Objective:To investigate the epidemiological situation of cercarial trematodes infection in freshwater snails from different water resources in Chiang Mai province,Thailand.Methods:The snail specimens were collected f...Objective:To investigate the epidemiological situation of cercarial trematodes infection in freshwater snails from different water resources in Chiang Mai province,Thailand.Methods:The snail specimens were collected from 13 districts of Chiang Mai province during April 2008 to February 2012.The prevalence of cercarial infection in snails was investigated using the crushing method.The drawing was done with the help of a camera lucida for the morphological study.Results:A total of 2479 snail individuals were collected and classified into 7 families,11 genera,and 14 species,Among them,8 snails species were found to be infected with an overall prevalence of 17.27%(428/2479),which infected with nine groups of cercariae;gymnocephalous cercaria,strigea cercaria,megalurous cercaria,monostome cercaria,parapleurolophocercous cercaria(Haplorchis cercaria),pleurolophocercous cercaria,furcocercous cercaria(Transversotrema cercaria),xiphidiocercaria,and virgulate cercaria.The parapleurolophocercous cercaria was found to be the dominant type among the cercarial infection in the snails(64.25%).Conclusions:The various species of snails found in the research location act as the intermediate hosts for the high prevalence of parasitic infection of many species of mammals.This work will provide new information on both the distribution and first intermediate host of trematodes.展开更多
The Changning-Menglian suture in SW Yunnan has been accepted as the Paleotethyan main ocean. However, it has been a matter of debate as to its southerly extension in NW Thailand（the Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai vs. Nan-Utta...The Changning-Menglian suture in SW Yunnan has been accepted as the Paleotethyan main ocean. However, it has been a matter of debate as to its southerly extension in NW Thailand（the Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai vs. Nan-Uttaradit zone）. Our field investigation identified the high-iron basaltic rocks in the Chiang Dao Permian standard profile in NW Thailand. The high-iron rocks provide crucial records for understanding the controversy on the location of Paleotethyan main ocean in NW Thailand. The Early Permian high-iron samples show extremely high Fe Ot（20.96 wt.%–25.56 wt.%） and TiO2（6.07 wt.%–6.34 wt.%） and low SiO2（38.54 wt.%–43.46 wt.%） and Mg O（1.61 wt.%–2.40 wt.%） contents. Such characteristics are similar to those of the Fenner differentiation trend rarely observed in the natural system, distinct from those of the ＂normal＂ Bowen trend. Their chondrite- normalized REE and primitive mantle-normalized patterns are generally similar to those of typical OIB. The initial 87Sr/86 Sr ratios and εNd（t） values range from 0.704 677 to 0.705 103 and 3.16 to 3.48, respectively, falling near the field of typical OIB（oceanic-island basalt）. These data synthetically suggest that the Chiang Dao high-iron rocks are the products of high-degree partial melting of peridotite with Fe-rich eclogitic blobs/streaks in response to a seamount setting. In comparison with the Permian tectonic setting in SW Yunnan and NW Thailand, it is inferred that the Paleotethyan Ocean was located between the Shan-Thai terrane of Sibumasu and Sukhothai arc along the Inthanon zone of the Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai rather than Nan-Uttaradit zones.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the infection of Fasciola gigantka(F.gigantka)in domestic cattle from Chiang Mai province and molecular confirmation using ITS-2 region.Methods:The liver and gall bladder of Bubalus bubalis(B....Objective:To investigate the infection of Fasciola gigantka(F.gigantka)in domestic cattle from Chiang Mai province and molecular confirmation using ITS-2 region.Methods:The liver and gall bladder of Bubalus bubalis(B.bubalis)and Bos taurus(B.taunts)from slaughterhouses were examined adult worms and prevalence investigation.The species confirmation with phylogenetic analysis using ITS-2 sequences was performed by maximum likelihood and UPGMA methods.Results:The total prevalences of infection in B.bubalis and Bubalus taurus(B.taurus)were67.27%and 52.94%respectively.The respective prevalence in both B.bubalis and B.taurus were acquired from Doi-Saket,Muang,and Sanpatong districts,with 81.25%,62.50%and 60.00%for B.bubalis and 62.50%,50.00%and 47.06%for Bos taunts respectively.The species confirmation of F.gigantka and some related species by basing on maximum likelihood and UPGMA methods used,4 groups of trematodes were generated,first F.gigantka group including specimen of Chiang Mai,second 2 samples of F.hepatica,third group of 3 rumen flukes;Orthocoelium streptocoelium,F.elongatus and Paramphistomum epliclitum and fourth group of 3 minute intestinal flukes:Haplorchis taichui,Stellantchasmu falcatus.Haplorchoides sp.and liver fluke;Opisthorchis civerrini respectively.Conclusions:These results can be confirmed the Giant liver fluke which mainly caused fascioliasis in Chiang Mai was identified as F.gigantka and specimens were the same as those of F.gigantka recorded in olher different countries.Nucleotide sequence of ITS-2 region has been proven as effective diagnostic tool for the identification of F.gigantka.展开更多
