Causality,the science of cause and effect,has made it possible to create a new family of models.Such models are often referred to as causal models.Unlike those of mathematical,numerical,empirical,or machine learning(M...Causality,the science of cause and effect,has made it possible to create a new family of models.Such models are often referred to as causal models.Unlike those of mathematical,numerical,empirical,or machine learning(ML)nature,causal models hope to tie the cause(s)to the effect(s)pertaining to a phenomenon(i.e.,data generating process)through causal principles.This paper presents one of the first works at creating causal models in the area of structural and construction engineering.To this end,this paper starts with a brief review of the principles of causality and then adopts four causal discovery algorithms,namely,PC(Peter-Clark),FCI(fast causal inference),GES(greedy equivalence search),and GRa SP(greedy relaxation of the sparsest permutation),have been used to examine four phenomena,including predicting the load-bearing capacity of axially loaded members,fire resistance of structural members,shear strength of beams,and resistance of walls against impulsive(blast)loading.Findings from this study reveal the possibility and merit of discovering complete and partial causal models.Finally,this study also proposes two simple metrics that can help assess the performance of causal discovery algorithms.展开更多
Pleurotus ostreatus,a saprotrophic fungus,has been proposed for the remediation of organic contaminants in soils and more recently for modifying the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of granular soils.The in situ per...Pleurotus ostreatus,a saprotrophic fungus,has been proposed for the remediation of organic contaminants in soils and more recently for modifying the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of granular soils.The in situ perfor-mance of fungal-based biotechnologies will be controlled by the fungal growth and associated biochemical activity that can be achieved in soil.In this study,the influence of environmental conditions(temperature,degree of saturation),substrate type(lignocellulose and spent coffee grounds)and concentration on the my-celium growth of P.ostreatus in sand are investigated.Furthermore,the evolution of growth/survival indicators(respiration,ergosterol concentration)and enzymatic activity(laccase,manganese peroxidase)are investigated.Temperature was shown to have a strong influence on the growth of P.ostreatus in sand:growth was observed to be delayed at low temperatures(e.g.5℃),whereas growth was prevented at high temperatures(e.g.35℃).No growth was observed at very low degrees of saturation(S,=0%and 1.2%),indicating there is a critical water content required to support P.ostreatus growth.Within the mid-range of water contents tested radially,growth of P.ostreatus was similar.However,growth under saturated soil conditions was restricted to the air-water at-mosphere due to the requirement for oxygen availability.Low substrate concentrations(1%-5%)resulted in high radial growth of P.ostreatus,whereas increasing substrate content further acted to reduce radial growth,but visual observations indicated that fungal biomass density increased.These results are important for under-standing the feasibility of P.ostreatus growth under specific site conditions and for the design of successful treatment strategies.展开更多
Geothermal energy is used worldwide primarily for generating electricity, space heating and spas. The geothermal resources that have been developed, however, produce only a small fraction of the available energy store...Geothermal energy is used worldwide primarily for generating electricity, space heating and spas. The geothermal resources that have been developed, however, produce only a small fraction of the available energy stored in the upper few kilometers of the earth’s crust(Tester et al., 2006). Although heat is present, rocks throughout most of the shallow crust lack the interconnected permeability necessary to form geothermal reservoirs.展开更多
Catalytic destruction is an ascendant technology for the abatement of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)originating fromsolvent-based industrial processes.The varied composition tends to influence each VOC’s catalytic ...Catalytic destruction is an ascendant technology for the abatement of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)originating fromsolvent-based industrial processes.The varied composition tends to influence each VOC’s catalytic behavior in the reaction mixture.We investigated the catalytic destruction of multi-component VOCs including dichloromethane(DCM)and ethyl acetate(EA),as representatives from pharmaceutical waste gases,over co-supported HxPO_(4)-RuOx/CeO_(2) catalyst.A mutual inhibitory effect relating to concentrations because of competitive adsorption was verified in the binary VOCs oxidation and EA posed a more negative effect on DCM oxidation owing to EA’s superior adsorption capacity.Preferential adsorption of EA on acidic sites(HxPO_(4)/CeO_(2))promoted DCM activation on basic sites(O^(2−))and the dominating EA oxidation blocked DCM’s access to oxidation centers(RuOx/CeO_(2)),resulting in boosted monochloromethane yield and increased chlorine deposition for DCM oxidation.The impaired redox ability of Ru species owing to chlorine deposition in turn jeopardized deep oxidation of EA and its by-products,leading to increased gaseous by-products such as acetic acid originating fromEA pyrolysis.Notably,DCM at low concentration slightly promoted EA conversion at low temperatures with or without water,consistent with the enhanced EA adsorption in co-adsorption analyses.This was mainly due to that DCM impeded the shielding effect of hydrolysate deposition from rapid EA hydrolysis depending on the decreased acidity.Moreover,water benefited EA hydrolysis but decreased CO_(2) selectivity while the generated water derived from EA was likely to affect DCM transformation.This work may provide theoretical guidance for the promotion of applied catalysts toward industrial applications.展开更多
A self-centering bridge bent equipped with energy-dissipation(ED)beams is proposed.Quasi-static tests are conducted on self-centering bridge bents,both with and without ED beams,to validate the accuracy of the corresp...A self-centering bridge bent equipped with energy-dissipation(ED)beams is proposed.Quasi-static tests are conducted on self-centering bridge bents,both with and without ED beams,to validate the accuracy of the corresponding numerical models.The effects of various param-eters,such as the web area of ED beams,prestressing force of tendons,tendon arrangements,and number of column segments,on the seismic performance of self-centering bridge bents with ED beams are evaluated using the validated numerical model.The results demonstrate that the nu-merical models accurately replicate the quasi-static test results,with average errors in the lateral force remaining below 9.6%.The web area of ED beams significantly affects the strength,cumulative energy dissipation,and relative self-centering index(RSI)of the self-centering bridge bents.Increasing the prestressing force enhances the lateral force and self-centering capability of the bridge bents but has minimal effect on their ED capacity.Reducing the num-ber of segments in each column enhances the lateral force and cumulative hysteretic energy dissipation of the self-centering bridge bents while exerting an insignificant effect on the RSI.Thus,the proposed novel system is highly suitable for doubleor multicolumn piers supporting bridges in regions prone to strong earthquakes.展开更多
