Microneedles(MNs)offer a precise and minimally invasive platform for delivering vaccines and therapeutic agents directly into the skin,leveraging the abundance of tissue-resident immune cells to elicit robust and dura...Microneedles(MNs)offer a precise and minimally invasive platform for delivering vaccines and therapeutic agents directly into the skin,leveraging the abundance of tissue-resident immune cells to elicit robust and durable immune responses.Compared to traditional intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccination methods,MNbased vaccines demonstrate superior patient compliance,enhanced antigen stability,and heightened immunogenicity,positioning them as a promising tool in biomedical applications.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and fabrication techniques used in MN preparation,explores their structural classifications,and examines the role of antigens and adjuvants in optimizing vaccine efficacy.Furthermore,the diverse applications of MN delivery systems in preventing infectious diseases,advancing tumor immunotherapy,and addressing other immune-related conditions are discussed.展开更多
Engineering the morphology of nanomaterials and modifying their electronic structure are effective ways to improve their performance in electrocatalysis. Through combining the co-reduction of Pd2+ and Cu2+ precursors ...Engineering the morphology of nanomaterials and modifying their electronic structure are effective ways to improve their performance in electrocatalysis. Through combining the co-reduction of Pd2+ and Cu2+ precursors with a digestive ripening process in oleylamine, we report the synthesis of copper-palladium(Cu-Pd) alloy multicubes with rough surfaces. Benefiting from their alloy and unique rough-surfaced structure,which provides ample edge/corner and step atoms as well as the electronic coupling between Cu and Pd leading to the lower of d-band center, the rough-surfaced Cu-Pd alloy multicubes show much better electrocatalytic performance not only for formic acid oxidation but also for oxygen reduction in comparison with those of spherical Cu-Pd alloy nanoparticles and commercial Pd/C catalyst. In contrast, we confirm that the rough-surfaced Cu-Pd alloy multicubes only exhibit very low Faradaic efficiency(34.3%) for electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide(CO2) to carbon monoxide(CO) due to the presence of strong competing hydrogen evolution reaction, which results in their very poor selectivity for the reduction of CO2 to CO. The findings in this study not only offer a promising strategy to produce highly effective electrocatalysts for direct formic acid fuel cells, but also enlighten the ideas to design efficient electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction.展开更多
Intense efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of heterogeneous nanocomposites consisting of chalcogenide semiconductors and noble metals,which usually exhibit enhanced properties owing to the synergistic effect b...Intense efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of heterogeneous nanocomposites consisting of chalcogenide semiconductors and noble metals,which usually exhibit enhanced properties owing to the synergistic effect between their different material domains.Tailoring the structure of the metal domains in the nanocomposites may lead to further improvements of its performance for a given application.This review therefore highlights the strategies based on a structural conversion process for the fabrication of nanocomposites consisting of chalcogenide semiconductors and noble metals with various internal structures,e.g.,hollow or cage-bell.This strategy relies on a unique inside-out diffusion phenomenon of Ag in core-shell nanoparticles with Ag residing at core or inner shell region.In the presence of sulfur or selenium precursors,the diffused Ag are converted into Ag2S or Ag2Se,which is connected with the remaining noble metal parts,forming nanocomposites consisting of silver chalcogenide and noble metal nanoparticles with hollow or cage-bell structures.We would focus on the introduction of the fundamentals,principles,electrocatalytic applications as well as perspectives of the chalcogenide semiconductor-noble metal nanocomposites derived from their core-shell precursors so as to provide the readers insights in designing efficient nanocomposites for electrocatalysis.展开更多
Science,2016,351,74-77;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2016,55,12503-12507Over billions years of evolution,biosystems have developed elaborate architectures to realize efficient substance metabolism and energy conversion.Using and...Science,2016,351,74-77;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2016,55,12503-12507Over billions years of evolution,biosystems have developed elaborate architectures to realize efficient substance metabolism and energy conversion.Using and/or mimicking biological process has provided us an elegant strategy for design and fabrication of biologically functional systems,such as photosystem.To realize efficient energy production,it展开更多
Biomimetics provides us a new perspective to understand complex biological process and strategy to fabricate functional materials. However,a great challenge still remains to design and fabricate biomimetic materials u...Biomimetics provides us a new perspective to understand complex biological process and strategy to fabricate functional materials. However,a great challenge still remains to design and fabricate biomimetic materials using a facile but effective method. Here, we develop a biomimetic light harvesting architecture based on one-step co-assembly of amphiphilic amino acid and porphyrin. Amphiphilic amino acid can self-assemble into nanofibers via π-stacking and hydrogen binding interactions. Negatively charged porphyrin adsorbs on the surface of the assembled nanofibers through electrostatic force, and the nanofibers further organize into porous urchin-like microspheres induced presumably by hydrophobic interaction. The assembled amphiphilic amino acid nanofibers work as a template to tune the organization of porphyrin with an architecture principle analogous to natural light harvesting complex. The co-assembled microspheres exhibit enhanced light capture due to the light reflection in the porous structure. Reaction center(platinum nanoparticles) can be effectively coupled with the light harvesting microspheres via photoreduction. After visible light illumination, hydrogen evolution occurs on the hybrid microspheres.展开更多