The main objective of this research was to study the pattern and suggestion in ICT usage of tourism business in Chiang Mai. One hundred ninety questionnaires, referred from ICT usage pattern in organization which was ...The main objective of this research was to study the pattern and suggestion in ICT usage of tourism business in Chiang Mai. One hundred ninety questionnaires, referred from ICT usage pattern in organization which was divided into three sections： office work, communication/contacts and public relation/advertising, were gathered from tourism business in four districts in Chiang Mai. Results showed that of the tourism business only 54.7% have their own websites. Using ICT for public relations and advertisement purpose, hotel/accommodation was the highest users with majority as 29.3%; followed by tour operator with majority as 26.3%; transportation and souvenir was the lowest number of users with minority as 50.0% and 25.0%. For communication purpose hotel/accommodation business and tour operator business were high users with majority as 56.1% and 43.4% followed by restaurant business as moderate user with majority as 50.0%; and transportation business as the lowest user with minority as 31.1%. The paper suggested to owners of tourism businesses the following： （1） training on ICT application; （2） setting up center of tourism information; （3） low cost of intemet requirement from small tourism business because they lack technical person on ICT usage. Both the local and national governments should have important roles in supporting the small and medium tourism enterprises by providing good public facilities, technical expertise and easy information access.展开更多
Cervical cancer is the one of the most common cancer in female patients inThailand. Radiotherapy has the role for the treatment of cervical cancer by postoperative, radical and palliative treatments. For radical radio...Cervical cancer is the one of the most common cancer in female patients inThailand. Radiotherapy has the role for the treatment of cervical cancer by postoperative, radical and palliative treatments. For radical radiotherapy, the combination of external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy will be used to increase the tumor dose to curative goal. With the new development of medical images (Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Ultrasonography (US)), the treatment with brachytherapy will be developed from point-based to volume-based concepts. Many studies reported the benefit of image-based brachytherapy over conventional brachytherapy and clinical benefit of using image-based brachytherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer.展开更多
Purpose: To report the retrospective study of using intravaginal brachytherapy as adjuvant monotherapy for endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: From 2001-2009, 47 patients who received completely surgical stagin...Purpose: To report the retrospective study of using intravaginal brachytherapy as adjuvant monotherapy for endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: From 2001-2009, 47 patients who received completely surgical staging for endometrial carcinoma and were designed by multidisciplinary team were enrolled. All patients received intravaginal brachytherapy (IVBT) with the dose of 5.5 - 7 Gy in 2 - 6 fractions. The treatment results and late toxicities were evaluated and recorded. Results: At the median follow-up time of 44 months, the local control, disease-free survival, metastasis-free survival and overall survival rates were 100%, 97.9%, 97.9% and, 97.9%, respectively. Only age showed the statistical significance with the p-value of 0.046. Two patients (4.3%) developed late genitourinary toxicity. Conclusion: The using of adjuvant IVBT as monotherapy for endometrial carcinoma is feasible.展开更多
This study determined the levels of microcystins in water and fish from Phayao Lake, Phayao Province and selected fish ponds along the Ing River tributary in Chiang Rai Province. Samples were collected monthly for 8 m...This study determined the levels of microcystins in water and fish from Phayao Lake, Phayao Province and selected fish ponds along the Ing River tributary in Chiang Rai Province. Samples were collected monthly for 8 months (January to August 2011 for Phayao Lake, and November 2008 to June 2009 for fish ponds) and were analyzed by HPLC. The highest total microcystin-LR levels in water and fish in Phayao Lake were recorded in April 2010 at 2.60 ± 2.48 μg·L-1 and 0.20 ± 0.03 μg·kg-1 dry weight, respectively. Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz were the dominant species (271.6 ± 72.4 mm3/m3) in the lake. Colony number of Microcystis spp showed a positive correlation with soluble orthophosphate (r2 = 0.77). Similarly, Nile tilapia ponds surveyed along the tributary in Chiang Rai were contaminated with microcystins as well. The highest concentration detected in water was in March 2009 (0.58 ± 0.24 μg·L-1), whilst the maximum concentration in fish was recorded in April 2009 (2.68 ± 0.51 μg·kg-1 dry weight). Microcystis spp. dominated the pond waters and was positively correlated with chlorophyll a (r2=0.80) and soluble nitrate (r2=0.71). The highest concentration of the cyanobacteria was recorded in February 2009 at 4272.5 ± 62.3 mm3/m3. Results showed that total microcystin-LR concentration in fish in Chiang Rai ponds were higher than in Phayao Lake. This study suggested the possible health risks associated with the bioaccumulation of microcystins in fish (Nile tilapia) cultivated in fish ponds along the tributary in Chiang Rai and in Phayao Lake.展开更多
Often, the word ＂community＂ and ＂sustainability＂ are interlinked in 21st century development approaches. Most development communicators have focused on top-down communication strategies and used various means to d...Often, the word ＂community＂ and ＂sustainability＂ are interlinked in 21st century development approaches. Most development communicators have focused on top-down communication strategies and used various means to diffuse the message to the target community. However, with the change in media landscape today, the challenge is how to select the ＂right＂ communication application to foster the behavioral and cognitive sustainable changes in their own community. This research aims to investigate theatrical performance as sustainable communicative means demonstrating environmental issues and the concepts of sustainable development among high school students and Chiang Mai University students. With the application of ＂Devised Theatre＂, the process provides a space to investigate the attributes, characteristics and development of community theatre on how it reflects the concept of communication for social change. The research, therefore, examines the outcome of this creative social application tool and utilizes Practice as Research （PAR） a research methodology. The result will reveal the following： （1） how dramatic arts can be an effective means of social marketing to raise ＂awareness＂ on environmental issues; （2） how the performance raises environmental awareness in not only physical and psychological phases, but also spiritual dimension as a learning process among the participants, and （3） the sustainability of theatrical social application tool in which the participants of devised theatre project （devisees） can become the devisors in order to form new generation of the devisees--the teenage audience.展开更多