Production of synthetic antibiotics has rapidly expanded to meet the increasing demands in human healthcare,animal husbandry,and agriculture.Meanwhile,however,substantial quantities of untreated antibiotics entered th...Production of synthetic antibiotics has rapidly expanded to meet the increasing demands in human healthcare,animal husbandry,and agriculture.Meanwhile,however,substantial quantities of untreated antibiotics entered the agricultural environment through animal waste,reclaimed wastewater,or biosolids.The existence of drugs in farmland will not only have adverse effects on plant growth and productivity but also lead to antibiotics accumulation and drug resistance.To address this emerging drug contamination issue,this article conducts an indepth and comprehensive analysis of the research on antibiotic pollution in cropland and crops within 20 years.In this article,the bioaccumulation mechanisms of antibiotic in crops were systematically analyzed and discussed,with emphasis on the effects of important influencing factors such as the physico-chemical properties of antibiotics,cultivation environment,and plant morphology.Additionally,this article briefly discusses the various antibiotic extraction and analytical methods,as well as calculation indexes on human risk assessment.At last,the author further analyzed the environmental challenge of antibiotic resistance and provided insights into pollution remediation pathways for future research.展开更多
Paper and pulp mills generate substantial volumes of wastewater containing lignin-derived compounds that are challenging to degrade using conventional wastewater treatment methods.This study presents a novel biofilm-b...Paper and pulp mills generate substantial volumes of wastewater containing lignin-derived compounds that are challenging to degrade using conventional wastewater treatment methods.This study presents a novel biofilm-based process for enhanced lignin removal in wastewater using the fungus Neurospora discreta,which effectively degrades lignin and forms robust biofilms at the air–liquid interface under specific conditions.The process was optimised using the Taguchi design of experiments approach,and three factors including pH,copper sulphate concentration,and trace element concentration were evaluated at three levels.Experimental data were analysed against three responses:lignin degradation efficiency and the activities of two ligninolytic enzymes(polyphenol oxidase and versatile peroxidase).The results indicated that wastewater pH was the most significant parameter affecting lignin degradation efficiency and enzyme activities.Over 70%lignin degradation was achieved at pH levels of 5 and 6 with copper sulphate concentrations above 4 mg/L,while degradation efficiency drastically dropped to 45%at a pH value of 7.Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated the effects of the three factors on the polar and non-polar components of lignin in wastewater,revealing a clear decrease in all peak areas after treatment.Additionally,significant relationships were observed between biofilm properties(including porosity,water retention value,polysaccharide content,and protein content)and lignin removal efficiency.This study also reported for the first time the presence of versatile peroxidase,a ligninolytic enzyme,in Neurospora sp.展开更多
Roadside habitat through major urban areas may offer remnant examples of natural grasslands.These habitats may be subjected to frequent as mowing and exposure to automobile emissions and runoff.This study was conducte...Roadside habitat through major urban areas may offer remnant examples of natural grasslands.These habitats may be subjected to frequent as mowing and exposure to automobile emissions and runoff.This study was conducted on interstate highway right-of-ways in San Antonio,Texas,U.S.A.We compared the vegetation species and diversity,and the organic carbon of leaf litter,plants,and soils.Two non-native grasses accounted for 50.9% cover,while all native forbs and grasses accounted for only 9.8% cover.The mean biomass of nonnative grasseswas 4.5 times greater than that of all native species.Organic carbon content of leaf litter,plants,and soils was variable among the study sites,possibly due to management practices and a drought that occurred during the study.Themean organic carbon content in the upper 20 cm soil was 5.0 kg C/m^(2) and organic carbon content was greater in the upper 10 cm than organic carbon in the 10.1 to 20 cm portion.Cynodon dactylon and Bouteloua curtipendula exhibited the greatest photosynthesis efficiency indicating these grasses are more adaptable to hot summer temperatures found in Central Texas.The organic carbon content along a major interstate was 13,793 kg·C/ha for leaf litter,vegetation,and the upper 20 cm of the soil.We conclude that interstate highways provide habitat for some native species,but the vegetation along right-of-ways is dominated by two non-native grasses.It appears unlikely that roadside habitat can be restored to resemble native grasslands without large scale and costly restoration efforts.展开更多
Given the growing emphasis on life-cycle analysis in bridge design,the design community is transitioning from the concept of performance-based design in structural engineering to a performance-based design approach wi...Given the growing emphasis on life-cycle analysis in bridge design,the design community is transitioning from the concept of performance-based design in structural engineering to a performance-based design approach within a life-cycle context.This approach considers various indicators,including cost,environmental impact,and societal factors when designing bridges.This shift enables a comprehensive assessment of structural resilience by exam-ining the bridge’s ability to endure various hazards throughout its lifespan.This study provides a comprehensive review of two key research domains that have emerged in the field of bridge life-cycle analysis,namely life-cycle sustainability(LCS)and life-cycle performance(LCP).The discussion on the LCS of bridges encompasses both assessment-based and optimization-based studies,while the exploration of LCP focuses on research examining structures subjected to deterioration over their service life due to deprecating phenomena such as corrosion and relative humidity changes,as well as extreme hazards like earthquakes and floods.Moreover,this study discusses the integration between LCS and LCP,highlighting how combined consideration of these factors can minimize damage costs,improve resiliency,and extend the lifespan of the structure.A detailed evaluation encompasses various life-cycle metrics,structural performance indicators,time-dependent modelling techniques,and analy-sis methods proposed in the literature.Additionally,the research identifies critical gaps and trends in life-cycle analysis within the realm of bridge engineering,providing a concise yet thorough overview for advancing con-siderations in the life-cycle design of bridges.展开更多
Extreme events such as tropical storm,tornado,hurricane cause significant disruptions to infrastructure systems including power,water,transportation,telecommunication services.Faster restoration from power outages is ...Extreme events such as tropical storm,tornado,hurricane cause significant disruptions to infrastructure systems including power,water,transportation,telecommunication services.Faster restoration from power outages is critical since power outages substantially impact various sectors including education,financial transactions,healthcare,and leisure.Thus,it is important to study outage restoration patterns.To develop data-driven models and test its performance on unseen hurricanes,high-resolution data from multiple hurricanes are required.However,such high-resolution power outage data from utility companies are proprietary and not easily acces-sible to all.Thus,the aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of macroscopic location data available from Facebook for analyzing power outage during hurricanes.First,it shows the association between population activity in Facebook and hurricane-induced power outage using the data for Hurricane Ida at a ZIP Code level.Second,it develops a data-driven model to predict power outage restoration pattern at a ZIP Code level utilizing Facebook data for Hurricanes Ida and Ian.We found that Facebook data can explain 59%of variance in by power outages at daily level and it can explain 65%of variance in restoration times from power outages at a ZIP code level.The data-driven model can reliably predict the restoration pattern from power outages(R^(2)=0.816).This study can aid researchers to choose alternative data for power outage analysis and help emergency managers and utility companies gain data-driven insights enhancing their decision-making for an impending hurricane.展开更多
