Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosyste...Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.展开更多
Microalgae's adaptability and resilience to Earth's diverse environments have evolved these photosynthetic microor-ganisms into a biotechnological source of industrially relevant physiological functions and bi...Microalgae's adaptability and resilience to Earth's diverse environments have evolved these photosynthetic microor-ganisms into a biotechnological source of industrially relevant physiological functions and biometabolites.Despite this,microalgae-based industries only exploit a handful of species.This lack of biodiversity hinders the expansion of the microalgal industry.Microalgal bioprospecting,searching for novel biological algal resources with new properties,remains a low throughput and time-consuming endeavour due to inefficient workflows that rely on non-selective sampling,monoalgal culture status and outdated,non-standardized characterization techniques.This review will highlight the importance of microalgal bioprospecting and critically explore commonly employed methodologies.We will also explore current advances driving the next generation of smart algal bioprospecting focusing on novel workflows and transdisciplinary methodologies with the potential to enable high-throughput microalgal biodiscoveries.Images adapted from(Addicted04 in Wikipedia File:Australia on the globe(Australia centered).svg.2014.;Jin et al.in ACS Appl Bio Mater 4:5080-5089,2021;Kim et al.in Microchim Acta 189:88,2022;Tony et al.in Lab on a Chip 15,19:3810-3810;Thermo Fisher Scientific INC.in CTS Rotea Brochure).展开更多
The present study was conducted to provide a detailed understanding of the variation in cyanobacterial communities of Dongping Lake, which is the final water volume adjusting and storing lake in the east route of the ...The present study was conducted to provide a detailed understanding of the variation in cyanobacterial communities of Dongping Lake, which is the final water volume adjusting and storing lake in the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. The spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria was assessed from May 2010 to October 2012 based on monthly samples collected from three stations. Over the 30-month survey, 15 genera and 25 species of cyanobacteria were identified, with cyanobacterial abundance at each monitoring station ranging from undetected to 3.04×10^7 cells/L, average of 4.27×10^6 cells/L. The dominant cyanobacterial species were Pseudanabaena limnetica and Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi and not the usual bloom-forming genera such as Microcystis and Anabaena. Cyanobacterial community structure and water quality variables exhibited substantial changes over the period of survey. Redundancy analysis, Pearson correlations, and regression analysis were applied to analyze the relationships among the variables. The results suggested that temperature and chemical oxygen demand were key drivers of the cyanobacterial community composition in Dongping Lake. In addition, the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the lake had a profound effect on the cyanobacterial abundance as a non-limiting factor in warm periods.展开更多
Xinjiang is the largest semi-arid and arid region in China, and drip irrigation under plastic mulch is widely used in this water-limited area. Quantifying carbon and water fluxes as well as investigating their environ...Xinjiang is the largest semi-arid and arid region in China, and drip irrigation under plastic mulch is widely used in this water-limited area. Quantifying carbon and water fluxes as well as investigating their environ- mental drivers over cotton fields is critical for understanding regional carbon and water budgets in Xinjiang, the largest cotton production basin of China. In this study, an eddy covariance （EC） technique was used to measure the carbon and water fluxes of cotton field under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in the growing seasons of 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 at Wulanwusu Agrometeorological Experiment Station, a representative oasis cropland in northern Xinjiang. The diurnal patterns of gross primary production （GPP）, net ecosystem exchange （NEE） and evapotran-spiration （ET） showed obviously sinusoidal variations from June to September, while the diurnal ecosystem respiration （Res） was stable between daytime and nighttime. The daytime hourly GPP and ET displayed asymptotic rela-tionships with net solar radiation （Rnet）, while showed concave patterns with raising vapor pressure deficit （VPD） and air temperature （Ta）. The increases in hourly GPP and ET towards the maximum occurred over half ranges of VPD and Ta. The seasonal variations of GPP, NEE and ET were close to the cotton phenology, which almost reached the peak value in July. The cumulative GPP averaged 816.2±55.0 g C/m^2 in the growing season （from April to October）, and more than half of GPP was partitioned into NEE （mean value of -478.6±41.4 g C/m^2）. The mean seasonal ET was 501.3±13.9 mm, and the mean water use efficiency （WUE） was 1.0＋0.1 （mg C/g H2O）/d. The agro-ecosystem behaved as a carbon sink from squaring to harvest period, while it acted as a carbon source before the squaring time as well as after the harvest time.展开更多
