In order to facilitate herpetological research for all the herpetologists both in and outside of China, we will report all the type specimens of amphibia and reptilia deposited in the Herpetological Museum of Chengdu ...In order to facilitate herpetological research for all the herpetologists both in and outside of China, we will report all the type specimens of amphibia and reptilia deposited in the Herpetological Museum of Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences in series. This report focuses on the family Rhacophoridae of Anura in Amphibia, including 13 species. The contents of the report include synonym lists and generic transfer of type species, measurements of type specimens, particularly for those with no previously published measurement data, and chromosomal data for each species.展开更多
In order to facilitate herpetological research for herpetologists in and outside of China,we will report all the type specimens of Amphibia and Reptilia deposited in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute ...In order to facilitate herpetological research for herpetologists in and outside of China,we will report all the type specimens of Amphibia and Reptilia deposited in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) in series. This report focuses on the type specimens of the family Hynobiidae of Urodela in Amphibia,which comprises seven species. Each entry provides the genus name,species name,information of the original description,the catalog number of holotype,sex,type locality,information of allotype(if any) and paratype,number and distribution of deposited specimens,and comments where they are appropriate.展开更多
In China,there are over 180 species of snakes in 57 genera and eight families(excluding the family Viperidae). In the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,the snak...In China,there are over 180 species of snakes in 57 genera and eight families(excluding the family Viperidae). In the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,the snake type specimens represent 11 species in 10 genera and three families(Xenopeltidae,Xenodermatidae and Colubridae). As a series of reports on the type specimens of Amphibia and Reptilia deposited in the Herpetological Museum of CIB,this paper focuses on the serpent families excluding Viperidae in the collections at this Museum.展开更多
In China, there are about 37 species of vipers belonging to 12 genera in the family Viperidae. In the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology（CIB）, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the type specimens o...In China, there are about 37 species of vipers belonging to 12 genera in the family Viperidae. In the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology（CIB）, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the type specimens of snakes represent seven species in four genera. As a series of reports on the type specimens of Amphibians and Reptilies deposited in the Herpetological Museum of CIB, this paper focuses on the venomous snake family Viperidae in the collections at this Museum.展开更多
In the present study, we report the six type specimens and two paratypes of eight lizard species in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology（CIB）, Chinese Academy of Sciences（CAS）. Each entry ...In the present study, we report the six type specimens and two paratypes of eight lizard species in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology（CIB）, Chinese Academy of Sciences（CAS）. Each entry provides the information of the original description, the catalog number of the holotype, sex, type locality, and information of allotype and paratype（if any）, number and distribution of deposited specimens, and comments. Additionally, two invalid species and one invalid subspecies are discussed.展开更多
Evaluating the effectivenes s of forest restoration projects is crucial for designing adaptive restoration strategies.However,existing studies have primarily focused on ecological outcomes while overlooking cost input...Evaluating the effectivenes s of forest restoration projects is crucial for designing adaptive restoration strategies.However,existing studies have primarily focused on ecological outcomes while overlooking cost inputs.This gap can lead to increased uncertainties in restoration planning.Here we investigated forest dynamics in China's Upper Yangtze River Basin(UYRB)using kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(kNDVI),Leaf Area Index(LAI),Gross Primary Productivity(GPP),Ku-band Vegetation Optical Depth(Ku-VOD)time series and climate data from1982 to 2020.Subsequently,we employed a residual trend analysis integrating temporal effects to determine the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to forest dynamics before and after the implementation of forest restoration engineering in 1998.Additionally,we developed an Afforestation Efficiency Index(AEI)to quantitatively assess the cost efficiency of afforestation projects.Results indicated that forest in the UYRB showed sustained increases during 1982-2020,with most areas experiencing greater growth after 1998 than before.Temporal effects of climatic factors influenced over 42.7%of the forest,and incorporating time-lag and cumulative effects enhanced climate-based explanations of forest variations by 1.61-24.73%.Human activities emerged as the dominant driver of forest dynamics post 1998,whereas climate variables predominated before this period.The cost-effectiveness of forest restoration projects in the UYRB typically ranges from moderate to high,with higher success predominantly observed in the northeastern and eastern counties,while the central,western,and northwestern counties mainly showed relatively low efficiency.These findings stress the need for assessing forest restoration outcomes from both ecological and cost perspectives,and can offer valuable insights for optimizing the layout of forest restoration initiatives in the UYRB.展开更多
The network structure of M_(2)B in Fe-B-C alloy readily leads to the failure of material.In this work,by adding K2_SO4,the morphology of the M_(2)B was successfully regulated through a synergistic treatment combining ...The network structure of M_(2)B in Fe-B-C alloy readily leads to the failure of material.In this work,by adding K2_SO4,the morphology of the M_(2)B was successfully regulated through a synergistic treatment combining active element modification and heterogeneous nucleation modification.The results show that after the addition of K_(2)SO_(4),a new phaseα-MnS forms in the alloy,and the active element K enriches at the M_(2)B/matrix interface.This inhibits the growth of the network M_(2)B and promotes its transformation from a continuous network structure to an isolated blocky structure.As the K_(2)SO_(4) addition increases from 0wt.%to 4.46wt.%,the shape factor value of M_(2)B increases from 0.067 to 0.353,with an increase of 426%.The impact toughness of the alloy increases from 5.9 J·cm^(-2)to 14.2 J·cm^(-2),and the fracture mode transitions from cleavage fracture to ductile-cleavage mixed fracture.Three-body abrasion tests indicate that with increasing K_(2)SO_(4) addition,the wear weight loss of the alloy gradually decreases.The alloy with 4.46wt.%K_(2)SO_(4) addition exhibits the least wear damage and the best wear resistance.This work provides an effective approach for regulating the microstructure and improving the wear resistance of wear-resistant Fe-B-C alloys.展开更多