The study of rock failure mechanisms is fundamental to geotechnical engineering,as it enhances design quality and mitigates disaster risks.This research employed in situ compression tests on 3D-printed rocklike sample...The study of rock failure mechanisms is fundamental to geotechnical engineering,as it enhances design quality and mitigates disaster risks.This research employed in situ compression tests on 3D-printed rocklike samples with a single flaw,combining Micro-CT scans and a specialized loading device to analyze their behavior.Mechanical properties and failure modes of these printed samples were compared to those of natural flawed sandstones,demonstrating the capability of 3D printing to replicate natural rock characteristics.By reconstructing 3D crack evolution from 2D CT images and applying digital volume correlation(DVC),the study visualized internal strain fields and established a relationship between strain patterns and rock failure.The results reveal that crack initiation consistently occurs at the flaw,advancing into tensile and secondary shear or mixed cracks.For flaw angles(α)ranging from 0°to 45°,the 3D-printed samples exhibited a higher number of newly formed cracks and a faster increase in crack volume with strain.In contrast,for flaw angles of 45°≤α≤90°,the opposite trend was observed.The internal strain field exhibited significant strain localization,with this uneven distribution playing a critical role in sample failure.When the flaw angle was in the range of 0°≤α≤30°,failure was primarily driven by tensile cracks,forming distinct tensile bands.Conversely,for 30°<α≤90°,a combination of tensile and shear cracks dominated the failure,producing both shear and tensile bands in the sample.Additionally,the strain field component ε_(yy) showed a strong correlation with the evolution of internal damage,providing valuable insights into the underlying rock failure mechanisms.展开更多
Utilizing the Discrete Element Method,this research studied the stiffness distribution of gap-graded soils by modifying the conventional static method.By acknowledging the inherent particle property disparity between ...Utilizing the Discrete Element Method,this research studied the stiffness distribution of gap-graded soils by modifying the conventional static method.By acknowledging the inherent particle property disparity between coarser and finer particles,this research differentiates the stiffness distribution of gap-graded soils from the perspective of contact and particle types.Results indicate that particle property disparity significantly influence the small-strain stiffness characteristics,consequently altering the overall stiffness distribution in gap-graded soil specimens.Specifically,with the equivalent coarser particle property,an increase in particle Young's modulus of finer particles results in an augmentation of small-strain stiffness values,alongside an increased stiffness distribution contribution from finer particles.Nevertheless,this study reveals that even with a higher particle Young's modulus of finer particles,the proportion of small-strain stiffness transferred by finer particles remains consistently lower than their volume fraction.Furthermore,the proportion of stiffness transferred by finer particles may fall below their contribution to stress transmission.This investigation accentuates the subtle yet significant effects of particle property variations on small strain stiffness and its subsequent distribution,providing a foundation for advancing the significance of particle property disparities in evaluating soil responses.展开更多
The investigation of leachate-contaminated clay(LCC)is essential for landfill engineering assessment and achievement of sustainable development goals.Several static and dynamic laboratory tests,including unconfined co...The investigation of leachate-contaminated clay(LCC)is essential for landfill engineering assessment and achievement of sustainable development goals.Several static and dynamic laboratory tests,including unconfined compressive strength(UCS),California bearing ratio(CBR),and cyclic simple shear,are conducted.Cyclic simple shear experiments on LCCs were performed to evaluate the damping and shear modulus.The investigated factors are vertical load(VL),leachate content(LC),frequency(F),and shear strain(ShS)for LCC.Forensic-based investigation optimization(FBIO)and equilibrium optimizer algorithm(EOA)were utilized in addition to multiple types of ensemble models,including adaptive boosting(ADB),gradient boosting regression tree(GBRT),extreme gradient boosting(XGB) and random forest(RF).The comparison of the methods showed that GBRT-FBIO and XGB-EOA models outperformed other models for shear modulus and damping of LCC.The p-value less than 0.0001 shows the significance of the used models in the response surface methodology(RSM)method.展开更多
Dynamic compression experiments were conducted on red sandstone utilizing a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)to study the loading rate and high temperatures on their mechanically deformed properties and ultimate fail...Dynamic compression experiments were conducted on red sandstone utilizing a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)to study the loading rate and high temperatures on their mechanically deformed properties and ultimate failure modes,and to analyze the correlation between the strain rate,temperature,peak strength,and ultimate failure modes.The results show that the mass decreases with the increase of treatment temperature,and the pattern of the stress−strain curves is not impacted by the increase of impact velocity.Under a fixed temperature,the higher the impact velocity,the higher the strain rate and dynamical compression strength,indicating a strain rate hardening effect for red sandstone.With an increasing treatment temperature,the strain rate gradually increases when the impact loading remains unchanged,suggesting a rise in the deformability of red sandstone under high-temperature environment.Raise in both impact velocity and treatment temperature leads to an intensification of the damage features of the red sandstone.Similarly,higher strain rates lead to the intensification of the final damage mode of red sandstone regardless of the change in treatment temperature.Moreover,a dynamic damage constitutive model that considers the impacts of strain rate and temperature is proposed based on experimental results.展开更多
The uncontrolled release of antibiotics into the environment would be extremely harmful to human health and ecosystems.Therefore,it is in urgent need to monitor the environment and promote the detection and degradatio...The uncontrolled release of antibiotics into the environment would be extremely harmful to human health and ecosystems.Therefore,it is in urgent need to monitor the environment and promote the detection and degradation of antibiotics to the relatively harmless by-products to a feasible extent.Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))is a non-metallic n-type semiconductor that can be used for the antibiotic detection and degradation due to its easy synthesis process,excellent chemical stability and unique optical properties.Unfortunately,the utilization of visible light,electron-hole recombination and electron conductivity have hindered its potential applications in the fields of photocatalytic degradation and electrochemical detection.Although previous publications have highlighted the diverse modification methods for the g-C_(3)N_(4)-based materials,the underlying structure-performance relationships of g-C_(3)N_(4),especially for the detection and degradation of antibiotics,remains to be further explored.In view of this,the current review centered on the recent progress in the modification techniques of g-C_(3)N_(4),the detection and degradation of antibiotics using the g-C_(3)N_(4)-based materials,as well as the potential antibiotic degradation mechanisms of the g-C_(3)N_(4)-based materials.Additionally,the underlying applications of the g-C_(3)N_(4)-based materials for antibiotic detection and degradation were also prospected.This review would provide a valuable research foundation and the up-to-date information for the g-C_(3)N_(4)-based materials to combat antibiotic pollution in the environment.展开更多
