This paper will look at the importance that the migrant labors in China are doing today. The main question posed in this paper is “how migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development？”. Furthermore, t...This paper will look at the importance that the migrant labors in China are doing today. The main question posed in this paper is “how migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development？”. Furthermore, the paper will answer the following sub-questions： （1） Is migration an important factor in the development of rural areas？ （2） Can migration bridge the poverty gap between urban and rural areas？ The objectives of this paper are the following： （1） to identify the migrant labors contributions in China’s rural development; （2） to look into the importance of migration for the rural Chinese; and （3） to know and analyze the problems that migrant workers in China are facing in relation to their migratory work. Furthermore, this paper posits that migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development through their remittances, their investments, and the new knowledge and techniques that they acquired in the urban areas which they share in their home areas. In addition to that, this research looks at the migrant labors’ remittances, their investments, and the new knowledge and techniques that they acquired in their home areas as their contributions to rural development.展开更多
In this paper I will re-contextualize Lu Xun＇s early thought, as evidenced in his lengthy classical-style essays, which are concerned with issues in literature, philosophy, politics and aesthetics during an era when ...In this paper I will re-contextualize Lu Xun＇s early thought, as evidenced in his lengthy classical-style essays, which are concerned with issues in literature, philosophy, politics and aesthetics during an era when China was facing profound cultural changes. Part of their significance lies in the way they provide us with an unabashed glimpse at what Lu Xun set out to accomplish, early on, in his new-found literary career. Although they are mainly the product of his final Lehrjahre （years of study） in Japan, the fact that he chose to include the two longest of them in the very first pages of his important 1926 anthology Fen （The grave） indicates that he considered the views expressed therein neither too immature nor too pass- to reprint at the height of his career as a creative writer. In fact, he wrote that one of his reasons for doing so was that a number of the literary figures and issues treated in these essays had, ironically, taken on an increased relevance for China ＂since the founding of the Republic.＂ The central concern of all the essays turns on questions of cultural crisis and transition. What I propose to do in this paper is to re-examine the essays within the context in which they first appeared, i.e., the expatriate Chinese journal Henan, then published in Tokyo as an unofficial organ of the anti-Manchu Tongmenghui （Revolutionary Alliance）.展开更多
Not long after he withdrew from medical studies at Sendai and returned to Tokyo in 1906, Lu Xun began research on the history and philosophy of science, modern European thought, and comparative literature which produc...Not long after he withdrew from medical studies at Sendai and returned to Tokyo in 1906, Lu Xun began research on the history and philosophy of science, modern European thought, and comparative literature which produced five treatises he eventually published in an archaistic classical prose style influenced by that of Zhang Taiyan. Central to, and the longest among these essays is Moluo shi li shuo （On the power of Mara Poetry）, which focuses on literature East and West and, in particular, the Byronic poets and their international legacy. In translating, annotating, and analyzing this essay, one meets with a number of quotations and terms derived originally from Western sources, sometimes through a secondary Japanese, German, or English translation. This article will focus on issues that arise in the translation and interpretation of that essay, in particular on the question of determining the source text, what bearing that has or should have on scholarly translation and how the study of textual issues can shed light not only on texts but also on literary and intellectual history. It offers an analysis of Lu Xun＇s own interpretation of the source texts as well as conclusions reflecting on the significance of his literary career and broader mission.展开更多
The extent of Lu Xun＇s identification with the cause of the revolutionists who worked to bring about the 1911 Revolution has been the subject of debate among scholars ever since the year after his death when his brot...The extent of Lu Xun＇s identification with the cause of the revolutionists who worked to bring about the 1911 Revolution has been the subject of debate among scholars ever since the year after his death when his brother Zhou Zuoren emphatically denied his membership in the Guangfu Hui. The scholars who think he did join （and actively participate in） that revolutionary organization rely on attributions to Lu Xun by third parties who conversed with him late in his life, but Lu Xun never actually addressed this question in his written or published works and, despite his student-teacher relationship with Zhang Taiyan （and therefore by inference the Tokyo and Zhejiang branches of the Guangfu Hui）, no one has ever brought forth archival evidence to support the claim of his membership. Here I will examine the classical-style poetry Lu Xun wrote before and after the event in order to gauge through first-hand evidence his disposition toward the Republican revolution and the historic transition it signaled for China.展开更多