Mycorrhizal symbioses are prevalent in terrestrial ecosystems and play essential roles in plant nutrition and health.However,the relative importance of plant evolutionary history,physiology,and eco-geographical factor...Mycorrhizal symbioses are prevalent in terrestrial ecosystems and play essential roles in plant nutrition and health.However,the relative importance of plant evolutionary history,physiology,and eco-geographical factors in shaping mycorrhizal fungal community assembly remains poorly understood.Here,we investigate how plant phylogeny,trophic mode,biogeographic distribution and environmental niche collectively influence the diversity and composition of mycorrhizal fungal communities across the Orchidaceae,spanning broad phylogenetic and ecological scales.By using family-wide orchid-fungal associations and global occurrence data,our analyses showed that the variation in fungal diversity and community structure can be partially explained by orchids’trophic mode,biogeographic distribution and environmental niche,but not by their overall phylogenetic relatedness.Among trophic modes,partially mycoheterotrophic orchids exhibited the highest level of fungal diversity(the lowest level of fungal specificity)in association with a broad range of phylogenetically dispersed fungal partners.Between biogeographical regions,a significantly higher level of fungal specificity was found for orchid species distributed in Australia than those in Eurasia and Africa.Furthermore,multivariate analyses showed that a small portion of the variation in fungal community structure was significantly related to broad climate,soil and vegetation variables,indicating the existence of large-scale habitat filtering on orchid mycorrhizal communities.Altogether,our findings indicate that mycorrhizal communities in the orchid family are likely shaped by multiple,intertwined factors related to orchid ecophysiology and biogeography on a global scale.展开更多
Reservoir is an important source of CO_(2) emissions.The backwater bay is a distinct hydrological unit formed in the open channel of canyon-reservoir as a result of impoundment.It is characterized by efficient nutrien...Reservoir is an important source of CO_(2) emissions.The backwater bay is a distinct hydrological unit formed in the open channel of canyon-reservoir as a result of impoundment.It is characterized by efficient nutrients retention and a propensity for frequent eutrophication.However,the spatio-temporal dynamics of CO_(2) emissions in these backwater bays remain unclear.This study investigated CO_(2) fluxes(fCO_(2))in two different backwater bays(Hanfeng Lake and Gaoyang Lake)within the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR),to reveal the spatio-temporal dynamics and driving factors of CO_(2) emissions.The two backwater bays serve as minor sources of CO_(2) emissions,exhibiting lower fCO_(2) compared to other water areas within the TGR.In the subsiding and low water level periods of the TGR,the fCO_(2) in the two backwater bays were significantly lower,with some areas even converting into CO_(2) sinks due to extensive eutrophication.However,the water flow backward caused by the TGR water level elevation simultaneously enhances CO_(2) emissions by diluting algae density and constraining primary production.We highlighted that nutrients enrichment,eutrophication,and water level fluctuations co-dominate the temporal dynamics of CO_(2) emissions from backwater bays in the TGR.The CO_(2) fluxes decreased from upstream to downstream in the two backwater bays.The spatial distribution of nutrients and related algal density are critical factors driving this pattern.The key factors influencing CO_(2) emissions in the backwater bays diversified with water level fluctuations.Our findings contribute to a better understanding of CO_(2) emissions in large reservoirs with varying hydrological habitats.展开更多
Guggulsterone(GS)is a bioactive compound primarily extracted from the oleo-gum resin of plants in the Commiphora and Boswellia genera.Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that GS possesses a broad spectrum...Guggulsterone(GS)is a bioactive compound primarily extracted from the oleo-gum resin of plants in the Commiphora and Boswellia genera.Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that GS possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities,with notable therapeutic potential in inflammatory disorders,neurodegenerative conditions,diabetes mellitus,and various cancers.In this review,we systematically analyzed relevant literature published up to 2024 from the CNKI,Web of Science,ScienceDirect,and PubMed databases to summarize the current understanding of GS's pharmacological effects,toxicity profile,and pharmacokinetic properties.The findings indicate that GS exerts potent antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anticancer,antiviral,antidepressant,lipid-lowering,and cardiovascular protective effects,primarily through modulation of key signaling pathways such as the Janus kinase(JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3),nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),Nrf2/Keap1,nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB),AMPK,phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt),and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)/activator protein-1(AP-1).Additionally,GS may help overcome limitations associated with conventional chemotherapy by modulating drug resistance via regulation of p-glycoprotein activity.Following hepatic metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes,GS does not appear to cause significant adverse effects.This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the sources,pharmacological actions,safety,pharmacokinetics,and potential applications of GS.Future research should focus on structural modification of GS,development of novel formulations,and exploration of synergistic combinations with other therapeutic agents to broaden its clinical utility.展开更多
Understory bryophytes play unique and disproportionately important roles in water retention,biogeochemical cycling,and biodiversity conservation,and serve as bioindicators of environmental health in forest ecosystems....Understory bryophytes play unique and disproportionately important roles in water retention,biogeochemical cycling,and biodiversity conservation,and serve as bioindicators of environmental health in forest ecosystems.However,biogeographical research on the biomass of forest bryophytes is inadequately studied and has been limited to elevational gradients.We conducted a systematic cross-regional survey of bryophyte biomass across 413 forest sites in Sichuan Province,China.We analyzed how each environmental variable,including climatic and atmospheric factors,overstory covers,and soil nutrients,relates to bryophyte biomass and quantified their relative contributions.The results indicate that,largely similar to previous local investigations and experiments,at a large scale,bryophytes are abundant in forests with lower temperature,nitrogen deposition,vapor pressure deficit,and tree and herb covers,as well as higher light availability.Moreover,bryophyte biomass is positively associated with soil carbon and nitrogen content.These environmental variables are closely related and jointly influence bryophyte biomass,with mean annual temperature being the most significant factor(accounting for 83%of the relative contribution).The biogeographical patterns of bryophyte biomass contribute to deepening our understanding of their adaptations to multiple environmental variables and enable us to predict their responses to global climate change.These patterns also provide essential evidence for establishing more accurate terrestrial vegetation ecosystem models.展开更多