Piezoceramic is ubiquitously used in high-performance sensors and actuators.Three-dimensional(3D)printing of lead zirconate titanate(PZT)is attractive and highly desired for such device applications,but most of the ex...Piezoceramic is ubiquitously used in high-performance sensors and actuators.Three-dimensional(3D)printing of lead zirconate titanate(PZT)is attractive and highly desired for such device applications,but most of the existing methods are inherently limited to micron resolution,which makes them untenable for fabricating complex 3D architectures with high-definition features.Here,an electrohydrodynamic jet(E-Jet)nanoprinting strategy has been proposed to fabricate PZT 3D structures with the characteristics of flexibility and scalability.Different kinds of 3D PZT true nanostructures(resolution∼40 nm,aspect ratio∼400)were directly fabricated using a 100μm-sized nozzle.And the PZT nanostructures exhibited well-developed perovskite crystal morphology,large elastic strain(elongation≈13%),and high piezoelectric property(d_(31)≈(236.5×10^(−12))C·N^(-1)).A bionic PZT air-flow sensor was printed to monitor air-flow detection,demonstrating well sensitivity with ultra-slow air-flow of 0.02 m·s^(-1).The discovery reveals an efficient pathway to 3D-printing PZT nanostructures for next-generation high-performance piezoelectric devices.展开更多
The photochemical conversion of plastic waste into valuable resources under ambient conditions is challenging.Achieving efficient photocatalytic conversion necessitates intimate contact between the photocatalyst and p...The photochemical conversion of plastic waste into valuable resources under ambient conditions is challenging.Achieving efficient photocatalytic conversion necessitates intimate contact between the photocatalyst and plastic substrate,as water molecules are readily oxidized by photogenerated holes,potentially bypassing the plastic as the electron donor.This study demonstrated a novel strategy for depositing polystyrene(PS)waste onto a photoanode by leveraging its solubility in specific organic solvents,including acetone and chloroform,thus enhancing the interface contact.We used an anodization technique to fabricate a skeleton-like porous tungsten oxide(WO_(3))structure,which exhibited higher durability against detachment from a conductive substrate than the WO_(3) photoanode fabricated using the doctor blade method.Upon illumination,the photogenerated holes were transferred from WO_(3) to PS,promoting the oxidative degradation of plastic waste under ambient conditions.Consequently,the oxidative degradation of PS on the anode side generated carbon dioxide,while the cathodic process produced hydrogen gas through water reduction.Our findings pave the way for sunlight-driven plastic waste treatment technologies that concurrently generate valuable fuels or chemicals and offer the dual benefits of cost savings and environmental protection.展开更多
This study presents an emission inventory for 2022,focusing on assessing the emissions of PM_(2.5),PM_(10),NO_(x),SO_(2),CO,and VOC from India's road transport,residential,and thermal power sectors.Road transport ...This study presents an emission inventory for 2022,focusing on assessing the emissions of PM_(2.5),PM_(10),NO_(x),SO_(2),CO,and VOC from India's road transport,residential,and thermal power sectors.Road transport emissions were estimated using a vehicle kilometer traveled methodology derived from a survey of 200,000 vehicles.A regression analysis was conducted to assess residential fuel usage,considering recent changes in consumption patterns and updated data on cleaner fuels.Estimates for the thermal power sector were based on emission monitoring data.The residential sector is the predominant source of PM_(2.5)(1112 kt),PM_(10)(1678 kt),CO(10630 kt),and VOC(2558 kt).The thermal power sector is the predominant source of secondary air pollutant precursors such as NO_(x)(2328 kt)and SO_(2)(4694 kt).India has the highest emission intensity per gross domestic product(GDP)across sectors compared to other countries.For example,PM_(2.5)emissions per GDP from the roads in India are 14,21,and 10 times that of those in China,the USA,and Europe.The southern(29%),eastern(30%),and central(36%)regions were the notable contributors to emissions from transport,residential,and thermal power sectors.Urban areas contributed 5%of the total residential sector emissions across India but 25%of the total road transport sector emissions nationwide.Moreover,power plants within or near the non-attainment cities were responsible for 12%of the overall thermal power pollution recorded across India.The study identifies unequal emission burdens,with economically disadvantaged regions bearing the brunt.展开更多
Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes in fractured rock are playing a crucial role in geoscience and geoengineering applications.Diverse and conceptually distinct approaches have emerged over the past decades ...Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes in fractured rock are playing a crucial role in geoscience and geoengineering applications.Diverse and conceptually distinct approaches have emerged over the past decades in both continuum and discontinuum perspectives leading to significant progress in their comprehending and modeling.This review paper offers an integrated perspective on existing modeling methodologies providing guidance for model selection based on the initial and boundary conditions.By comparing various models,one can better assess the uncertainties in predictions,particularly those related to the conceptual models.The review explores how these methodologies have significantlyenhanced the fundamental understanding of how fractures respond to fluid injection and production,and improved predictive capabilities pertaining to coupled processes within fractured systems.It emphasizes the importance of utilizing advanced computational technologies and thoroughly considering fundamental theories and principles established through past experimental evidence and practical experience.The selection and calibration of model parameters should be based on typical ranges and applied to the specificconditions of applications.The challenges arising from inherent heterogeneity and uncertainties,nonlinear THM coupled processes,scale dependence,and computational limitations in representing fieldscale fractures are discussed.Realizing potential advances on computational capacity calls for methodical conceptualization,mathematical modeling,selection of numerical solution strategies,implementation,and calibration to foster simulation outcomes that intricately reflectthe nuanced complexities of geological phenomena.Future research efforts should focus on innovative approaches to tackle the hurdles and advance the state-of-the-art in this critical fieldof study.展开更多
文摘Causality,the science of cause and effect,has made it possible to create a new family of models.Such models are often referred to as causal models.Unlike those of mathematical,numerical,empirical,or machine learning(ML)nature,causal models hope to tie the cause(s)to the effect(s)pertaining to a phenomenon(i.e.,data generating process)through causal principles.This paper presents one of the first works at creating causal models in the area of structural and construction engineering.To this end,this paper starts with a brief review of the principles of causality and then adopts four causal discovery algorithms,namely,PC(Peter-Clark),FCI(fast causal inference),GES(greedy equivalence search),and GRa SP(greedy relaxation of the sparsest permutation),have been used to examine four phenomena,including predicting the load-bearing capacity of axially loaded members,fire resistance of structural members,shear strength of beams,and resistance of walls against impulsive(blast)loading.Findings from this study reveal the possibility and merit of discovering complete and partial causal models.Finally,this study also proposes two simple metrics that can help assess the performance of causal discovery algorithms.