Nitrogen(N) is the most important fertiliser element determining the productivity of wheat.N nutrition is known to affect the level of stripe rust infection, with higher N associated with increased disease severity. S...Nitrogen(N) is the most important fertiliser element determining the productivity of wheat.N nutrition is known to affect the level of stripe rust infection, with higher N associated with increased disease severity. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a major yield-limiting disease of wheat in Australia. This paper describes experiments designed to investigate the agronomic response to the interaction of various levels of N application and stripe rust severity in wheat varieties differing in response. Experimental plots were established in crop seasons 2006 and 2007 on the Liverpool Plains of northern NSW, Australia.Yield, biomass, grain protein content(GPC) and harvest index(HI) data were recorded.Increased rates of N increased the severity of stripe rust during grain filling. N application also increased yield and GPC in all varieties in both years. Stripe rust reduced the yield of the rust-susceptible wheat varieties, and GPC and proportion of added N recovered in the grain were also reduced in one year but not the other. It was evident from our experiment that stripe rust caused yield loss accompanied by either no change or reduction in GPC, indicating that the total amount of N entering the grain was reduced by stripe rust. The effects of stripe rust on N yield are most likely associated with reduced uptake of N during grain filling.展开更多
Evapotranspiration （ET） is the sum of soil or water body evaporation and plant transpiration from the earth surface and ocean to the atmosphere, and thus plays a significant role in regulating carbon and water resou...Evapotranspiration （ET） is the sum of soil or water body evaporation and plant transpiration from the earth surface and ocean to the atmosphere, and thus plays a significant role in regulating carbon and water resource cycles. The time-series data set from the remote sensing MOLDS product （MOD16） was used to study the spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation evapotranspiration in salinized areas during 2000-2014 by analyzing the variability, spatial patterns and Mann-Kendall （MK） nonparametric trends for the time series. The results indicate that inter-annual and intra-annual variations of ET across various vegetated areas show seasonal changes, with the abnormal months identified. The Cultivated land displays a greater degree of spatial heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of ET in the area covered by broadleaved deciduous forests corresponds to a higher ET rate and increased water consumption. Awidespread decline of ET is observed only in cultivated areas. However, agricultural cultivation doesn＇t worsen water shortage and soil salinization problems in the region, and water shortage problems are worsening for other vegetated areas. This research provides a basis of reference for the reasonable allocation of water resources and restructuring of vegetation patterns in salinized areas.展开更多
The Coorong estuary lies at the terminus of Australia's largest river system, the Murray-Darling; both are strongly influenced by human activities; including farming and extensive flow modification. Metagenomic ap...The Coorong estuary lies at the terminus of Australia's largest river system, the Murray-Darling; both are strongly influenced by human activities; including farming and extensive flow modification. Metagenomic approaches were used to determine the planktonic bacterial community composition and potential metabolic function at two extremes in the Coorong, the river mouth which exhibits marine-like salinity, and the hypersaline upper-reaches of the estuary. Significant shifts in taxa and metabolic function were seen between the two sites. The river mouth exhibited an increase in abundance of R hodobacteriaceae and Alteromonadaceae; families readily able to adapt to change in nutrient conditions; and the potentially pathogenic families B rucellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae. Metabolisms over-represented include motility and chemotaxis, RNA metabolism and membrane transport, all of which are involved in actively searching for and obtaining nutrients. Also over-represented were metabolisms involved in population succession and stress response. An over-representation of taxa and metabolisms indicative of environmental change is reflective of anthropogenically af fected riverine input. In the hypersaline upper reaches of the estuary, the halophilic family Ectothiorhodospiraceae was over-represented, as were the families Flavobacteriaceae, Cytophagaceae and Nocardioidaceae, members of which are able to survive over a wide salinity range. Metabolisms over-represented here were reflective of increased bacterial growth, characteristic of hypersaline environments, and included DNA metabolism, nucleotide and nucleoside synthesis and cell cycle. Coorong metagenomes clustered taxonomically and metabolically with other planktonic metagenomes, but remained an outlier of this group with only 71% and 84% similarity, respectively. This indicates that the Coorong exhibits a unique planktonic bacterial community that is influenced by riverine input at the river mouth and salinity in the upper-reaches.展开更多
Interactions between above and below ground parts of plants can be considered under the(overlapping) categories of energy,material and information.Solar energy powers photosynthesis and transpiration by above ground s...Interactions between above and below ground parts of plants can be considered under the(overlapping) categories of energy,material and information.Solar energy powers photosynthesis and transpiration by above ground structures,and drives most water uptake through roots and supplies energy as organic matter to below ground parts,including diazotrophic symbionts and mycorrhizas.Material transfer occurs as water and dissolved soil-derived elements transport up the xylem,and a small fraction of water moving up the xylem with dissolved organic carbon and other solutes down the phloem.The cytosolic nature of sieve tubes accounts for at least some of the cycling of K,Mg and P down the phloem.NO_(3)^(–) assimilation of above ground parts requires organic N transport down phloem with,in some cases,organic anions related to shoot acid-base regulation.Long-distance information transfer is related development,biotic and abiotic damage,and above and below ground resource excess and limitation.Information transfer can involve hydraulic,electrical and chemical signaling,with their varying speeds of transmission and information content.Interaction of above and below ground plant parts is an important component of the ecosystem service of storing atmospheric CO_(2) as organic C in soil,a process that has decreased since the origin of agriculture.展开更多