Subtropical evergreen sub-montane forests in Punjab,Pakistan,are vital for carbon sequestration and play an essential role in supporting local communities.While the global importance of tree species diversity in enhan...Subtropical evergreen sub-montane forests in Punjab,Pakistan,are vital for carbon sequestration and play an essential role in supporting local communities.While the global importance of tree species diversity in enhancing aboveground carbon(AGC)storage is well established,there remains limited empirical evidence from Pakistan’s forest ecosystems.This study investigated how taxonomic and functional diversity,alongside topographical variables,influence AGC across four districts in Punjab.Taxonomic metrics such as the Importance Value Index(IVI)and genus richness were computed,along with functional diversity indices including functional richness(FRic),functional dispersion(FDis),functional divergence(FDiv),and functional evenness(FEve).AGC was estimated using species-specific allometric equations,and linear mixed-effects models were applied to identify the most influential predictors.Acacia modesta and A.nilotica emerged as the dominant species in the studied sites.While species richness and biomass increased with elevation,Shannon diversity showed a negative relationship with elevation.AGC values ranged from 100 to 350 Mg ha⁻¹across the study sites.Among diversity metrics,FRic(0.042)and FDis(0.342)were significantly associated with higher AGC,whereas taxonomic diversity measures showed weaker correlations.Although elevation was a strong predictor of diversity patterns,it did not have a significant direct effect on carbon storage.These findings underscore the importance of incorporating functional trait diversity and topographic variability into forest management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration,strengthen ecosystem resilience and support sustainable rural livelihoods.展开更多
The Chengdu community security funds refer to the special security funds for urban and rural community development and governance in Chengdu.At present,there are some problems in the use of community security funds,su...The Chengdu community security funds refer to the special security funds for urban and rural community development and governance in Chengdu.At present,there are some problems in the use of community security funds,such as low participation of residents,and low efficiency of fund use.Taking the exploration of standardization of community security fund management in Wuhou district,Chengdu city,as an example,this paper suggests further strengthening the use and management of community security funds by means of standardization,ensuring the democratic,open,and transparent use of funds,and effectively enhancing the supporting role of community security funds in community governance.展开更多
Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors suc...Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors such as genetic diversity and the impacts of climate and land-use changes,hindering effective conservation planning.To address these limitations,we developed an enhanced extinction risk assessment framework using Diploderma lizards as a model.This framework incorporates long-term field surveys,environmental data,and land-use information to predict distributional changes for 10 recently described Diploderma species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,which hold ecological significance but remain underassessed in conservation assessment.By integrating the distribution data and genetically inferred effective population sizes(Ne),we conducted scenario analyses and used a rank-sum approach to calculate Risk ranking scores(RRS)for each species.This approach revealed significant discrepancies with the IUCN Red List assessments.Notably,D.yangi and D.qilin were identified as facing the highest extinction risk.Furthermore,D.vela,D.batangense,D.flaviceps,D.dymondi,D.yulongense,and D.laeviventre,currently classified as“Least Concern”,were found to warrant reclassification as“Vulnerable”due to considerable threat from projected range contractions.Exploring the relationship between morphology and RRS revealed that traits such as snout-vent length and relative tail length could serve as potential predictors of extinction risk,offering preliminary metrics for assessing species vulnerability when comprehensive data are unavailable.This study enhances the precision of extinction risk assessment frameworks and demonstrates their capacity to refine and update risk assessments,especially for lesser-known taxa.展开更多
Tenebrionid beetles represent a crucial arthropod taxon in the Gobi desert ecosystems owing to their species richness and high biomass,both of which are essential for maintaining ecosystem health and stability.However...Tenebrionid beetles represent a crucial arthropod taxon in the Gobi desert ecosystems owing to their species richness and high biomass,both of which are essential for maintaining ecosystem health and stability.However,the spatiotemporal variations of tenebrionid beetle assemblages in the Gobi desert remain poorly understood.In this study,the monthly dynamics of tenebrionid beetles in the central part of the Hexi Corridor,Northwest China,a representative area of the Gobi desert ecosystems,were monitored using pitfall trapping during 2015-2020.The following results were showed:(1)monthly activity of tenebrionid beetles was observed from March to October,with monthly activity peaking in spring and summer,and monthly activity periods and peak of tenebrionid beetle species exhibited interspecific differences that varied from year to year;(2)spatial distribution of tenebrionid beetle community was influenced by structural factors.Specifically,at a spatial scale of 24.00 m,tenebrionid beetle community was strongly and positively correlated with the dominant species,with distinct spatial distribution patterns observed for Blaps gobiensis and Microdera kraatzi alashanica;(3)abundance of tenebrionid beetles was positively correlated with monthly mean precipitation and monthly mean temperature,whereas monthly abundance of B.gobiensis and M.kraatzi alashanica was positively correlated with monthly mean precipitation;and(4)the cover of Reaumuria soongarica(Pall.)Maxim.and Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim.had a positive influence on the number of tenebrionid beetles captured.In conclusion,monthly variation in precipitation significantly influences the community dynamic of tenebrionid beetles,with precipitation and shrub cover jointly determining the spatial distribution pattern of these beetles in the Gobi desert ecosystems.展开更多
High-speed maglev trains(HSMTs)can run at high running speeds due to their unique design.The pressure waves that these trains generate while passing each other are therefore very intense,and can even have safety impli...High-speed maglev trains(HSMTs)can run at high running speeds due to their unique design.The pressure waves that these trains generate while passing each other are therefore very intense,and can even have safety implications.In order to reduce the transient impact of such waves,the standard k-ε turbulence model is used in this work to assess the effect of railway spacing on the aerodynamic loads,pressure and surrounding flow field of 600 km/h maglev trains passing each other in open air.The sliding mesh technique is used to determine the relative motion between the considered trains.The results show that the surface pressure is approximately linearly correlated with the square of the speed while the amplitude of the pressure wave on the train surface,side force,and rolling moment all have negative exponential relationships with the railway spacing.展开更多
Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant exhibits a poorly crystalline boehmite(PCB)structure,which demonstrates instability during prolonged storage.In the present study,we systematically investigated the quality alterations of t...Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant exhibits a poorly crystalline boehmite(PCB)structure,which demonstrates instability during prolonged storage.In the present study,we systematically investigated the quality alterations of the adjuvant stored at roo m temperature by analyzing its crystal structure,particle size distribution,electron microscopic characteristics,pH,isoelectric point(pI),and adsorption capacity.These assessments aimed to ensure the effectiveness and safety of vaccine production.Three batches of adjuvants were stored at room temperature for 15 months,and their changes were monitored using X-ray diffraction patterns,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),pH measurements,pI determination,and adsorption capacity analysis.X-ray diffraction revealed that the crystalline phases of aluminum hydroxide initially exhibited a PCB structure,which became progressively more ordered during storage.Notably,after 12 months,a new diffraction peak emerged at 18.2°2θ,with its intensity increasing over time.This corresponded to the formation of highly crystalline gibbsite and bayerite,which compromised the stability of the adjuvant.Furthermore,the pH and pI values decreased during storage,reflecting a decline in the chemical stability of the adjuvant.Comprising nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 130 nm,the adjuvant maintained a high surface area and excellent adsorption capacity.The adsorption rate at 8 mg BSA/mg Al3+consistently exceeded 97%,with no statistically significant differences observed between the adsorption capacities at 1 and 15 months(P>0.05).This indicated that the nanoparticle aluminum hydroxide adjuvant sustained high adsorption efficiency throughout the storage period,underscoring its reliability as a vaccine adsorbent.However,in the later stages of storage,the emergence of highly crystalline gibbsite and bayerite,coupled with declines in pH and pI,negatively impacted the adjuvant’s stability.Based on these findings,we recommended that aluminum hydroxide adjuvants should not be stored at room temperature for longer than 12 months to preserve their quality and efficacy.展开更多
The aluminum hydroxide adjuvant possesses a poorly crystalline boehmite (PCB) structure, the stability of which is significantly affected by storage conditions. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive inves...The aluminum hydroxide adjuvant possesses a poorly crystalline boehmite (PCB) structure, the stability of which is significantly affected by storage conditions. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the structural and quality alterations of aluminum hydroxide adjuvants under varying temperature conditions over time. Three batches of the adjuvant were stored at 2–8℃, 18–25℃, and 37℃, respectively, for 6 months. Key parameters, including X-ray diffraction patterns, pH, isoelectric point (pI), adsorption capacity, and average particle size, were analyzed to assess the impact of storage temperatures. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the PCB structure of the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Notably, after 1 month of storage at 37℃, new diffraction peaks emerged at 18.2 °2θ, with their intensity increasing progressively over time. Concurrently, the largest decreases in pI and pH were observed, measuring 0.78 and 1.33, respectively. In contrast, adjuvants stored at 2–8℃ for 6 months exhibited only faint diffraction peaks at 18.2 °2θ, indicating minor structural changes. Under these conditions, the reductions in pI and pH were comparatively smaller, at 0.43 and 0.80, respectively. The average particle size of the adjuvants remained within 110–140 nm across all storage conditions. Additionally, the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant consistently demonstrated a high protein adsorption capacity, approximately 8 mg BSA/mg Al^(3+), with no statistically significant differences in adsorption rates observed among the different temperature conditions (P > 0.05). These findings highlighted the remarkable adsorption efficiency of nanoparticle aluminum hydroxide adjuvants throughout storage, reinforcing their potential as superior vaccine adsorbents. However, elevated storage temperatures were shown to accelerate structural aging, promoting the formation of highly crystalline phases such as gibbsite or bayerite, which could compromise the stability and quality of the adjuvant.展开更多
In natural language processing(NLP),managing multiple downstream tasks through fine-tuning pre-trained models often requires maintaining separate task-specific models,leading to practical inefficiencies.To address thi...In natural language processing(NLP),managing multiple downstream tasks through fine-tuning pre-trained models often requires maintaining separate task-specific models,leading to practical inefficiencies.To address this challenge,we introduce AdaptForever,a novel approach that enables continuous mastery of NLP tasks through the integration of elastic and mutual learning strategies with a stochastic expert mechanism.Our method freezes the pre-trained model weights while incorporating adapters enhanced with mutual learning capabilities,facilitating effective knowledge transfer from previous tasks to new ones.By combining Elastic Weight Consolidation(EWC)for knowledge preservation with specialized regularization terms,AdaptForever successfully maintains performance on earlier tasks while acquiring new capabilities.Experimental results demonstrate that AdaptForever achieves superior performance across a continuous sequence of NLP tasks compared to existing parameter-efficient methods,while effectively preventing catastrophic forgetting and enabling positive knowledge transfer between tasks.展开更多
基金supported by the Project of the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(No.20100471689)the‘Xibuzhiguang’Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y1C3011)+2 种基金the‘Lingyuqianyan’Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y1B3011)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31101618)the Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX2-EW-Q-6 and KSCX2-EW-J-22)
文摘In order to facilitate herpetological research for all the herpetologists both in and outside of China, we will report all the type specimens of amphibia and reptilia deposited in the Herpetological Museum of Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences in series. This report focuses on the family Rhacophoridae of Anura in Amphibia, including 13 species. The contents of the report include synonym lists and generic transfer of type species, measurements of type specimens, particularly for those with no previously published measurement data, and chromosomal data for each species.