基金support of the European Commission by way of the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Networks(ITN-ETN)project TERRE Training engineers and researchers to rethink geotechnical engineering for a low carbon future'(H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015-675762)the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC,EP/N035526/1)The contribution of El Mountassir to this work was also supported by a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship(MR/V025376/1).
文摘Pleurotus ostreatus,a saprotrophic fungus,has been proposed for the remediation of organic contaminants in soils and more recently for modifying the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of granular soils.The in situ perfor-mance of fungal-based biotechnologies will be controlled by the fungal growth and associated biochemical activity that can be achieved in soil.In this study,the influence of environmental conditions(temperature,degree of saturation),substrate type(lignocellulose and spent coffee grounds)and concentration on the my-celium growth of P.ostreatus in sand are investigated.Furthermore,the evolution of growth/survival indicators(respiration,ergosterol concentration)and enzymatic activity(laccase,manganese peroxidase)are investigated.Temperature was shown to have a strong influence on the growth of P.ostreatus in sand:growth was observed to be delayed at low temperatures(e.g.5℃),whereas growth was prevented at high temperatures(e.g.35℃).No growth was observed at very low degrees of saturation(S,=0%and 1.2%),indicating there is a critical water content required to support P.ostreatus growth.Within the mid-range of water contents tested radially,growth of P.ostreatus was similar.However,growth under saturated soil conditions was restricted to the air-water at-mosphere due to the requirement for oxygen availability.Low substrate concentrations(1%-5%)resulted in high radial growth of P.ostreatus,whereas increasing substrate content further acted to reduce radial growth,but visual observations indicated that fungal biomass density increased.These results are important for under-standing the feasibility of P.ostreatus growth under specific site conditions and for the design of successful treatment strategies.
文摘Geothermal energy is used worldwide primarily for generating electricity, space heating and spas. The geothermal resources that have been developed, however, produce only a small fraction of the available energy stored in the upper few kilometers of the earth’s crust(Tester et al., 2006). Although heat is present, rocks throughout most of the shallow crust lack the interconnected permeability necessary to form geothermal reservoirs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21906087 and 52070168)the Key R&D Plan of Zhejiang Province (No.2023C03127)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.226-2022-00150).
文摘Catalytic destruction is an ascendant technology for the abatement of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)originating fromsolvent-based industrial processes.The varied composition tends to influence each VOC’s catalytic behavior in the reaction mixture.We investigated the catalytic destruction of multi-component VOCs including dichloromethane(DCM)and ethyl acetate(EA),as representatives from pharmaceutical waste gases,over co-supported HxPO_(4)-RuOx/CeO_(2) catalyst.A mutual inhibitory effect relating to concentrations because of competitive adsorption was verified in the binary VOCs oxidation and EA posed a more negative effect on DCM oxidation owing to EA’s superior adsorption capacity.Preferential adsorption of EA on acidic sites(HxPO_(4)/CeO_(2))promoted DCM activation on basic sites(O^(2−))and the dominating EA oxidation blocked DCM’s access to oxidation centers(RuOx/CeO_(2)),resulting in boosted monochloromethane yield and increased chlorine deposition for DCM oxidation.The impaired redox ability of Ru species owing to chlorine deposition in turn jeopardized deep oxidation of EA and its by-products,leading to increased gaseous by-products such as acetic acid originating fromEA pyrolysis.Notably,DCM at low concentration slightly promoted EA conversion at low temperatures with or without water,consistent with the enhanced EA adsorption in co-adsorption analyses.This was mainly due to that DCM impeded the shielding effect of hydrolysate deposition from rapid EA hydrolysis depending on the decreased acidity.Moreover,water benefited EA hydrolysis but decreased CO_(2) selectivity while the generated water derived from EA was likely to affect DCM transformation.This work may provide theoretical guidance for the promotion of applied catalysts toward industrial applications.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52278189)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY24E080002).
文摘A self-centering bridge bent equipped with energy-dissipation(ED)beams is proposed.Quasi-static tests are conducted on self-centering bridge bents,both with and without ED beams,to validate the accuracy of the corresponding numerical models.The effects of various param-eters,such as the web area of ED beams,prestressing force of tendons,tendon arrangements,and number of column segments,on the seismic performance of self-centering bridge bents with ED beams are evaluated using the validated numerical model.The results demonstrate that the nu-merical models accurately replicate the quasi-static test results,with average errors in the lateral force remaining below 9.6%.The web area of ED beams significantly affects the strength,cumulative energy dissipation,and relative self-centering index(RSI)of the self-centering bridge bents.Increasing the prestressing force enhances the lateral force and self-centering capability of the bridge bents but has minimal effect on their ED capacity.Reducing the num-ber of segments in each column enhances the lateral force and cumulative hysteretic energy dissipation of the self-centering bridge bents while exerting an insignificant effect on the RSI.Thus,the proposed novel system is highly suitable for doubleor multicolumn piers supporting bridges in regions prone to strong earthquakes.
文摘Production of synthetic antibiotics has rapidly expanded to meet the increasing demands in human healthcare,animal husbandry,and agriculture.Meanwhile,however,substantial quantities of untreated antibiotics entered the agricultural environment through animal waste,reclaimed wastewater,or biosolids.The existence of drugs in farmland will not only have adverse effects on plant growth and productivity but also lead to antibiotics accumulation and drug resistance.To address this emerging drug contamination issue,this article conducts an indepth and comprehensive analysis of the research on antibiotic pollution in cropland and crops within 20 years.In this article,the bioaccumulation mechanisms of antibiotic in crops were systematically analyzed and discussed,with emphasis on the effects of important influencing factors such as the physico-chemical properties of antibiotics,cultivation environment,and plant morphology.Additionally,this article briefly discusses the various antibiotic extraction and analytical methods,as well as calculation indexes on human risk assessment.At last,the author further analyzed the environmental challenge of antibiotic resistance and provided insights into pollution remediation pathways for future research.