Purpose: To report the retrospective study of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) ± intravaginal brachytherapy (IVBT) as adjuvant treatment for endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: From 2001-2009, 152 patient...Purpose: To report the retrospective study of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) ± intravaginal brachytherapy (IVBT) as adjuvant treatment for endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: From 2001-2009, 152 patients received complete surgical staging for endometrial carcinoma and were designed by a multidisciplinary team to receive EBRT ± IVBT. The treatment results and late toxicities were evaluated and recorded. Results: At the median follow-up time of 43 months, the disease-free survival, metastasis-free survival and overall survival rates were 96.9%, 96.9% and 96.9%, respectively. Stage and age showed the statistical significance with the p-value of less than 0.001. From five to ten percent of patients developed Grades 1-2 late gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities, respectively. Conclusion: The using of adjuvant EBRT ± IVBT for endometrial?carcinoma yielded treatment results and acceptable toxicities.展开更多
The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors of malnutrition and its association with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) among Karen hill tribe children. We conducted a study on blood samples from children...The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors of malnutrition and its association with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) among Karen hill tribe children. We conducted a study on blood samples from children from Baan Yang Poa School, Chiang Mai, Thailand aged between 9 and 15 years old. Of 193 children, 31 (16.1%) had malnutrition and 12 (6.2%) had IDA. Children who had at least five family members were found to have a significantly higher risk of malnutrition (P = 0.005), a reflection of the importance of socioeconomic factors in the problem of malnutrition. We also found that malnutrition was not associated with IDA although the assessment of the association of malnutrition and other types of anaemia is still of interest.展开更多
The relationships between Araceae diversity and altitude gradients in mountain ecosystem at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province in Thailand, were studied during January 2016-March 2018. The strip-plots, ...The relationships between Araceae diversity and altitude gradients in mountain ecosystem at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province in Thailand, were studied during January 2016-March 2018. The strip-plots, 10 m × 1,000 m along the five nature trails, were established from 300-500, 501-800, 801-1,100, 1,101-1,400, 1,401-1,685 m above mean sea level (amsl). Twenty species of 11 genera were found. Alocasia navicularis and Lemna sp. were found at 300-500 m amsl, wild taro (Colocasia esculenta) was at 300-800 m amsl, A. acuminata was at 300-1,400 m amsl, while Amorphophallus krausei, Hapaline benthamiana, Lasia spinosa, Rhaphidophora chevalieri and R. megaphylla were at 501-800 m amsl, but dwarf taro (C. affinis) was at 501-1,400 m amsl, Homalomena aromatica was at 801-1,100 m amsl, A. fuscus, A. thaiensis were at 801-1,685 m amsl, A. yunnanensis was at 1,101-1,685 m amsl, only five species, Arisaema consanguineum, A. kerrii, Remusatia hookeriana, R. peepla and Sauromatum horsfieldii were found at 1,401-1,685 m amsl. Species diversity in the rainy season was the highest (1.75), the top five dominant species were dwarf taro (C. affinis), wild taro (C. esculenta), A. fuscus, A. acuminata and A. thaiensis (importance value index (IVI%): 61.54, 24.13, 17.12, 16.52 and 9.60, respectively). In dry season, the dominant species was wild taro. The altitude gradients showed the main effect on diversity and distribution of Araceae.展开更多
Purpose:This study aims to examine the level of behavioral health integration in primary care clinics among patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Chiang Mai,Thailand.It also aims to explore the provider pe...Purpose:This study aims to examine the level of behavioral health integration in primary care clinics among patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Chiang Mai,Thailand.It also aims to explore the provider perceived prevalence of behavioral problems and need for an expert behavioral health consultant on the primary care team and the risk and protective factors of the patients’psychological and cardio-metabolic health outcomes.Methodology:Using survey data between 2017 and 2018 regarding the level of integration as measured by a Practice Integration Profile,provider ratings of prevalence and need based on a Provider Survey,and patient lifestyle and behavioral problems with a Health Risk Assessment in six primary health care settings in Chiang Mai,Thailand(n=335).We conducted ordinary least squares regressions to explore the relationship between each of the patient psychological and cardio-metabolic health outcomes and physical,mental health and substance abuse variables while controlling for the demographics.Results:The results showed overall high levels of integration,but significant variability across clinics.Providers rated prevalence of health risk and need for a Behavioral Health Consultant as moderate.Results of the patient health risk assessment were variable,with some problems high severity,others low.Conclusion:The results reflect a need for integrated behavioral health into the health care system in Thailand especially for those who are in the chronic illness condition.Recommendations for future study include an evaluation of the translation quality and validity and reliability of the study measures under the Thai context.This study fills the research gap of lacking research on the level of integrated care in clinics in Thailand.展开更多