基金supported by the grant of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (30870287) to Xiaomao ZENGthe grants of NSFC (30900138)Henan University of Science and Technology Foundation (09001367) to Jianli XIONG
文摘In order to facilitate herpetological research for herpetologists in and outside of China,we will report all the type specimens of Amphibia and Reptilia deposited in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) in series. This report focuses on the type specimens of the family Hynobiidae of Urodela in Amphibia,which comprises seven species. Each entry provides the genus name,species name,information of the original description,the catalog number of holotype,sex,type locality,information of allotype(if any) and paratype,number and distribution of deposited specimens,and comments where they are appropriate.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 31071892)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, the Ministry of Education of China (NCET-08-0908)the Sichuan Foundation for Youth Scientists and Technologists (08ZQ06-006)
文摘In China,there are over 180 species of snakes in 57 genera and eight families(excluding the family Viperidae). In the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,the snake type specimens represent 11 species in 10 genera and three families(Xenopeltidae,Xenodermatidae and Colubridae). As a series of reports on the type specimens of Amphibia and Reptilia deposited in the Herpetological Museum of CIB,this paper focuses on the serpent families excluding Viperidae in the collections at this Museum.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC31372152)the Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Provincial Education Department(13TD0027) to PG
文摘In China, there are about 37 species of vipers belonging to 12 genera in the family Viperidae. In the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology（CIB）, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the type specimens of snakes represent seven species in four genera. As a series of reports on the type specimens of Amphibians and Reptilies deposited in the Herpetological Museum of CIB, this paper focuses on the venomous snake family Viperidae in the collections at this Museum.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.3147202131372173)grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(MOST Grant 2011FY120200,Grant 2005DKA21402)
文摘In the present study, we report the six type specimens and two paratypes of eight lizard species in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology（CIB）, Chinese Academy of Sciences（CAS）. Each entry provides the information of the original description, the catalog number of the holotype, sex, type locality, and information of allotype and paratype（if any）, number and distribution of deposited specimens, and comments. Additionally, two invalid species and one invalid subspecies are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071238)the Jiuzhaigou Post-Disaster Restoration and Reconstruction Program(5132202020000046)+1 种基金the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(2019QZKK0402)。
文摘Evaluating the effectivenes s of forest restoration projects is crucial for designing adaptive restoration strategies.However,existing studies have primarily focused on ecological outcomes while overlooking cost inputs.This gap can lead to increased uncertainties in restoration planning.Here we investigated forest dynamics in China's Upper Yangtze River Basin(UYRB)using kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(kNDVI),Leaf Area Index(LAI),Gross Primary Productivity(GPP),Ku-band Vegetation Optical Depth(Ku-VOD)time series and climate data from1982 to 2020.Subsequently,we employed a residual trend analysis integrating temporal effects to determine the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to forest dynamics before and after the implementation of forest restoration engineering in 1998.Additionally,we developed an Afforestation Efficiency Index(AEI)to quantitatively assess the cost efficiency of afforestation projects.Results indicated that forest in the UYRB showed sustained increases during 1982-2020,with most areas experiencing greater growth after 1998 than before.Temporal effects of climatic factors influenced over 42.7%of the forest,and incorporating time-lag and cumulative effects enhanced climate-based explanations of forest variations by 1.61-24.73%.Human activities emerged as the dominant driver of forest dynamics post 1998,whereas climate variables predominated before this period.The cost-effectiveness of forest restoration projects in the UYRB typically ranges from moderate to high,with higher success predominantly observed in the northeastern and eastern counties,while the central,western,and northwestern counties mainly showed relatively low efficiency.These findings stress the need for assessing forest restoration outcomes from both ecological and cost perspectives,and can offer valuable insights for optimizing the layout of forest restoration initiatives in the UYRB.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province(Grant No.:Qiankehe Foundation-ZK[2024]General 522)the Doctoral Research Start-up Fund of Guiyang University(Grant No.:GYUKY-[2025])+1 种基金the Young Talents Cultivation Program Project of Guangdong Association for Science and Technology(Grant No.:SKXRC2025059)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.:21625404)。
文摘The network structure of M_(2)B in Fe-B-C alloy readily leads to the failure of material.In this work,by adding K2_SO4,the morphology of the M_(2)B was successfully regulated through a synergistic treatment combining active element modification and heterogeneous nucleation modification.The results show that after the addition of K_(2)SO_(4),a new phaseα-MnS forms in the alloy,and the active element K enriches at the M_(2)B/matrix interface.This inhibits the growth of the network M_(2)B and promotes its transformation from a continuous network structure to an isolated blocky structure.As the K_(2)SO_(4) addition increases from 0wt.%to 4.46wt.%,the shape factor value of M_(2)B increases from 0.067 to 0.353,with an increase of 426%.The impact toughness of the alloy increases from 5.9 J·cm^(-2)to 14.2 J·cm^(-2),and the fracture mode transitions from cleavage fracture to ductile-cleavage mixed fracture.Three-body abrasion tests indicate that with increasing K_(2)SO_(4) addition,the wear weight loss of the alloy gradually decreases.The alloy with 4.46wt.%K_(2)SO_(4) addition exhibits the least wear damage and the best wear resistance.This work provides an effective approach for regulating the microstructure and improving the wear resistance of wear-resistant Fe-B-C alloys.