基金supported by the Leverhulme Trust Research Project(Grant No.RPG-2020-021).
文摘Paper and pulp mills generate substantial volumes of wastewater containing lignin-derived compounds that are challenging to degrade using conventional wastewater treatment methods.This study presents a novel biofilm-based process for enhanced lignin removal in wastewater using the fungus Neurospora discreta,which effectively degrades lignin and forms robust biofilms at the air–liquid interface under specific conditions.The process was optimised using the Taguchi design of experiments approach,and three factors including pH,copper sulphate concentration,and trace element concentration were evaluated at three levels.Experimental data were analysed against three responses:lignin degradation efficiency and the activities of two ligninolytic enzymes(polyphenol oxidase and versatile peroxidase).The results indicated that wastewater pH was the most significant parameter affecting lignin degradation efficiency and enzyme activities.Over 70%lignin degradation was achieved at pH levels of 5 and 6 with copper sulphate concentrations above 4 mg/L,while degradation efficiency drastically dropped to 45%at a pH value of 7.Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated the effects of the three factors on the polar and non-polar components of lignin in wastewater,revealing a clear decrease in all peak areas after treatment.Additionally,significant relationships were observed between biofilm properties(including porosity,water retention value,polysaccharide content,and protein content)and lignin removal efficiency.This study also reported for the first time the presence of versatile peroxidase,a ligninolytic enzyme,in Neurospora sp.
基金supported by the Transportation Consortium of South-Central States (No.18HSTSA01)support was provided by the University of San Antonio, Department of Integrated Biology from the principal investigator’s startup funds to support student research assistants.
文摘Roadside habitat through major urban areas may offer remnant examples of natural grasslands.These habitats may be subjected to frequent as mowing and exposure to automobile emissions and runoff.This study was conducted on interstate highway right-of-ways in San Antonio,Texas,U.S.A.We compared the vegetation species and diversity,and the organic carbon of leaf litter,plants,and soils.Two non-native grasses accounted for 50.9% cover,while all native forbs and grasses accounted for only 9.8% cover.The mean biomass of nonnative grasseswas 4.5 times greater than that of all native species.Organic carbon content of leaf litter,plants,and soils was variable among the study sites,possibly due to management practices and a drought that occurred during the study.Themean organic carbon content in the upper 20 cm soil was 5.0 kg C/m^(2) and organic carbon content was greater in the upper 10 cm than organic carbon in the 10.1 to 20 cm portion.Cynodon dactylon and Bouteloua curtipendula exhibited the greatest photosynthesis efficiency indicating these grasses are more adaptable to hot summer temperatures found in Central Texas.The organic carbon content along a major interstate was 13,793 kg·C/ha for leaf litter,vegetation,and the upper 20 cm of the soil.We conclude that interstate highways provide habitat for some native species,but the vegetation along right-of-ways is dominated by two non-native grasses.It appears unlikely that roadside habitat can be restored to resemble native grasslands without large scale and costly restoration efforts.
文摘Given the growing emphasis on life-cycle analysis in bridge design,the design community is transitioning from the concept of performance-based design in structural engineering to a performance-based design approach within a life-cycle context.This approach considers various indicators,including cost,environmental impact,and societal factors when designing bridges.This shift enables a comprehensive assessment of structural resilience by exam-ining the bridge’s ability to endure various hazards throughout its lifespan.This study provides a comprehensive review of two key research domains that have emerged in the field of bridge life-cycle analysis,namely life-cycle sustainability(LCS)and life-cycle performance(LCP).The discussion on the LCS of bridges encompasses both assessment-based and optimization-based studies,while the exploration of LCP focuses on research examining structures subjected to deterioration over their service life due to deprecating phenomena such as corrosion and relative humidity changes,as well as extreme hazards like earthquakes and floods.Moreover,this study discusses the integration between LCS and LCP,highlighting how combined consideration of these factors can minimize damage costs,improve resiliency,and extend the lifespan of the structure.A detailed evaluation encompasses various life-cycle metrics,structural performance indicators,time-dependent modelling techniques,and analy-sis methods proposed in the literature.Additionally,the research identifies critical gaps and trends in life-cycle analysis within the realm of bridge engineering,providing a concise yet thorough overview for advancing con-siderations in the life-cycle design of bridges.
基金U.S.National Science Foundation for the grant CMMI-1832578 to support the research presented in this paper.
文摘Extreme events such as tropical storm,tornado,hurricane cause significant disruptions to infrastructure systems including power,water,transportation,telecommunication services.Faster restoration from power outages is critical since power outages substantially impact various sectors including education,financial transactions,healthcare,and leisure.Thus,it is important to study outage restoration patterns.To develop data-driven models and test its performance on unseen hurricanes,high-resolution data from multiple hurricanes are required.However,such high-resolution power outage data from utility companies are proprietary and not easily acces-sible to all.Thus,the aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of macroscopic location data available from Facebook for analyzing power outage during hurricanes.First,it shows the association between population activity in Facebook and hurricane-induced power outage using the data for Hurricane Ida at a ZIP Code level.Second,it develops a data-driven model to predict power outage restoration pattern at a ZIP Code level utilizing Facebook data for Hurricanes Ida and Ian.We found that Facebook data can explain 59%of variance in by power outages at daily level and it can explain 65%of variance in restoration times from power outages at a ZIP code level.The data-driven model can reliably predict the restoration pattern from power outages(R^(2)=0.816).This study can aid researchers to choose alternative data for power outage analysis and help emergency managers and utility companies gain data-driven insights enhancing their decision-making for an impending hurricane.
基金supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)grant funded by the Korea Government(MOTIE)(Grant No.20214000000500,Training program of CCUS for the green growth)by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT)(Grant No.2022R1F1A1076409)the support from the Chinese Scholarship Council for awarding a scholarship(CSC No.202106820011).