Annual haze in Northern Thailand has become increasingly severe,impacting health and the environment.How-ever,the sources of the haze remain poorly quantified due to limited observational data on aerosol molecular tra...Annual haze in Northern Thailand has become increasingly severe,impacting health and the environment.How-ever,the sources of the haze remain poorly quantified due to limited observational data on aerosol molecular tracers.This study comprehensively investigates chemical composition of PM_(2.5),including both inorganic and organic compounds throughout haze and post-haze periods in 2019 at a rural site of Northern Thailand.Average PM_(2.5) concentrations during haze and post-haze period were 87±36 and 21±11μg/m^(3),respectively.Organic matter was the dominant contributor in PM_(2.5) mass,followed by water soluble inorganic ions and mineral dust.Molecular markers,including levoglucosan,dehydroabietic acid,and 4-nitrocatechol,and ions(Cl^(-),and K^(+)),were used to characterize low haze(PM_(2.5)<100μg/m^(3))and episodic haze(PM_(2.5)>100μg/m^(3)).Low haze is associated with local aerosols from agricultural waste burning,while episodic haze is linked to aged aerosols from mixed agricultural waste,softwood,and hardwood burning.Source apportionment incorporating these molecular markers in receptor modelling(Positive matrix factorization),identified three distinct biomass burning sources:mixed,local,and aged biomass burnings,contributing 31,19 and 13%of PM_(2.5) during haze period.During post-haze period,contributions shifted,with local biomass burning(32%)comparable to secondary sulfate(34%)and mixed dust and traffic sources(26%).These findings demonstrate that both regional and local sources con-tribute to severe haze,highlighting the need for integrated policies for cross-border cooperation as well as stricter regulations to reduce biomass burning in Northern Thailand and Southeast Asia.展开更多
Carbonaceous aerosols affect air quality adversely,affect global warming,and human health.However,our understanding of the impact of ultrafine(PM_(0.1))carbonaceous particulate matter is incomplete,particularly the ef...Carbonaceous aerosols affect air quality adversely,affect global warming,and human health.However,our understanding of the impact of ultrafine(PM_(0.1))carbonaceous particulate matter is incomplete,particularly the effects during haze episodes.This study monitored diurnal variations in PM_(0.1) in Chiang Mai,Thailand,from March to April 2020.We investigated carbonaceous PM_(0.1) collected by an ambient nano-sampler and evaluated their effect by using a carbon analyzer(IMPROVE_TOR).The results showed that burning large open areas in the dry season was crucial for increasing the particle mass concentration because of the large open burnings that occurred in this area.The majority of biomass fires near the sampling site occurred during the night,which would allow more particles to be released thus resulting in higher concentrations of PM_(0.1).Hence,the release of PM_(0.1) during the night would obviously result in higher concentrations than that during the day.In the eight carbon profiles,organic carbon 3(OC3)was predicted to be a marker of biomass fires.The carbon indices displayed that PM_(0.1) was influenced by biomass burning both daytime and nighttime.The findings reported herein should be of great impor-tance in terms of establishing biomass burning control policies for mitigating heavy haze pollution in Thailand and elsewhere.展开更多
The visual integrity of mountains contributing to cultural landscapes as nature-culture attributes is often obscured by the vertical intrusive built environment,especially in bufer areas of protected heritage zones.Th...The visual integrity of mountains contributing to cultural landscapes as nature-culture attributes is often obscured by the vertical intrusive built environment,especially in bufer areas of protected heritage zones.Therefore,this study argued that even low/medium-rise buildings that inappropriately appear in the horizontal visual plane could be a factor increasing sensitivity to this panoramic view.An integrative tool–visual sensitivity assessment–consists of Viewshed and Skyline analysis considering the pedestrian’s visual limitation in identifying the sensitive areas of the mountain view corridor in the historic city of Chiang Mai.The visible mountain areas(VMAs)were determined as a baseline,and their relationship with the visible building areas(VBAs)was then examined using statistical correlation to defne a strong negative relationship as the visual sensitive areas in fve zones.The results showed that the bufer zone was found to have more areas with visual sensitivity values,but this varies depending on the characteristics of buildings and the assessment from the view corridor.Meanwhile,in height-restricted areas,such as historic area zone 5,there are some concerns about the visual intrusion,which necessitates continuous monitoring using the assessment result as a guideline.Incorporating the results into implementation could support cultural landscape conservation in Chiang Mai city.The method is applicable in historic cities with similar settings to produce the baseline for the built environment that is harmonious with the cultural and historical characteristics of the city and with respect to its broader setting.展开更多