基金the funding provided by the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.201804910634)the Ecology Fund of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences(KNAWWF/807/19039)to Deyi Wang.
文摘Mycorrhizal symbioses are prevalent in terrestrial ecosystems and play essential roles in plant nutrition and health.However,the relative importance of plant evolutionary history,physiology,and eco-geographical factors in shaping mycorrhizal fungal community assembly remains poorly understood.Here,we investigate how plant phylogeny,trophic mode,biogeographic distribution and environmental niche collectively influence the diversity and composition of mycorrhizal fungal communities across the Orchidaceae,spanning broad phylogenetic and ecological scales.By using family-wide orchid-fungal associations and global occurrence data,our analyses showed that the variation in fungal diversity and community structure can be partially explained by orchids’trophic mode,biogeographic distribution and environmental niche,but not by their overall phylogenetic relatedness.Among trophic modes,partially mycoheterotrophic orchids exhibited the highest level of fungal diversity(the lowest level of fungal specificity)in association with a broad range of phylogenetically dispersed fungal partners.Between biogeographical regions,a significantly higher level of fungal specificity was found for orchid species distributed in Australia than those in Eurasia and Africa.Furthermore,multivariate analyses showed that a small portion of the variation in fungal community structure was significantly related to broad climate,soil and vegetation variables,indicating the existence of large-scale habitat filtering on orchid mycorrhizal communities.Altogether,our findings indicate that mycorrhizal communities in the orchid family are likely shaped by multiple,intertwined factors related to orchid ecophysiology and biogeography on a global scale.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32371680 and 41807321)Chongqing Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0150 and 2022NSCQMSX2598)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Education Commission of China(Nos.KJQN202200536 and KJQN202203222).
文摘Reservoir is an important source of CO_(2) emissions.The backwater bay is a distinct hydrological unit formed in the open channel of canyon-reservoir as a result of impoundment.It is characterized by efficient nutrients retention and a propensity for frequent eutrophication.However,the spatio-temporal dynamics of CO_(2) emissions in these backwater bays remain unclear.This study investigated CO_(2) fluxes(fCO_(2))in two different backwater bays(Hanfeng Lake and Gaoyang Lake)within the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR),to reveal the spatio-temporal dynamics and driving factors of CO_(2) emissions.The two backwater bays serve as minor sources of CO_(2) emissions,exhibiting lower fCO_(2) compared to other water areas within the TGR.In the subsiding and low water level periods of the TGR,the fCO_(2) in the two backwater bays were significantly lower,with some areas even converting into CO_(2) sinks due to extensive eutrophication.However,the water flow backward caused by the TGR water level elevation simultaneously enhances CO_(2) emissions by diluting algae density and constraining primary production.We highlighted that nutrients enrichment,eutrophication,and water level fluctuations co-dominate the temporal dynamics of CO_(2) emissions from backwater bays in the TGR.The CO_(2) fluxes decreased from upstream to downstream in the two backwater bays.The spatial distribution of nutrients and related algal density are critical factors driving this pattern.The key factors influencing CO_(2) emissions in the backwater bays diversified with water level fluctuations.Our findings contribute to a better understanding of CO_(2) emissions in large reservoirs with varying hydrological habitats.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81873232 and 82074026)the Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.ZYYCXTD-D-202209)。
文摘Guggulsterone(GS)is a bioactive compound primarily extracted from the oleo-gum resin of plants in the Commiphora and Boswellia genera.Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that GS possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities,with notable therapeutic potential in inflammatory disorders,neurodegenerative conditions,diabetes mellitus,and various cancers.In this review,we systematically analyzed relevant literature published up to 2024 from the CNKI,Web of Science,ScienceDirect,and PubMed databases to summarize the current understanding of GS's pharmacological effects,toxicity profile,and pharmacokinetic properties.The findings indicate that GS exerts potent antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anticancer,antiviral,antidepressant,lipid-lowering,and cardiovascular protective effects,primarily through modulation of key signaling pathways such as the Janus kinase(JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3),nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),Nrf2/Keap1,nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB),AMPK,phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt),and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)/activator protein-1(AP-1).Additionally,GS may help overcome limitations associated with conventional chemotherapy by modulating drug resistance via regulation of p-glycoprotein activity.Following hepatic metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes,GS does not appear to cause significant adverse effects.This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the sources,pharmacological actions,safety,pharmacokinetics,and potential applications of GS.Future research should focus on structural modification of GS,development of novel formulations,and exploration of synergistic combinations with other therapeutic agents to broaden its clinical utility.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31600316)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023NSFSC0198)。
文摘Understory bryophytes play unique and disproportionately important roles in water retention,biogeochemical cycling,and biodiversity conservation,and serve as bioindicators of environmental health in forest ecosystems.However,biogeographical research on the biomass of forest bryophytes is inadequately studied and has been limited to elevational gradients.We conducted a systematic cross-regional survey of bryophyte biomass across 413 forest sites in Sichuan Province,China.We analyzed how each environmental variable,including climatic and atmospheric factors,overstory covers,and soil nutrients,relates to bryophyte biomass and quantified their relative contributions.The results indicate that,largely similar to previous local investigations and experiments,at a large scale,bryophytes are abundant in forests with lower temperature,nitrogen deposition,vapor pressure deficit,and tree and herb covers,as well as higher light availability.Moreover,bryophyte biomass is positively associated with soil carbon and nitrogen content.These environmental variables are closely related and jointly influence bryophyte biomass,with mean annual temperature being the most significant factor(accounting for 83%of the relative contribution).The biogeographical patterns of bryophyte biomass contribute to deepening our understanding of their adaptations to multiple environmental variables and enable us to predict their responses to global climate change.These patterns also provide essential evidence for establishing more accurate terrestrial vegetation ecosystem models.