文摘The study of rock failure mechanisms is fundamental to geotechnical engineering,as it enhances design quality and mitigates disaster risks.This research employed in situ compression tests on 3D-printed rocklike samples with a single flaw,combining Micro-CT scans and a specialized loading device to analyze their behavior.Mechanical properties and failure modes of these printed samples were compared to those of natural flawed sandstones,demonstrating the capability of 3D printing to replicate natural rock characteristics.By reconstructing 3D crack evolution from 2D CT images and applying digital volume correlation(DVC),the study visualized internal strain fields and established a relationship between strain patterns and rock failure.The results reveal that crack initiation consistently occurs at the flaw,advancing into tensile and secondary shear or mixed cracks.For flaw angles(α)ranging from 0°to 45°,the 3D-printed samples exhibited a higher number of newly formed cracks and a faster increase in crack volume with strain.In contrast,for flaw angles of 45°≤α≤90°,the opposite trend was observed.The internal strain field exhibited significant strain localization,with this uneven distribution playing a critical role in sample failure.When the flaw angle was in the range of 0°≤α≤30°,failure was primarily driven by tensile cracks,forming distinct tensile bands.Conversely,for 30°<α≤90°,a combination of tensile and shear cracks dominated the failure,producing both shear and tensile bands in the sample.Additionally,the strain field component ε_(yy) showed a strong correlation with the evolution of internal damage,providing valuable insights into the underlying rock failure mechanisms.
基金Financial supports from the PolyU Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme are highly appreciatedsupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52201008)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,the State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics (Grant No.SKLPDE-KF-202311).
文摘Utilizing the Discrete Element Method,this research studied the stiffness distribution of gap-graded soils by modifying the conventional static method.By acknowledging the inherent particle property disparity between coarser and finer particles,this research differentiates the stiffness distribution of gap-graded soils from the perspective of contact and particle types.Results indicate that particle property disparity significantly influence the small-strain stiffness characteristics,consequently altering the overall stiffness distribution in gap-graded soil specimens.Specifically,with the equivalent coarser particle property,an increase in particle Young's modulus of finer particles results in an augmentation of small-strain stiffness values,alongside an increased stiffness distribution contribution from finer particles.Nevertheless,this study reveals that even with a higher particle Young's modulus of finer particles,the proportion of small-strain stiffness transferred by finer particles remains consistently lower than their volume fraction.Furthermore,the proportion of stiffness transferred by finer particles may fall below their contribution to stress transmission.This investigation accentuates the subtle yet significant effects of particle property variations on small strain stiffness and its subsequent distribution,providing a foundation for advancing the significance of particle property disparities in evaluating soil responses.
文摘The investigation of leachate-contaminated clay(LCC)is essential for landfill engineering assessment and achievement of sustainable development goals.Several static and dynamic laboratory tests,including unconfined compressive strength(UCS),California bearing ratio(CBR),and cyclic simple shear,are conducted.Cyclic simple shear experiments on LCCs were performed to evaluate the damping and shear modulus.The investigated factors are vertical load(VL),leachate content(LC),frequency(F),and shear strain(ShS)for LCC.Forensic-based investigation optimization(FBIO)and equilibrium optimizer algorithm(EOA)were utilized in addition to multiple types of ensemble models,including adaptive boosting(ADB),gradient boosting regression tree(GBRT),extreme gradient boosting(XGB) and random forest(RF).The comparison of the methods showed that GBRT-FBIO and XGB-EOA models outperformed other models for shear modulus and damping of LCC.The p-value less than 0.0001 shows the significance of the used models in the response surface methodology(RSM)method.
基金Project(BZ2024023)supported by the Jiangsu Province International Collaboration Program-Key National Industrial Technology Research and Development Cooperation,China。
文摘Dynamic compression experiments were conducted on red sandstone utilizing a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)to study the loading rate and high temperatures on their mechanically deformed properties and ultimate failure modes,and to analyze the correlation between the strain rate,temperature,peak strength,and ultimate failure modes.The results show that the mass decreases with the increase of treatment temperature,and the pattern of the stress−strain curves is not impacted by the increase of impact velocity.Under a fixed temperature,the higher the impact velocity,the higher the strain rate and dynamical compression strength,indicating a strain rate hardening effect for red sandstone.With an increasing treatment temperature,the strain rate gradually increases when the impact loading remains unchanged,suggesting a rise in the deformability of red sandstone under high-temperature environment.Raise in both impact velocity and treatment temperature leads to an intensification of the damage features of the red sandstone.Similarly,higher strain rates lead to the intensification of the final damage mode of red sandstone regardless of the change in treatment temperature.Moreover,a dynamic damage constitutive model that considers the impacts of strain rate and temperature is proposed based on experimental results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42207266 and 32271609)2021 Harbin University of Commerce“Innovation Project”Support Plan(No.LH2022B011)+1 种基金the Special Funds from the Central Finance to Support the Development of Local Universities(No.YSL 037)the Foreign cooperation Foundation of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences(No.HZ2022-02).
文摘The uncontrolled release of antibiotics into the environment would be extremely harmful to human health and ecosystems.Therefore,it is in urgent need to monitor the environment and promote the detection and degradation of antibiotics to the relatively harmless by-products to a feasible extent.Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))is a non-metallic n-type semiconductor that can be used for the antibiotic detection and degradation due to its easy synthesis process,excellent chemical stability and unique optical properties.Unfortunately,the utilization of visible light,electron-hole recombination and electron conductivity have hindered its potential applications in the fields of photocatalytic degradation and electrochemical detection.Although previous publications have highlighted the diverse modification methods for the g-C_(3)N_(4)-based materials,the underlying structure-performance relationships of g-C_(3)N_(4),especially for the detection and degradation of antibiotics,remains to be further explored.In view of this,the current review centered on the recent progress in the modification techniques of g-C_(3)N_(4),the detection and degradation of antibiotics using the g-C_(3)N_(4)-based materials,as well as the potential antibiotic degradation mechanisms of the g-C_(3)N_(4)-based materials.Additionally,the underlying applications of the g-C_(3)N_(4)-based materials for antibiotic detection and degradation were also prospected.This review would provide a valuable research foundation and the up-to-date information for the g-C_(3)N_(4)-based materials to combat antibiotic pollution in the environment.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52105577)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LQ22E050001)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo(Grant Nos.2024J427 and 2023J376)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M753510)Ningbo Yongjiang Talent Introduction Programme(Grant No.2021A-137-G)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(Grant Nos.11200623 and RFS2021-1S05).