Current plant functional genomics is converging on two as- pects to provide sustainable solutions to cater to the demands of the growing population： 1） engineering crops for sustainable food security, where recently...Current plant functional genomics is converging on two as- pects to provide sustainable solutions to cater to the demands of the growing population： 1） engineering crops for sustainable food security, where recently identified CRISPR/Cas is playing a detrimental role （Belhaj et al., 2014） and 2） identifying regulators of the post-transcriptional regulation, which can be functionally engineered. Canonical splicing has been widely seen and associated with functional protein diversity in plants （Min et al., 2015） （Figure 1）. Concurrent patterns of exonic and intronic splicing have revealed several new isoforms,展开更多
Chlorophyll fluorescence is the most widely used set of techniques to probe photosynthesis and plant stress.Its great versatility has given rise to different routine methods to study plants and algae.The three main te...Chlorophyll fluorescence is the most widely used set of techniques to probe photosynthesis and plant stress.Its great versatility has given rise to different routine methods to study plants and algae.The three main technical platforms are pulse amplitude modulation(PAM),fast rise of chlorophyll fluorescence,and fast repetition rate.Solar-induced fluorescence(SIF)has also gained interest in the last few years.Works have compared their advantages and their underlying theory,with many arguments advanced as to which method is the most accurate and useful.To date,no data has assessed the exact magnitude of popularity and influence for each methodology.In this work,we have taken the bibliometrics of the past decade for each of the four platforms,have evaluated the public scientific opinion toward each method,and possibly identified a geographical bias.We used various metrics to assess influence and popularity for the four routine platforms compared in this study and found that,overall,PAM currently has the highest values,although the more recent SIF has increased in popularity rapidly during the last decade.This indicates that PAM is currently one of the fundamental tools in chlorophyll fluorescence.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41701474,41701467)the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2016YFC0500205)+2 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB954103)the Key Laboratory for National Geograophy State Monitoring(National Administration of Surveying,Mapping and Geoinformation2017NGCM09)
文摘Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.
文摘Microalgae's adaptability and resilience to Earth's diverse environments have evolved these photosynthetic microor-ganisms into a biotechnological source of industrially relevant physiological functions and biometabolites.Despite this,microalgae-based industries only exploit a handful of species.This lack of biodiversity hinders the expansion of the microalgal industry.Microalgal bioprospecting,searching for novel biological algal resources with new properties,remains a low throughput and time-consuming endeavour due to inefficient workflows that rely on non-selective sampling,monoalgal culture status and outdated,non-standardized characterization techniques.This review will highlight the importance of microalgal bioprospecting and critically explore commonly employed methodologies.We will also explore current advances driving the next generation of smart algal bioprospecting focusing on novel workflows and transdisciplinary methodologies with the potential to enable high-throughput microalgal biodiscoveries.Images adapted from(Addicted04 in Wikipedia File:Australia on the globe(Australia centered).svg.2014.;Jin et al.in ACS Appl Bio Mater 4:5080-5089,2021;Kim et al.in Microchim Acta 189:88,2022;Tony et al.in Lab on a Chip 15,19:3810-3810;Thermo Fisher Scientific INC.in CTS Rotea Brochure).
基金supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (No. 2010DFA91150)the International Cooperation Research of Shandong Province (No. 2011176)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province (No. 2012GHZ30020)the Policy and Technology Research Center of South-to-North Diversion Project Ofce, State Council
文摘The present study was conducted to provide a detailed understanding of the variation in cyanobacterial communities of Dongping Lake, which is the final water volume adjusting and storing lake in the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. The spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria was assessed from May 2010 to October 2012 based on monthly samples collected from three stations. Over the 30-month survey, 15 genera and 25 species of cyanobacteria were identified, with cyanobacterial abundance at each monitoring station ranging from undetected to 3.04×10^7 cells/L, average of 4.27×10^6 cells/L. The dominant cyanobacterial species were Pseudanabaena limnetica and Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi and not the usual bloom-forming genera such as Microcystis and Anabaena. Cyanobacterial community structure and water quality variables exhibited substantial changes over the period of survey. Redundancy analysis, Pearson correlations, and regression analysis were applied to analyze the relationships among the variables. The results suggested that temperature and chemical oxygen demand were key drivers of the cyanobacterial community composition in Dongping Lake. In addition, the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the lake had a profound effect on the cyanobacterial abundance as a non-limiting factor in warm periods.