文摘Subtropical evergreen sub-montane forests in Punjab,Pakistan,are vital for carbon sequestration and play an essential role in supporting local communities.While the global importance of tree species diversity in enhancing aboveground carbon(AGC)storage is well established,there remains limited empirical evidence from Pakistan’s forest ecosystems.This study investigated how taxonomic and functional diversity,alongside topographical variables,influence AGC across four districts in Punjab.Taxonomic metrics such as the Importance Value Index(IVI)and genus richness were computed,along with functional diversity indices including functional richness(FRic),functional dispersion(FDis),functional divergence(FDiv),and functional evenness(FEve).AGC was estimated using species-specific allometric equations,and linear mixed-effects models were applied to identify the most influential predictors.Acacia modesta and A.nilotica emerged as the dominant species in the studied sites.While species richness and biomass increased with elevation,Shannon diversity showed a negative relationship with elevation.AGC values ranged from 100 to 350 Mg ha⁻¹across the study sites.Among diversity metrics,FRic(0.042)and FDis(0.342)were significantly associated with higher AGC,whereas taxonomic diversity measures showed weaker correlations.Although elevation was a strong predictor of diversity patterns,it did not have a significant direct effect on carbon storage.These findings underscore the importance of incorporating functional trait diversity and topographic variability into forest management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration,strengthen ecosystem resilience and support sustainable rural livelihoods.
文摘The Chengdu community security funds refer to the special security funds for urban and rural community development and governance in Chengdu.At present,there are some problems in the use of community security funds,such as low participation of residents,and low efficiency of fund use.Taking the exploration of standardization of community security fund management in Wuhou district,Chengdu city,as an example,this paper suggests further strengthening the use and management of community security funds by means of standardization,ensuring the democratic,open,and transparent use of funds,and effectively enhancing the supporting role of community security funds in community governance.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP,2019QZKK0402)Science and Technology Plan Project of Xizang Autonomous Region to Y.Q. (XZ202201ZY0030G)National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201424 to Z.Y.L.and 31872233 to Y.Q.)。
文摘Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors such as genetic diversity and the impacts of climate and land-use changes,hindering effective conservation planning.To address these limitations,we developed an enhanced extinction risk assessment framework using Diploderma lizards as a model.This framework incorporates long-term field surveys,environmental data,and land-use information to predict distributional changes for 10 recently described Diploderma species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,which hold ecological significance but remain underassessed in conservation assessment.By integrating the distribution data and genetically inferred effective population sizes(Ne),we conducted scenario analyses and used a rank-sum approach to calculate Risk ranking scores(RRS)for each species.This approach revealed significant discrepancies with the IUCN Red List assessments.Notably,D.yangi and D.qilin were identified as facing the highest extinction risk.Furthermore,D.vela,D.batangense,D.flaviceps,D.dymondi,D.yulongense,and D.laeviventre,currently classified as“Least Concern”,were found to warrant reclassification as“Vulnerable”due to considerable threat from projected range contractions.Exploring the relationship between morphology and RRS revealed that traits such as snout-vent length and relative tail length could serve as potential predictors of extinction risk,offering preliminary metrics for assessing species vulnerability when comprehensive data are unavailable.This study enhances the precision of extinction risk assessment frameworks and demonstrates their capacity to refine and update risk assessments,especially for lesser-known taxa.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A2063)the Gansu Province Top-notch Leading Talents Project(E339040101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771290,42377043,41773086).
文摘Tenebrionid beetles represent a crucial arthropod taxon in the Gobi desert ecosystems owing to their species richness and high biomass,both of which are essential for maintaining ecosystem health and stability.However,the spatiotemporal variations of tenebrionid beetle assemblages in the Gobi desert remain poorly understood.In this study,the monthly dynamics of tenebrionid beetles in the central part of the Hexi Corridor,Northwest China,a representative area of the Gobi desert ecosystems,were monitored using pitfall trapping during 2015-2020.The following results were showed:(1)monthly activity of tenebrionid beetles was observed from March to October,with monthly activity peaking in spring and summer,and monthly activity periods and peak of tenebrionid beetle species exhibited interspecific differences that varied from year to year;(2)spatial distribution of tenebrionid beetle community was influenced by structural factors.Specifically,at a spatial scale of 24.00 m,tenebrionid beetle community was strongly and positively correlated with the dominant species,with distinct spatial distribution patterns observed for Blaps gobiensis and Microdera kraatzi alashanica;(3)abundance of tenebrionid beetles was positively correlated with monthly mean precipitation and monthly mean temperature,whereas monthly abundance of B.gobiensis and M.kraatzi alashanica was positively correlated with monthly mean precipitation;and(4)the cover of Reaumuria soongarica(Pall.)Maxim.and Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim.had a positive influence on the number of tenebrionid beetles captured.In conclusion,monthly variation in precipitation significantly influences the community dynamic of tenebrionid beetles,with precipitation and shrub cover jointly determining the spatial distribution pattern of these beetles in the Gobi desert ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12372049)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682023ZTPY036)Research and Development Project of JDD For HTS Maglev Transportation System(JDDKYCF2024002).