Nanomaterials that integrate multiple functions provide promising opportunities for noninvasive and targeted cancer diagnosis and therapy.However,the unclear metabolic pathway to nanomaterials brought difficulties to ...Nanomaterials that integrate multiple functions provide promising opportunities for noninvasive and targeted cancer diagnosis and therapy.However,the unclear metabolic pathway to nanomaterials brought difficulties to clinical application.Selfassembling bile pigments are endogenous functional materials with excellent biocompatibility and low toxicity.Functional materials based on endogenous bile pigments provide a decent solution to this dilemma.In this review,the features and functions of self-assembling bile pigments are discussed in detail for cancer diagnosis and treatment applications.Emphases are put on the intrinsic physicochemical characteristics of bile pigments and their applications,including drug delivery,photoacoustic imaging,photothermal therapy,and anti-inflammation therapy.This review will promote the exploration of these areas and tremendously realize the innovative applications of self-assembling biliverdin/bilirubin nanomaterials toward cancer diagnosis and therapy.展开更多
Engineering the internal structure and chemical composition of nanomaterials in a cost-effective way has been challenging, especially for enhancing their performance for a given application. Herein, we report a genera...Engineering the internal structure and chemical composition of nanomaterials in a cost-effective way has been challenging, especially for enhancing their performance for a given application. Herein, we report a general strategy to fabricate hollow nanostructures of ruthenium-based binary or ternary oxides via a galvanic replacement process together with a subsequent thermal treatment. In particular,the as-prepared NiO-RuO_2 hollow nanostructures loaded on carbon nanotubes(hNiO-RuO_2/CNT) with RuO_2 mass ratio at 19.6% for a supercapacitor adopting the KOH electrolyte exhibit high specific capacitances of 740 F g^(-1) at a constant current density of 1 A g^(-1) with good cycle stability. The specific capacitance for hNiO-RuO_2/CNT electrodes maintains638.4 F g^(-1) at a current density of 5 A g^(-1). This simple approach may shed some light on the way for making a wide range of metal oxides with tunable nanostructures and compositions for a variety of applications.展开更多
Surfactants are extensively used in many chemical products to improve their stability, appearance, texture, and rheology. Precise control of the emulsion droplet size distribution, which depends on the characteristics...Surfactants are extensively used in many chemical products to improve their stability, appearance, texture, and rheology. Precise control of the emulsion droplet size distribution, which depends on the characteristics of the surfactant used, is important for target-oriented product design. A complete understand! ng of the structures and dynamics of emulsion droplets at the reactor level requires coupling of two mesoscale physical constraints, that at the interfacial level, i.e., smaller than a single droplet (Mesoscale- 1), and that at the device level, i.e., larger than a single droplet (Mesoscale-2). In this work, the structures and adsorption kinetics of Mesoscale-1 surfactant molecules were studied via coarse-grained molecular dynamics. A non-equilibrium model that could introduce stable shear flow into the simulation box was used to investigate the interfacial structures at the droplet interface under different shear rates. The configurations of the surfactant molecules and adsorption amounts were compared with those obtained without flow. The adsorption kinetics for different shear rates were compared to determine the effects of hydrodynamic interactions. The dominant mechanisms governing the dynamic structures can thus be summarized as maximization of the adsorption density at the interface and minimization of flow resistance in the bulk phase (water and/or oil molecules). A scheme for coupling between Mesoscale-1 and Mesoscale-2 is proposed. This method is promising for the incorporation of interfacial structure effects into the hydrodynamics at the reactor device level for the manipulation of chemical products.展开更多
The evolution of particle size distribution （PSD） of fine polydisperse particles at high number concen- trations （7105 cm-3） was simulated through a combined model employing direct quadrature method of moments （D...The evolution of particle size distribution （PSD） of fine polydisperse particles at high number concen- trations （7105 cm-3） was simulated through a combined model employing direct quadrature method of moments （DQMOM） with heat and mass transfer equations. The PSD was assumed to retain log-normal distribution during the heterogeneous condensation process. The model was first verified by exact solu- tion and experimental data prior to investigating the influence of initial conditions on final PSD under an octadecane-nitrogen atmosphere. Low particle number concentrations and high vapor concentrations were beneficial to shift the PSD to larger particles having a narrower distribution. Additionally, vapor depletion has more influence on the final PSD than the heat release parameter for a number concentra- tion of 10^6 cm^-3. This study may assist the design process of a gas-solid separating cyclone, to eliminate dust from high-temperature volatiles by pyrolysis of solid fuels.展开更多