基金supported by the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XBBS201110)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41101101)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Deployment Project (KZZDEW-08-02-02)
文摘Xinjiang is the largest semi-arid and arid region in China, and drip irrigation under plastic mulch is widely used in this water-limited area. Quantifying carbon and water fluxes as well as investigating their environ- mental drivers over cotton fields is critical for understanding regional carbon and water budgets in Xinjiang, the largest cotton production basin of China. In this study, an eddy covariance （EC） technique was used to measure the carbon and water fluxes of cotton field under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in the growing seasons of 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 at Wulanwusu Agrometeorological Experiment Station, a representative oasis cropland in northern Xinjiang. The diurnal patterns of gross primary production （GPP）, net ecosystem exchange （NEE） and evapotran-spiration （ET） showed obviously sinusoidal variations from June to September, while the diurnal ecosystem respiration （Res） was stable between daytime and nighttime. The daytime hourly GPP and ET displayed asymptotic rela-tionships with net solar radiation （Rnet）, while showed concave patterns with raising vapor pressure deficit （VPD） and air temperature （Ta）. The increases in hourly GPP and ET towards the maximum occurred over half ranges of VPD and Ta. The seasonal variations of GPP, NEE and ET were close to the cotton phenology, which almost reached the peak value in July. The cumulative GPP averaged 816.2±55.0 g C/m^2 in the growing season （from April to October）, and more than half of GPP was partitioned into NEE （mean value of -478.6±41.4 g C/m^2）. The mean seasonal ET was 501.3±13.9 mm, and the mean water use efficiency （WUE） was 1.0＋0.1 （mg C/g H2O）/d. The agro-ecosystem behaved as a carbon sink from squaring to harvest period, while it acted as a carbon source before the squaring time as well as after the harvest time.
基金funding from the University of New England (UNE)Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information (CRCSI), Australia
文摘Nitrogen(N) is the most important fertiliser element determining the productivity of wheat.N nutrition is known to affect the level of stripe rust infection, with higher N associated with increased disease severity. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a major yield-limiting disease of wheat in Australia. This paper describes experiments designed to investigate the agronomic response to the interaction of various levels of N application and stripe rust severity in wheat varieties differing in response. Experimental plots were established in crop seasons 2006 and 2007 on the Liverpool Plains of northern NSW, Australia.Yield, biomass, grain protein content(GPC) and harvest index(HI) data were recorded.Increased rates of N increased the severity of stripe rust during grain filling. N application also increased yield and GPC in all varieties in both years. Stripe rust reduced the yield of the rust-susceptible wheat varieties, and GPC and proportion of added N recovered in the grain were also reduced in one year but not the other. It was evident from our experiment that stripe rust caused yield loss accompanied by either no change or reduction in GPC, indicating that the total amount of N entering the grain was reduced by stripe rust. The effects of stripe rust on N yield are most likely associated with reduced uptake of N during grain filling.
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1502404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41601562 and 41761014)+1 种基金the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research Team Construction and Talent Development Project(JZ0145B752017)the Research Project for Young Teachers of Fujian Province,China(JAT160085)
文摘Evapotranspiration （ET） is the sum of soil or water body evaporation and plant transpiration from the earth surface and ocean to the atmosphere, and thus plays a significant role in regulating carbon and water resource cycles. The time-series data set from the remote sensing MOLDS product （MOD16） was used to study the spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation evapotranspiration in salinized areas during 2000-2014 by analyzing the variability, spatial patterns and Mann-Kendall （MK） nonparametric trends for the time series. The results indicate that inter-annual and intra-annual variations of ET across various vegetated areas show seasonal changes, with the abnormal months identified. The Cultivated land displays a greater degree of spatial heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of ET in the area covered by broadleaved deciduous forests corresponds to a higher ET rate and increased water consumption. Awidespread decline of ET is observed only in cultivated areas. However, agricultural cultivation doesn＇t worsen water shortage and soil salinization problems in the region, and water shortage problems are worsening for other vegetated areas. This research provides a basis of reference for the reasonable allocation of water resources and restructuring of vegetation patterns in salinized areas.
