the entire decision space of potential management approaches;and(3)enhance coordinated inter-jurisdictional management in response to the trajectory of the Upper Mississippi River hydrograph.Results The RAD framework helps identify plausible long-term trajectories in different reaches(or subbasins)of the river and how the associated social-ecological transformations could be managed by altering site-scale conditions.Strategic reach-scale objectives may reprioritize how,where,and when site conditions could be altered to contribute to the basin goal,given the basin’s plausible trajectories of change(e.g.,by coordinating action across sites to alter habitat connectivity,diversity,and redundancy in the river mosaic).Conclusions When faced with long-term systemic transformations(e.g.,>50 years),the RAD framework helps explicitly consider whether or when the basin vision or goals may no longer be achievable,and direct options may open yet unconsidered potential for the basin.Embedding the RAD framework in hierarchical decision-making clarifies that the selection of actions in space and time should be derived from basin-wide goals and reach-scale objectives to ensure that site-scale actions contribute effectively to the larger river habitat mosaic.Embedding the RAD framework in large-river decisions can provide the necessary conduit to link flexibility and innovation at the site scale with stability at larger scales for adaptive governance of changing social-ecological systems.展开更多
文摘The concept of community resilience in the contexts of climate change and disasters draws increasing attention and interest from practitioners and researchers in recent development discourse. This paper provides a critical review of six selected frameworks of community resilience building operationalized in Bangladesh over the span of years. In other words, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of resilience through a systematic analysis of the dimensions and indicators of community resilience frameworks. The analysis shows that comprehensive and effective community resilience frameworks should incorporate the missing components linked to fundamental elements of good governance, economic growth, environmental sustainability, social transformation, and capacity development. The paper concludes by highlighting a few other areas of grave concern that need more appropriate attention, considering the severe threats posed by climate change and natural disasters in line with sustainable development goals. Finally, this study recommends further research regarding the effectiveness of these frameworks in different climatic and disaster contexts that can lead the concept into a new dimension of community resilience and sustainability.
基金the GIZ-Forclime project, a bilateral project between Indonesia and German governments, for funding the field measurements
文摘Background： Currently, the common and feasible way to estimate the most accurate forest biomass requires ground measurements and allometric models.Previous studies have been conducted on allometric equations development for estimating tree aboveground biomass（AGB） of tropical dipterocarp forests（TDFs） in Kalimantan（Indonesian Borneo）.However, before the use of existing equations, a validation for the selection of the best allometric equation is required to assess the model bias and precision.This study aims at evaluating the validity of local and pantropical equations; developing new allometric equations for estimating tree AGB in TDFs of Kalimantan; and validating the new equations using independent datasets.Methods： We used 108 tree samples from destructive sampling to develop the allometric equations, with maximum tree diameter of 175 cm and another 109 samples from previous studies for validating our equations.We performed ordinary least squares linear regression to explore the relationship between the AGB and the predictor variables in the natural logarithmic form.Results： This study found that most of the existing local equations tended to be biased and imprecise, with mean relative error and mean absolute relative error more than 0.1 and 0.3, respectively.We developed new allometric equations for tree AGB estimation in the TDFs of Kalimantan.Through a validation using an independent dataset,we found that our equations were reliable in estimating tree AGB in TDF.The pantropical equation, which includes tree diameter, wood density and total height as predictor variables performed only slightly worse than our new models.Conclusions： Our equations improve the precision and reduce the bias of AGB estimates of TDFs.Local models developed from small samples tend to systematically bias.A validation of existing AGB models is essential before the use of the models.
文摘Dependency on forest resources poses a threat to the environment in Patharghata, Bangladesh. Therefore, this study explores the role of forest resource in the life and livelihood of coastal people as well as to understand the effectiveness of forest and status of forest dependency in and around south-central coast in Patharghata, Bangladesh. We collected data randomly from 105 household heads through both open and close-ended questionnaire. To investigate the forest dependency and people’s perception regarding alternative solutions, Microsoft excel software program has been applied. The findings reveal that usage of fuelwood in cooking, housing structure, fish catching, honey & fodder collection significantly contributes to household dependency on forest resources, while other variables seem to be insignificant. Our study amplifies that the share of forest income to the total household income was only 19% while other earning sources provide</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 81% income. The result shows that respondent people collect forest resources primarily for cooking purpose with a share of 71% where 9% forest resources are collected as fodder followed by 8% forest resource collection as food and sheltering purposes. Moreover, the study found that using alternative cooking system, artificial instruments, declaring the forest as tourist spot, changes in housing structure, occupation are some effective options to reduce forest dependency. The study concludes that these alternative options need more financial and other support from the government, non-government and other civil society organizations to cut down forest resource dependency.
基金NKW and KLB were funded as part of the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers’Upper Mississippi River Restoration Program,Long Term Resource Monitoring(LTRM)elementLTRM is a cooperative effort between the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers,U.S.Geological Survey,U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service,and the states of Illinois,Iowa,Minnesota,Missouri,and Wisconsin+6 种基金GGS was funded by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Aid in Sportfish Restoration program and the Wisconsin Department of Natural ResourcesBMM was funded under Assistance Agreement No 839401101 awarded by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)to the University of Wisconsin Aquatic Sciences CenterThis document has not been formally reviewed by EPAThe views expressed in this document are those of the listed authors and do not necessarily reflect those of EPAEPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publicationAny use of trade,firm,or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.GovernmentThe findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service.
文摘Background Large-river decision-makers are charged with maintaining diverse ecosystem services through unprec-edented social-ecological transformations as climate change and other global stressors intensify.The interconnected,dendritic habitats of rivers,which often demarcate jurisdictional boundaries,generate complex management chal-lenges.Here,we explore how the Resist–Accept–Direct(RAD)framework may enhance large-river management by promoting coordinated and deliberate responses to social-ecological trajectories of change.The RAD frame-work identifies the full decision space of potential management approaches,wherein managers may resist change to maintain historical conditions,accept change toward different conditions,or direct change to a specified future with novel conditions.In the Upper Mississippi River System,managers are facing social-ecological transformations from more frequent and extreme high-water events.We illustrate how RAD-informed basin-,reach-,and site-scale decisions could:(1)provide cross-spatial scale framing;(2)open the entire decision space of potential management approaches;and(3)enhance coordinated inter-jurisdictional management in response to the trajectory of the Upper Mississippi River hydrograph.Results The RAD framework helps identify plausible long-term trajectories in different reaches(or subbasins)of the river and how the associated social-ecological transformations could be managed by altering site-scale conditions.Strategic reach-scale objectives may reprioritize how,where,and when site conditions could be altered to contribute to the basin goal,given the basin’s plausible trajectories of change(e.g.,by coordinating action across sites to alter habitat connectivity,diversity,and redundancy in the river mosaic).Conclusions When faced with long-term systemic transformations(e.g.,>50 years),the RAD framework helps explicitly consider whether or when the basin vision or goals may no longer be achievable,and direct options may open yet unconsidered potential for the basin.Embedding the RAD framework in hierarchical decision-making clarifies that the selection of actions in space and time should be derived from basin-wide goals and reach-scale objectives to ensure that site-scale actions contribute effectively to the larger river habitat mosaic.Embedding the RAD framework in large-river decisions can provide the necessary conduit to link flexibility and innovation at the site scale with stability at larger scales for adaptive governance of changing social-ecological systems.