文摘High-speed maglev trains(HSMTs)can run at high running speeds due to their unique design.The pressure waves that these trains generate while passing each other are therefore very intense,and can even have safety implications.In order to reduce the transient impact of such waves,the standard k-ε turbulence model is used in this work to assess the effect of railway spacing on the aerodynamic loads,pressure and surrounding flow field of 600 km/h maglev trains passing each other in open air.The sliding mesh technique is used to determine the relative motion between the considered trains.The results show that the surface pressure is approximately linearly correlated with the square of the speed while the amplitude of the pressure wave on the train surface,side force,and rolling moment all have negative exponential relationships with the railway spacing.
文摘Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant exhibits a poorly crystalline boehmite(PCB)structure,which demonstrates instability during prolonged storage.In the present study,we systematically investigated the quality alterations of the adjuvant stored at roo m temperature by analyzing its crystal structure,particle size distribution,electron microscopic characteristics,pH,isoelectric point(pI),and adsorption capacity.These assessments aimed to ensure the effectiveness and safety of vaccine production.Three batches of adjuvants were stored at room temperature for 15 months,and their changes were monitored using X-ray diffraction patterns,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),pH measurements,pI determination,and adsorption capacity analysis.X-ray diffraction revealed that the crystalline phases of aluminum hydroxide initially exhibited a PCB structure,which became progressively more ordered during storage.Notably,after 12 months,a new diffraction peak emerged at 18.2°2θ,with its intensity increasing over time.This corresponded to the formation of highly crystalline gibbsite and bayerite,which compromised the stability of the adjuvant.Furthermore,the pH and pI values decreased during storage,reflecting a decline in the chemical stability of the adjuvant.Comprising nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 130 nm,the adjuvant maintained a high surface area and excellent adsorption capacity.The adsorption rate at 8 mg BSA/mg Al3+consistently exceeded 97%,with no statistically significant differences observed between the adsorption capacities at 1 and 15 months(P>0.05).This indicated that the nanoparticle aluminum hydroxide adjuvant sustained high adsorption efficiency throughout the storage period,underscoring its reliability as a vaccine adsorbent.However,in the later stages of storage,the emergence of highly crystalline gibbsite and bayerite,coupled with declines in pH and pI,negatively impacted the adjuvant’s stability.Based on these findings,we recommended that aluminum hydroxide adjuvants should not be stored at room temperature for longer than 12 months to preserve their quality and efficacy.
文摘The aluminum hydroxide adjuvant possesses a poorly crystalline boehmite (PCB) structure, the stability of which is significantly affected by storage conditions. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the structural and quality alterations of aluminum hydroxide adjuvants under varying temperature conditions over time. Three batches of the adjuvant were stored at 2–8℃, 18–25℃, and 37℃, respectively, for 6 months. Key parameters, including X-ray diffraction patterns, pH, isoelectric point (pI), adsorption capacity, and average particle size, were analyzed to assess the impact of storage temperatures. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the PCB structure of the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Notably, after 1 month of storage at 37℃, new diffraction peaks emerged at 18.2 °2θ, with their intensity increasing progressively over time. Concurrently, the largest decreases in pI and pH were observed, measuring 0.78 and 1.33, respectively. In contrast, adjuvants stored at 2–8℃ for 6 months exhibited only faint diffraction peaks at 18.2 °2θ, indicating minor structural changes. Under these conditions, the reductions in pI and pH were comparatively smaller, at 0.43 and 0.80, respectively. The average particle size of the adjuvants remained within 110–140 nm across all storage conditions. Additionally, the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant consistently demonstrated a high protein adsorption capacity, approximately 8 mg BSA/mg Al^(3+), with no statistically significant differences in adsorption rates observed among the different temperature conditions (P > 0.05). These findings highlighted the remarkable adsorption efficiency of nanoparticle aluminum hydroxide adjuvants throughout storage, reinforcing their potential as superior vaccine adsorbents. However, elevated storage temperatures were shown to accelerate structural aging, promoting the formation of highly crystalline phases such as gibbsite or bayerite, which could compromise the stability and quality of the adjuvant.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB3308601)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2024NSFJQ0035,2024NSFSC0004)the Talents by Sichuan provincial Party Committee Organization Department.
文摘In natural language processing(NLP),managing multiple downstream tasks through fine-tuning pre-trained models often requires maintaining separate task-specific models,leading to practical inefficiencies.To address this challenge,we introduce AdaptForever,a novel approach that enables continuous mastery of NLP tasks through the integration of elastic and mutual learning strategies with a stochastic expert mechanism.Our method freezes the pre-trained model weights while incorporating adapters enhanced with mutual learning capabilities,facilitating effective knowledge transfer from previous tasks to new ones.By combining Elastic Weight Consolidation(EWC)for knowledge preservation with specialized regularization terms,AdaptForever successfully maintains performance on earlier tasks while acquiring new capabilities.Experimental results demonstrate that AdaptForever achieves superior performance across a continuous sequence of NLP tasks compared to existing parameter-efficient methods,while effectively preventing catastrophic forgetting and enabling positive knowledge transfer between tasks.