文摘Piezoceramic is ubiquitously used in high-performance sensors and actuators.Three-dimensional(3D)printing of lead zirconate titanate(PZT)is attractive and highly desired for such device applications,but most of the existing methods are inherently limited to micron resolution,which makes them untenable for fabricating complex 3D architectures with high-definition features.Here,an electrohydrodynamic jet(E-Jet)nanoprinting strategy has been proposed to fabricate PZT 3D structures with the characteristics of flexibility and scalability.Different kinds of 3D PZT true nanostructures(resolution∼40 nm,aspect ratio∼400)were directly fabricated using a 100μm-sized nozzle.And the PZT nanostructures exhibited well-developed perovskite crystal morphology,large elastic strain(elongation≈13%),and high piezoelectric property(d_(31)≈(236.5×10^(−12))C·N^(-1)).A bionic PZT air-flow sensor was printed to monitor air-flow detection,demonstrating well sensitivity with ultra-slow air-flow of 0.02 m·s^(-1).The discovery reveals an efficient pathway to 3D-printing PZT nanostructures for next-generation high-performance piezoelectric devices.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology(ICT)(NRF-2020M3H4A3106354)Korea Government(MSIT,RS-2023-00213022)the Korea Institution of Science and Technology(KIST)internal projects.
文摘The photochemical conversion of plastic waste into valuable resources under ambient conditions is challenging.Achieving efficient photocatalytic conversion necessitates intimate contact between the photocatalyst and plastic substrate,as water molecules are readily oxidized by photogenerated holes,potentially bypassing the plastic as the electron donor.This study demonstrated a novel strategy for depositing polystyrene(PS)waste onto a photoanode by leveraging its solubility in specific organic solvents,including acetone and chloroform,thus enhancing the interface contact.We used an anodization technique to fabricate a skeleton-like porous tungsten oxide(WO_(3))structure,which exhibited higher durability against detachment from a conductive substrate than the WO_(3) photoanode fabricated using the doctor blade method.Upon illumination,the photogenerated holes were transferred from WO_(3) to PS,promoting the oxidative degradation of plastic waste under ambient conditions.Consequently,the oxidative degradation of PS on the anode side generated carbon dioxide,while the cathodic process produced hydrogen gas through water reduction.Our findings pave the way for sunlight-driven plastic waste treatment technologies that concurrently generate valuable fuels or chemicals and offer the dual benefits of cost savings and environmental protection.
文摘This study presents an emission inventory for 2022,focusing on assessing the emissions of PM_(2.5),PM_(10),NO_(x),SO_(2),CO,and VOC from India's road transport,residential,and thermal power sectors.Road transport emissions were estimated using a vehicle kilometer traveled methodology derived from a survey of 200,000 vehicles.A regression analysis was conducted to assess residential fuel usage,considering recent changes in consumption patterns and updated data on cleaner fuels.Estimates for the thermal power sector were based on emission monitoring data.The residential sector is the predominant source of PM_(2.5)(1112 kt),PM_(10)(1678 kt),CO(10630 kt),and VOC(2558 kt).The thermal power sector is the predominant source of secondary air pollutant precursors such as NO_(x)(2328 kt)and SO_(2)(4694 kt).India has the highest emission intensity per gross domestic product(GDP)across sectors compared to other countries.For example,PM_(2.5)emissions per GDP from the roads in India are 14,21,and 10 times that of those in China,the USA,and Europe.The southern(29%),eastern(30%),and central(36%)regions were the notable contributors to emissions from transport,residential,and thermal power sectors.Urban areas contributed 5%of the total residential sector emissions across India but 25%of the total road transport sector emissions nationwide.Moreover,power plants within or near the non-attainment cities were responsible for 12%of the overall thermal power pollution recorded across India.The study identifies unequal emission burdens,with economically disadvantaged regions bearing the brunt.
基金funding from the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program through the Starting Grant GEoREST(grant agreement No.801809)support by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by"European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR"through the‘Ramón y Cajal’fellowship(reference RYC2021-032780-I)+9 种基金funding by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by“ERDF,EU”through the‘HydroPoreII’project(reference PID2022-137652NBC44)support by the Institute for Korea Spent Nuclear Fuel(iKSNF)National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT,MSIT)(2021M2E1A1085196)support by the Swedish Radiation Safety(SSM),Swedish Transport Administration(Trafikverket),Swedish Rock Engineering Foundation(BeFo),and Nordic Energy Research(Grant 187658)supported by the US Department of Energy(DOE),the Officeof Nuclear Energy,Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology Campaign,and by the US Department of Energy(DOE),the Office of Basic Energy Sciences,Chemical Sciences,Geosciences,and Biosciences Division both under Contract Number DE-AC02-05CH11231 with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorysupport from the US National Science Foundation(grant CMMI-2239630)funding from the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme(grant agreement No.101002507)the UK Natural Environment Research Council(NERC)for funding SeisGreen Project(Grant No.NE/W009293/1)which supported this workthe Royal Society UK for supporting this research through fellowship UF160443IMEDEA is an accredited"Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit"(Grant CEX2021-001198,funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).
文摘Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes in fractured rock are playing a crucial role in geoscience and geoengineering applications.Diverse and conceptually distinct approaches have emerged over the past decades in both continuum and discontinuum perspectives leading to significant progress in their comprehending and modeling.This review paper offers an integrated perspective on existing modeling methodologies providing guidance for model selection based on the initial and boundary conditions.By comparing various models,one can better assess the uncertainties in predictions,particularly those related to the conceptual models.The review explores how these methodologies have significantlyenhanced the fundamental understanding of how fractures respond to fluid injection and production,and improved predictive capabilities pertaining to coupled processes within fractured systems.It emphasizes the importance of utilizing advanced computational technologies and thoroughly considering fundamental theories and principles established through past experimental evidence and practical experience.The selection and calibration of model parameters should be based on typical ranges and applied to the specificconditions of applications.The challenges arising from inherent heterogeneity and uncertainties,nonlinear THM coupled processes,scale dependence,and computational limitations in representing fieldscale fractures are discussed.Realizing potential advances on computational capacity calls for methodical conceptualization,mathematical modeling,selection of numerical solution strategies,implementation,and calibration to foster simulation outcomes that intricately reflectthe nuanced complexities of geological phenomena.Future research efforts should focus on innovative approaches to tackle the hurdles and advance the state-of-the-art in this critical fieldof study.