The death of Lu Xun(1881-1936),founder of modern Chinese literature,who later became the leader of the intellectual opposition to the Kuomintang government,has never elicited much discussion in Western scholarly circl...The death of Lu Xun(1881-1936),founder of modern Chinese literature,who later became the leader of the intellectual opposition to the Kuomintang government,has never elicited much discussion in Western scholarly circles.The author of this article suggests that may have been due to Lu Xun;s own talent as a sardonic humorist,in that he effectively dismissed speculation on it with his memorable essay on“Death”(S〇,written after he had recovered什om a bout of illness,but before the days leading up to his actual death.By contrast,there has been contention on the subject in China for over eighty years,resulting in an inte「nat:ional investigation that mustered a team of physicians to pour over the still-extant x-ray image of his lungs,learned scholars in both countries to quibble over whether the character vvu(five)could be mistaken for san(three),if written cursively,and two worldwide sojourns by Dr.Izumi Hyonosuke(1930-2018),a Japanese medical historian,in search of the descendants and the ancestral graves of Dr.Thomas Balflour Dunn(1886-1948),the American pulmonary specialist who examined Lu Xun in person.The author of this article was at several points engaged in this multinational project.The article traces the historical origins of the dispute back to the 1930s,continues into the 1980s,and concludes with the current state of affairs in China and Japan,reading the debate against historical evidence(Lu Xun’s diary,correspondence,and the“record of treatment”by his Japanese physician)and the growing international tensions during Lu Xun’s final years.展开更多
This article makes a reinterpretation of Lu Xun's acclaimed prose poetry collection Yecao (Wild grass), written between 1924-27, by reading it in conjunct!on with a rediscovered prototype consisting of seven piece...This article makes a reinterpretation of Lu Xun's acclaimed prose poetry collection Yecao (Wild grass), written between 1924-27, by reading it in conjunct!on with a rediscovered prototype consisting of seven pieces published in Guomin gongbao (The citizen's gazette) between August and September 1919 under the title Ziyan ziyu (Talking to oneself). Lu Xunl baihua prose style had advanced considerably in the interim, but the author discerns a degree of thematic overlap between the two collections, on the basis of which he proposes answers to key questions that have been asked about Yecao since its first publication, concluding that it is still as fresh and avant-garde a collection to readers today as it was nearly one hundred years ago.展开更多
This article begins by articulating a new perspective on the translation of Chinese poetry, arguing that the most important of the three well-known ＂difficulties＂ in the translation of Chinese poetry outlined by Yan...This article begins by articulating a new perspective on the translation of Chinese poetry, arguing that the most important of the three well-known ＂difficulties＂ in the translation of Chinese poetry outlined by Yan Fu 严复 （1854-1921）--namely, faithfulness （xin 信）, conveyance （da 达）, and elegance （ya 雅）--should in fact be the one that is least often discussed, da. The author principally interprets da as ＂conveying＂ the mood and then the meaning of the original work into the target language. This position is then illustrated by specific examples from Lu Xun＇s （1881-1936） emotive and highly allusive classical-style poetry, engaging issues regarding its annotation, exegesis, and translation which have arisen in Chinese literary and scholarly circles. The author suggests that since the deployment of affective images has often been designated as an essential and distinguishing characteristic of Chinese poetry, the translation of Chinese poetry into Western languages must make an effort to engage with the original images--not simply resorting to paraphrases or substitutions--and concludes that poetry in translation can and does have important and lasting effects on the literature of the target language.展开更多
文摘This paper will look at the importance that the migrant labors in China are doing today. The main question posed in this paper is “how migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development？”. Furthermore, the paper will answer the following sub-questions： （1） Is migration an important factor in the development of rural areas？ （2） Can migration bridge the poverty gap between urban and rural areas？ The objectives of this paper are the following： （1） to identify the migrant labors contributions in China’s rural development; （2） to look into the importance of migration for the rural Chinese; and （3） to know and analyze the problems that migrant workers in China are facing in relation to their migratory work. Furthermore, this paper posits that migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development through their remittances, their investments, and the new knowledge and techniques that they acquired in the urban areas which they share in their home areas. In addition to that, this research looks at the migrant labors’ remittances, their investments, and the new knowledge and techniques that they acquired in their home areas as their contributions to rural development.
文摘In this paper I will re-contextualize Lu Xun＇s early thought, as evidenced in his lengthy classical-style essays, which are concerned with issues in literature, philosophy, politics and aesthetics during an era when China was facing profound cultural changes. Part of their significance lies in the way they provide us with an unabashed glimpse at what Lu Xun set out to accomplish, early on, in his new-found literary career. Although they are mainly the product of his final Lehrjahre （years of study） in Japan, the fact that he chose to include the two longest of them in the very first pages of his important 1926 anthology Fen （The grave） indicates that he considered the views expressed therein neither too immature nor too pass- to reprint at the height of his career as a creative writer. In fact, he wrote that one of his reasons for doing so was that a number of the literary figures and issues treated in these essays had, ironically, taken on an increased relevance for China ＂since the founding of the Republic.＂ The central concern of all the essays turns on questions of cultural crisis and transition. What I propose to do in this paper is to re-examine the essays within the context in which they first appeared, i.e., the expatriate Chinese journal Henan, then published in Tokyo as an unofficial organ of the anti-Manchu Tongmenghui （Revolutionary Alliance）.