基金Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for allowing us access to the Coorong National Park (permit number G25583-2)supported by the Australian Research Councilby Flinders University
文摘The Coorong estuary lies at the terminus of Australia's largest river system, the Murray-Darling; both are strongly influenced by human activities; including farming and extensive flow modification. Metagenomic approaches were used to determine the planktonic bacterial community composition and potential metabolic function at two extremes in the Coorong, the river mouth which exhibits marine-like salinity, and the hypersaline upper-reaches of the estuary. Significant shifts in taxa and metabolic function were seen between the two sites. The river mouth exhibited an increase in abundance of R hodobacteriaceae and Alteromonadaceae; families readily able to adapt to change in nutrient conditions; and the potentially pathogenic families B rucellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae. Metabolisms over-represented include motility and chemotaxis, RNA metabolism and membrane transport, all of which are involved in actively searching for and obtaining nutrients. Also over-represented were metabolisms involved in population succession and stress response. An over-representation of taxa and metabolisms indicative of environmental change is reflective of anthropogenically af fected riverine input. In the hypersaline upper reaches of the estuary, the halophilic family Ectothiorhodospiraceae was over-represented, as were the families Flavobacteriaceae, Cytophagaceae and Nocardioidaceae, members of which are able to survive over a wide salinity range. Metabolisms over-represented here were reflective of increased bacterial growth, characteristic of hypersaline environments, and included DNA metabolism, nucleotide and nucleoside synthesis and cell cycle. Coorong metagenomes clustered taxonomically and metabolically with other planktonic metagenomes, but remained an outlier of this group with only 71% and 84% similarity, respectively. This indicates that the Coorong exhibits a unique planktonic bacterial community that is influenced by riverine input at the river mouth and salinity in the upper-reaches.
文摘Interactions between above and below ground parts of plants can be considered under the(overlapping) categories of energy,material and information.Solar energy powers photosynthesis and transpiration by above ground structures,and drives most water uptake through roots and supplies energy as organic matter to below ground parts,including diazotrophic symbionts and mycorrhizas.Material transfer occurs as water and dissolved soil-derived elements transport up the xylem,and a small fraction of water moving up the xylem with dissolved organic carbon and other solutes down the phloem.The cytosolic nature of sieve tubes accounts for at least some of the cycling of K,Mg and P down the phloem.NO_(3)^(–) assimilation of above ground parts requires organic N transport down phloem with,in some cases,organic anions related to shoot acid-base regulation.Long-distance information transfer is related development,biotic and abiotic damage,and above and below ground resource excess and limitation.Information transfer can involve hydraulic,electrical and chemical signaling,with their varying speeds of transmission and information content.Interaction of above and below ground plant parts is an important component of the ecosystem service of storing atmospheric CO_(2) as organic C in soil,a process that has decreased since the origin of agriculture.
文摘Current plant functional genomics is converging on two as- pects to provide sustainable solutions to cater to the demands of the growing population： 1） engineering crops for sustainable food security, where recently identified CRISPR/Cas is playing a detrimental role （Belhaj et al., 2014） and 2） identifying regulators of the post-transcriptional regulation, which can be functionally engineered. Canonical splicing has been widely seen and associated with functional protein diversity in plants （Min et al., 2015） （Figure 1）. Concurrent patterns of exonic and intronic splicing have revealed several new isoforms,
基金The authors are grateful for the insightful discussions with Dr.Milán Szabó.This work was supported by funding from the Climate Change Cluster(C3)of the University of Tech-nology Sydney(UTS,Australia).
文摘Chlorophyll fluorescence is the most widely used set of techniques to probe photosynthesis and plant stress.Its great versatility has given rise to different routine methods to study plants and algae.The three main technical platforms are pulse amplitude modulation(PAM),fast rise of chlorophyll fluorescence,and fast repetition rate.Solar-induced fluorescence(SIF)has also gained interest in the last few years.Works have compared their advantages and their underlying theory,with many arguments advanced as to which method is the most accurate and useful.To date,no data has assessed the exact magnitude of popularity and influence for each methodology.In this work,we have taken the bibliometrics of the past decade for each of the four platforms,have evaluated the public scientific opinion toward each method,and possibly identified a geographical bias.We used various metrics to assess influence and popularity for the four routine platforms compared in this study and found that,overall,PAM currently has the highest values,although the more recent SIF has increased in popularity rapidly during the last decade.This indicates that PAM is currently one of the fundamental tools in chlorophyll fluorescence.