BACKGROUND For more than 20 years,family medicine(FM)in Thailand is still looking for its place in our primary care healthcare system as an estab-lished specialty.Historically,primary care in Thailand was provided by ...BACKGROUND For more than 20 years,family medicine(FM)in Thailand is still looking for its place in our primary care healthcare system as an estab-lished specialty.Historically,primary care in Thailand was provided by the new graduates from the medical school.They were assigned to district hospitals as general practitioners(GPs)and were required to serve a 3-year period in various parts of the country.GPs have a primary medical qualification but have not undertaken a specialty in residency.They had to undergo‘on-the job’training while functioning as the first-contact medical care providers in their community.Until the inception of FM residency,GPs could apply for formal medical subspecialty training(similar to the US residency programmes)and could return to teaching hospitals only after the completion of 3 years.展开更多
基金Supported by National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)(Grant No.2555A10402010)
文摘Objective:To investigate the epidemiological situation of cercarial trematodes infection in freshwater snails from different water resources in Chiang Mai province,Thailand.Methods:The snail specimens were collected from 13 districts of Chiang Mai province during April 2008 to February 2012.The prevalence of cercarial infection in snails was investigated using the crushing method.The drawing was done with the help of a camera lucida for the morphological study.Results:A total of 2479 snail individuals were collected and classified into 7 families,11 genera,and 14 species,Among them,8 snails species were found to be infected with an overall prevalence of 17.27%(428/2479),which infected with nine groups of cercariae;gymnocephalous cercaria,strigea cercaria,megalurous cercaria,monostome cercaria,parapleurolophocercous cercaria(Haplorchis cercaria),pleurolophocercous cercaria,furcocercous cercaria(Transversotrema cercaria),xiphidiocercaria,and virgulate cercaria.The parapleurolophocercous cercaria was found to be the dominant type among the cercarial infection in the snails(64.25%).Conclusions:The various species of snails found in the research location act as the intermediate hosts for the high prevalence of parasitic infection of many species of mammals.This work will provide new information on both the distribution and first intermediate host of trematodes.
基金Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41190073 and 41402165the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities to SYSU are gratefully acknowledged
文摘The Changning-Menglian suture in SW Yunnan has been accepted as the Paleotethyan main ocean. However, it has been a matter of debate as to its southerly extension in NW Thailand（the Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai vs. Nan-Uttaradit zone）. Our field investigation identified the high-iron basaltic rocks in the Chiang Dao Permian standard profile in NW Thailand. The high-iron rocks provide crucial records for understanding the controversy on the location of Paleotethyan main ocean in NW Thailand. The Early Permian high-iron samples show extremely high Fe Ot（20.96 wt.%–25.56 wt.%） and TiO2（6.07 wt.%–6.34 wt.%） and low SiO2（38.54 wt.%–43.46 wt.%） and Mg O（1.61 wt.%–2.40 wt.%） contents. Such characteristics are similar to those of the Fenner differentiation trend rarely observed in the natural system, distinct from those of the ＂normal＂ Bowen trend. Their chondrite- normalized REE and primitive mantle-normalized patterns are generally similar to those of typical OIB. The initial 87Sr/86 Sr ratios and εNd（t） values range from 0.704 677 to 0.705 103 and 3.16 to 3.48, respectively, falling near the field of typical OIB（oceanic-island basalt）. These data synthetically suggest that the Chiang Dao high-iron rocks are the products of high-degree partial melting of peridotite with Fe-rich eclogitic blobs/streaks in response to a seamount setting. In comparison with the Permian tectonic setting in SW Yunnan and NW Thailand, it is inferred that the Paleotethyan Ocean was located between the Shan-Thai terrane of Sibumasu and Sukhothai arc along the Inthanon zone of the Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai rather than Nan-Uttaradit zones.
文摘Objective:To investigate the infection of Fasciola gigantka(F.gigantka)in domestic cattle from Chiang Mai province and molecular confirmation using ITS-2 region.Methods:The liver and gall bladder of Bubalus bubalis(B.bubalis)and Bos taurus(B.taunts)from slaughterhouses were examined adult worms and prevalence investigation.The species confirmation with phylogenetic analysis using ITS-2 sequences was performed by maximum likelihood and UPGMA methods.Results:The total prevalences of infection in B.bubalis and Bubalus taurus(B.taurus)were67.27%and 52.94%respectively.The respective prevalence in both B.bubalis and B.taurus were acquired from Doi-Saket,Muang,and Sanpatong districts,with 81.25%,62.50%and 60.00%for B.bubalis and 62.50%,50.00%and 47.06%for Bos taunts respectively.The species confirmation of F.gigantka and some related species by basing on maximum likelihood and UPGMA methods used,4 groups of trematodes were generated,first F.gigantka group including specimen of Chiang Mai,second 2 samples of F.hepatica,third group of 3 rumen flukes;Orthocoelium streptocoelium,F.elongatus and Paramphistomum epliclitum and fourth group of 3 minute intestinal flukes:Haplorchis taichui,Stellantchasmu falcatus.Haplorchoides sp.and liver fluke;Opisthorchis civerrini respectively.Conclusions:These results can be confirmed the Giant liver fluke which mainly caused fascioliasis in Chiang Mai was identified as F.gigantka and specimens were the same as those of F.gigantka recorded in olher different countries.Nucleotide sequence of ITS-2 region has been proven as effective diagnostic tool for the identification of F.gigantka.