文摘Not long after he withdrew from medical studies at Sendai and returned to Tokyo in 1906, Lu Xun began research on the history and philosophy of science, modern European thought, and comparative literature which produced five treatises he eventually published in an archaistic classical prose style influenced by that of Zhang Taiyan. Central to, and the longest among these essays is Moluo shi li shuo （On the power of Mara Poetry）, which focuses on literature East and West and, in particular, the Byronic poets and their international legacy. In translating, annotating, and analyzing this essay, one meets with a number of quotations and terms derived originally from Western sources, sometimes through a secondary Japanese, German, or English translation. This article will focus on issues that arise in the translation and interpretation of that essay, in particular on the question of determining the source text, what bearing that has or should have on scholarly translation and how the study of textual issues can shed light not only on texts but also on literary and intellectual history. It offers an analysis of Lu Xun＇s own interpretation of the source texts as well as conclusions reflecting on the significance of his literary career and broader mission.
文摘The extent of Lu Xun＇s identification with the cause of the revolutionists who worked to bring about the 1911 Revolution has been the subject of debate among scholars ever since the year after his death when his brother Zhou Zuoren emphatically denied his membership in the Guangfu Hui. The scholars who think he did join （and actively participate in） that revolutionary organization rely on attributions to Lu Xun by third parties who conversed with him late in his life, but Lu Xun never actually addressed this question in his written or published works and, despite his student-teacher relationship with Zhang Taiyan （and therefore by inference the Tokyo and Zhejiang branches of the Guangfu Hui）, no one has ever brought forth archival evidence to support the claim of his membership. Here I will examine the classical-style poetry Lu Xun wrote before and after the event in order to gauge through first-hand evidence his disposition toward the Republican revolution and the historic transition it signaled for China.
基金the Australian Research Council(ARC)for support toward this research in project DP110105120.
文摘The death of Lu Xun(1881-1936),founder of modern Chinese literature,who later became the leader of the intellectual opposition to the Kuomintang government,has never elicited much discussion in Western scholarly circles.The author of this article suggests that may have been due to Lu Xun;s own talent as a sardonic humorist,in that he effectively dismissed speculation on it with his memorable essay on“Death”(S〇,written after he had recovered什om a bout of illness,but before the days leading up to his actual death.By contrast,there has been contention on the subject in China for over eighty years,resulting in an inte「nat:ional investigation that mustered a team of physicians to pour over the still-extant x-ray image of his lungs,learned scholars in both countries to quibble over whether the character vvu(five)could be mistaken for san(three),if written cursively,and two worldwide sojourns by Dr.Izumi Hyonosuke(1930-2018),a Japanese medical historian,in search of the descendants and the ancestral graves of Dr.Thomas Balflour Dunn(1886-1948),the American pulmonary specialist who examined Lu Xun in person.The author of this article was at several points engaged in this multinational project.The article traces the historical origins of the dispute back to the 1930s,continues into the 1980s,and concludes with the current state of affairs in China and Japan,reading the debate against historical evidence(Lu Xun’s diary,correspondence,and the“record of treatment”by his Japanese physician)and the growing international tensions during Lu Xun’s final years.
文摘This article makes a reinterpretation of Lu Xun's acclaimed prose poetry collection Yecao (Wild grass), written between 1924-27, by reading it in conjunct!on with a rediscovered prototype consisting of seven pieces published in Guomin gongbao (The citizen's gazette) between August and September 1919 under the title Ziyan ziyu (Talking to oneself). Lu Xunl baihua prose style had advanced considerably in the interim, but the author discerns a degree of thematic overlap between the two collections, on the basis of which he proposes answers to key questions that have been asked about Yecao since its first publication, concluding that it is still as fresh and avant-garde a collection to readers today as it was nearly one hundred years ago.
文摘This article begins by articulating a new perspective on the translation of Chinese poetry, arguing that the most important of the three well-known ＂difficulties＂ in the translation of Chinese poetry outlined by Yan Fu 严复 （1854-1921）--namely, faithfulness （xin 信）, conveyance （da 达）, and elegance （ya 雅）--should in fact be the one that is least often discussed, da. The author principally interprets da as ＂conveying＂ the mood and then the meaning of the original work into the target language. This position is then illustrated by specific examples from Lu Xun＇s （1881-1936） emotive and highly allusive classical-style poetry, engaging issues regarding its annotation, exegesis, and translation which have arisen in Chinese literary and scholarly circles. The author suggests that since the deployment of affective images has often been designated as an essential and distinguishing characteristic of Chinese poetry, the translation of Chinese poetry into Western languages must make an effort to engage with the original images--not simply resorting to paraphrases or substitutions--and concludes that poetry in translation can and does have important and lasting effects on the literature of the target language.