文摘The main objective of this research was to study the pattern and suggestion in ICT usage of tourism business in Chiang Mai. One hundred ninety questionnaires, referred from ICT usage pattern in organization which was divided into three sections： office work, communication/contacts and public relation/advertising, were gathered from tourism business in four districts in Chiang Mai. Results showed that of the tourism business only 54.7% have their own websites. Using ICT for public relations and advertisement purpose, hotel/accommodation was the highest users with majority as 29.3%; followed by tour operator with majority as 26.3%; transportation and souvenir was the lowest number of users with minority as 50.0% and 25.0%. For communication purpose hotel/accommodation business and tour operator business were high users with majority as 56.1% and 43.4% followed by restaurant business as moderate user with majority as 50.0%; and transportation business as the lowest user with minority as 31.1%. The paper suggested to owners of tourism businesses the following： （1） training on ICT application; （2） setting up center of tourism information; （3） low cost of intemet requirement from small tourism business because they lack technical person on ICT usage. Both the local and national governments should have important roles in supporting the small and medium tourism enterprises by providing good public facilities, technical expertise and easy information access.
文摘Cervical cancer is the one of the most common cancer in female patients inThailand. Radiotherapy has the role for the treatment of cervical cancer by postoperative, radical and palliative treatments. For radical radiotherapy, the combination of external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy will be used to increase the tumor dose to curative goal. With the new development of medical images (Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Ultrasonography (US)), the treatment with brachytherapy will be developed from point-based to volume-based concepts. Many studies reported the benefit of image-based brachytherapy over conventional brachytherapy and clinical benefit of using image-based brachytherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer.
文摘Purpose: To report the retrospective study of using intravaginal brachytherapy as adjuvant monotherapy for endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: From 2001-2009, 47 patients who received completely surgical staging for endometrial carcinoma and were designed by multidisciplinary team were enrolled. All patients received intravaginal brachytherapy (IVBT) with the dose of 5.5 - 7 Gy in 2 - 6 fractions. The treatment results and late toxicities were evaluated and recorded. Results: At the median follow-up time of 44 months, the local control, disease-free survival, metastasis-free survival and overall survival rates were 100%, 97.9%, 97.9% and, 97.9%, respectively. Only age showed the statistical significance with the p-value of 0.046. Two patients (4.3%) developed late genitourinary toxicity. Conclusion: The using of adjuvant IVBT as monotherapy for endometrial carcinoma is feasible.
文摘This study determined the levels of microcystins in water and fish from Phayao Lake, Phayao Province and selected fish ponds along the Ing River tributary in Chiang Rai Province. Samples were collected monthly for 8 months (January to August 2011 for Phayao Lake, and November 2008 to June 2009 for fish ponds) and were analyzed by HPLC. The highest total microcystin-LR levels in water and fish in Phayao Lake were recorded in April 2010 at 2.60 ± 2.48 μg·L-1 and 0.20 ± 0.03 μg·kg-1 dry weight, respectively. Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz were the dominant species (271.6 ± 72.4 mm3/m3) in the lake. Colony number of Microcystis spp showed a positive correlation with soluble orthophosphate (r2 = 0.77). Similarly, Nile tilapia ponds surveyed along the tributary in Chiang Rai were contaminated with microcystins as well. The highest concentration detected in water was in March 2009 (0.58 ± 0.24 μg·L-1), whilst the maximum concentration in fish was recorded in April 2009 (2.68 ± 0.51 μg·kg-1 dry weight). Microcystis spp. dominated the pond waters and was positively correlated with chlorophyll a (r2=0.80) and soluble nitrate (r2=0.71). The highest concentration of the cyanobacteria was recorded in February 2009 at 4272.5 ± 62.3 mm3/m3. Results showed that total microcystin-LR concentration in fish in Chiang Rai ponds were higher than in Phayao Lake. This study suggested the possible health risks associated with the bioaccumulation of microcystins in fish (Nile tilapia) cultivated in fish ponds along the tributary in Chiang Rai and in Phayao Lake.
文摘Often, the word ＂community＂ and ＂sustainability＂ are interlinked in 21st century development approaches. Most development communicators have focused on top-down communication strategies and used various means to diffuse the message to the target community. However, with the change in media landscape today, the challenge is how to select the ＂right＂ communication application to foster the behavioral and cognitive sustainable changes in their own community. This research aims to investigate theatrical performance as sustainable communicative means demonstrating environmental issues and the concepts of sustainable development among high school students and Chiang Mai University students. With the application of ＂Devised Theatre＂, the process provides a space to investigate the attributes, characteristics and development of community theatre on how it reflects the concept of communication for social change. The research, therefore, examines the outcome of this creative social application tool and utilizes Practice as Research （PAR） a research methodology. The result will reveal the following： （1） how dramatic arts can be an effective means of social marketing to raise ＂awareness＂ on environmental issues; （2） how the performance raises environmental awareness in not only physical and psychological phases, but also spiritual dimension as a learning process among the participants, and （3） the sustainability of theatrical social application tool in which the participants of devised theatre project （devisees） can become the devisors in order to form new generation of the devisees--the teenage audience.
文摘Purpose: To report the retrospective study of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) ± intravaginal brachytherapy (IVBT) as adjuvant treatment for endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: From 2001-2009, 152 patients received complete surgical staging for endometrial carcinoma and were designed by a multidisciplinary team to receive EBRT ± IVBT. The treatment results and late toxicities were evaluated and recorded. Results: At the median follow-up time of 43 months, the disease-free survival, metastasis-free survival and overall survival rates were 96.9%, 96.9% and 96.9%, respectively. Stage and age showed the statistical significance with the p-value of less than 0.001. From five to ten percent of patients developed Grades 1-2 late gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities, respectively. Conclusion: The using of adjuvant EBRT ± IVBT for endometrial?carcinoma yielded treatment results and acceptable toxicities.
文摘The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors of malnutrition and its association with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) among Karen hill tribe children. We conducted a study on blood samples from children from Baan Yang Poa School, Chiang Mai, Thailand aged between 9 and 15 years old. Of 193 children, 31 (16.1%) had malnutrition and 12 (6.2%) had IDA. Children who had at least five family members were found to have a significantly higher risk of malnutrition (P = 0.005), a reflection of the importance of socioeconomic factors in the problem of malnutrition. We also found that malnutrition was not associated with IDA although the assessment of the association of malnutrition and other types of anaemia is still of interest.
文摘The relationships between Araceae diversity and altitude gradients in mountain ecosystem at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province in Thailand, were studied during January 2016-March 2018. The strip-plots, 10 m × 1,000 m along the five nature trails, were established from 300-500, 501-800, 801-1,100, 1,101-1,400, 1,401-1,685 m above mean sea level (amsl). Twenty species of 11 genera were found. Alocasia navicularis and Lemna sp. were found at 300-500 m amsl, wild taro (Colocasia esculenta) was at 300-800 m amsl, A. acuminata was at 300-1,400 m amsl, while Amorphophallus krausei, Hapaline benthamiana, Lasia spinosa, Rhaphidophora chevalieri and R. megaphylla were at 501-800 m amsl, but dwarf taro (C. affinis) was at 501-1,400 m amsl, Homalomena aromatica was at 801-1,100 m amsl, A. fuscus, A. thaiensis were at 801-1,685 m amsl, A. yunnanensis was at 1,101-1,685 m amsl, only five species, Arisaema consanguineum, A. kerrii, Remusatia hookeriana, R. peepla and Sauromatum horsfieldii were found at 1,401-1,685 m amsl. Species diversity in the rainy season was the highest (1.75), the top five dominant species were dwarf taro (C. affinis), wild taro (C. esculenta), A. fuscus, A. acuminata and A. thaiensis (importance value index (IVI%): 61.54, 24.13, 17.12, 16.52 and 9.60, respectively). In dry season, the dominant species was wild taro. The altitude gradients showed the main effect on diversity and distribution of Araceae.
基金supported by USAID Global Development Research(GDR)Scholar grant.
文摘Purpose:This study aims to examine the level of behavioral health integration in primary care clinics among patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Chiang Mai,Thailand.It also aims to explore the provider perceived prevalence of behavioral problems and need for an expert behavioral health consultant on the primary care team and the risk and protective factors of the patients’psychological and cardio-metabolic health outcomes.Methodology:Using survey data between 2017 and 2018 regarding the level of integration as measured by a Practice Integration Profile,provider ratings of prevalence and need based on a Provider Survey,and patient lifestyle and behavioral problems with a Health Risk Assessment in six primary health care settings in Chiang Mai,Thailand(n=335).We conducted ordinary least squares regressions to explore the relationship between each of the patient psychological and cardio-metabolic health outcomes and physical,mental health and substance abuse variables while controlling for the demographics.Results:The results showed overall high levels of integration,but significant variability across clinics.Providers rated prevalence of health risk and need for a Behavioral Health Consultant as moderate.Results of the patient health risk assessment were variable,with some problems high severity,others low.Conclusion:The results reflect a need for integrated behavioral health into the health care system in Thailand especially for those who are in the chronic illness condition.Recommendations for future study include an evaluation of the translation quality and validity and reliability of the study measures under the Thai context.This study fills the research gap of lacking research on the level of integrated care in clinics in Thailand.
文摘Annual haze in Northern Thailand has become increasingly severe,impacting health and the environment.How-ever,the sources of the haze remain poorly quantified due to limited observational data on aerosol molecular tracers.This study comprehensively investigates chemical composition of PM_(2.5),including both inorganic and organic compounds throughout haze and post-haze periods in 2019 at a rural site of Northern Thailand.Average PM_(2.5) concentrations during haze and post-haze period were 87±36 and 21±11μg/m^(3),respectively.Organic matter was the dominant contributor in PM_(2.5) mass,followed by water soluble inorganic ions and mineral dust.Molecular markers,including levoglucosan,dehydroabietic acid,and 4-nitrocatechol,and ions(Cl^(-),and K^(+)),were used to characterize low haze(PM_(2.5)<100μg/m^(3))and episodic haze(PM_(2.5)>100μg/m^(3)).Low haze is associated with local aerosols from agricultural waste burning,while episodic haze is linked to aged aerosols from mixed agricultural waste,softwood,and hardwood burning.Source apportionment incorporating these molecular markers in receptor modelling(Positive matrix factorization),identified three distinct biomass burning sources:mixed,local,and aged biomass burnings,contributing 31,19 and 13%of PM_(2.5) during haze period.During post-haze period,contributions shifted,with local biomass burning(32%)comparable to secondary sulfate(34%)and mixed dust and traffic sources(26%).These findings demonstrate that both regional and local sources con-tribute to severe haze,highlighting the need for integrated policies for cross-border cooperation as well as stricter regulations to reduce biomass burning in Northern Thailand and Southeast Asia.
基金supported by the Office of the Permanent Secretary,Ministry of Higher Education,Science,Research and Innovation,Thailand (Grant No.RGNS 63-253)Moreover,this research work was partially supported by JICA-JST SATREPS (Grant No.JPMJSA2102)JSPS KAKENHI 21H03618。
文摘Carbonaceous aerosols affect air quality adversely,affect global warming,and human health.However,our understanding of the impact of ultrafine(PM_(0.1))carbonaceous particulate matter is incomplete,particularly the effects during haze episodes.This study monitored diurnal variations in PM_(0.1) in Chiang Mai,Thailand,from March to April 2020.We investigated carbonaceous PM_(0.1) collected by an ambient nano-sampler and evaluated their effect by using a carbon analyzer(IMPROVE_TOR).The results showed that burning large open areas in the dry season was crucial for increasing the particle mass concentration because of the large open burnings that occurred in this area.The majority of biomass fires near the sampling site occurred during the night,which would allow more particles to be released thus resulting in higher concentrations of PM_(0.1).Hence,the release of PM_(0.1) during the night would obviously result in higher concentrations than that during the day.In the eight carbon profiles,organic carbon 3(OC3)was predicted to be a marker of biomass fires.The carbon indices displayed that PM_(0.1) was influenced by biomass burning both daytime and nighttime.The findings reported herein should be of great impor-tance in terms of establishing biomass burning control policies for mitigating heavy haze pollution in Thailand and elsewhere.
基金JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP20KK0101,JP20F40066.
文摘The visual integrity of mountains contributing to cultural landscapes as nature-culture attributes is often obscured by the vertical intrusive built environment,especially in bufer areas of protected heritage zones.Therefore,this study argued that even low/medium-rise buildings that inappropriately appear in the horizontal visual plane could be a factor increasing sensitivity to this panoramic view.An integrative tool–visual sensitivity assessment–consists of Viewshed and Skyline analysis considering the pedestrian’s visual limitation in identifying the sensitive areas of the mountain view corridor in the historic city of Chiang Mai.The visible mountain areas(VMAs)were determined as a baseline,and their relationship with the visible building areas(VBAs)was then examined using statistical correlation to defne a strong negative relationship as the visual sensitive areas in fve zones.The results showed that the bufer zone was found to have more areas with visual sensitivity values,but this varies depending on the characteristics of buildings and the assessment from the view corridor.Meanwhile,in height-restricted areas,such as historic area zone 5,there are some concerns about the visual intrusion,which necessitates continuous monitoring using the assessment result as a guideline.Incorporating the results into implementation could support cultural landscape conservation in Chiang Mai city.The method is applicable in historic cities with similar settings to produce the baseline for the built environment that is harmonious with the cultural and historical characteristics of the city and with respect to its broader setting.
文摘BACKGROUND For more than 20 years,family medicine(FM)in Thailand is still looking for its place in our primary care healthcare system as an estab-lished specialty.Historically,primary care in Thailand was provided by the new graduates from the medical school.They were assigned to district hospitals as general practitioners(GPs)and were required to serve a 3-year period in various parts of the country.GPs have a primary medical qualification but have not undertaken a specialty in residency.They had to undergo‘on-the job’training while functioning as the first-contact medical care providers in their community.Until the inception of FM residency,GPs could apply for formal medical subspecialty training(similar to the US residency programmes)and could return to teaching hospitals only after the completion of 3 years.