Supramolecular assembly could in principle lead to redshifted absorption through J-aggregation of chromophores,which would be a highly promising method for achieving near-infrared materials with improved functionality...Supramolecular assembly could in principle lead to redshifted absorption through J-aggregation of chromophores,which would be a highly promising method for achieving near-infrared materials with improved functionality and flexibility.To effectively enhance the material functionalities,one of the great challenges remaining is to achieve an aggregation statewith a redshift larger than 100 nm.展开更多
Local hydrodynamics in the riser of an external loop airlift reactor （EL-ALR） are identified and the performances of three drag models are evaluated in computational fluid dynamics simulation. The simulation results...Local hydrodynamics in the riser of an external loop airlift reactor （EL-ALR） are identified and the performances of three drag models are evaluated in computational fluid dynamics simulation. The simulation results show that the Schiller-Naumann drag model underestimated the local gas holdup at lower superficial gas velocity whereas the Tomiyama drag model overestimated that at higher superficial gas velocity. By contrast, the dual-bubble-size （DBS）-local drag model gave more reasonable radial and axial distri-butions of gas holdup in all cases. The reason is that the DBS-local drag model gave correct values of the lumped parameter, i,e., the ratio of the drag coefficient to bubble diameter, for varying operating conditions and radial positions. This ratio is reasonably expected to decrease with increasing superficial gas velocity and be smaller in the center and larger near the wall. Only the DBS-local drag model correctly reproduced these trends. The radial profiles of the axial velocity of the liquid and gas predicted by the DBS-local model also agreed well with experimental data.展开更多
Surfactant removal from the surface of platinum-based nanoparticles prepared using solution-based methods is a prerequisite to realize their high catalytic performance for electrochemical reactions. Herein, we report ...Surfactant removal from the surface of platinum-based nanoparticles prepared using solution-based methods is a prerequisite to realize their high catalytic performance for electrochemical reactions. Herein, we report an effective approach combining acetic acid refluxing with an electrochemical process for the removal of amine- or thiol-based capping agents from the surface of supported-platinum nanoparticles. This strategy involves surfactant protonation by refluxing the supported-platinum particles in acetic acid followed by surfactant removal by subsequent electrochemical treatment at high potential. We demon- strate that this combined activation process is essential to enhance platinum particle performance in catalyzing direct methanol fuel cell reactions, including methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reac- tions. The studies in this work show promise in electrocatalysis applications of solution-based materials synthesis.展开更多
Natural systems are typically featured with tremendous molecular complexity and construct exquisite architectures and functional materials through precise spatial and temporal control.Supramolecular self-assembly from...Natural systems are typically featured with tremendous molecular complexity and construct exquisite architectures and functional materials through precise spatial and temporal control.Supramolecular self-assembly from peptides and proteins is believed to be the key player.Thus,knowledge of the fundamental mechanisms driving peptides into vast functional hierarchical structures will certainly help the rational control of self-assembly process,leading to more precise structural organization and functional optimization.In this review,we briefly summarize the recent progress of this burgeoning field mainly from two directions:peptide-based self-assembly and co-assembly with other functional molecules,each part is further divided into two subparts and representative examples are given for each subpart according to their development timeline.At the end of each part,brief summaries of the closely related applications are outlined.For the closing remarks,we conclude with our own understanding of the area and perspectives are given based on recent developments.Overall,this review could be suitable for both new readers to gain a comprehensive overview of the area and experienced readers to get a summary of the development in short peptide self-assembly from particles to functional materials.展开更多
Glass materials play a vital role in scientific research and engineering applications.Biomolecular noncovalent glasses(BNG),based on amino acids and peptides,have been proposed as the next-generation glass materials t...Glass materials play a vital role in scientific research and engineering applications.Biomolecular noncovalent glasses(BNG),based on amino acids and peptides,have been proposed as the next-generation glass materials to meet the demand of a sustainability and circular economy.However,bulk BNG with remarkable mechanics and tunable photoluminescence are still rare due to the nature of weak noncovalent interactions and oversimplified molecular structures.Herein,we report the design and creation of metal ion-coordinated BNG(MIBNG)based on a simple amino acid derivative and metal ions.The obtained MIBNG exhibit ceramic-like mechanics,including the hardness,elasticity,and wear resistance,that are unattainable by the pure BNG counterpart.Such remarkable mechanics can be attributed to the enhanced noncovalent crosslinking network connectivity of biomolecules within MIBNG resulting from the incorporation of strong metal coordination interaction with hydrogen bonding and aromatic interactions.Moreover,fluorescence emission of MIBNG can be tuned feasibly through precisely modulating the types of metal ions coordinated.This study sheds light on the crucial role of multiple noncovalent interactions in the construction of BNG and advances the exploration and potential applications of BNG-based functional materials with tunable mechanical and optical properties in such fields as electronics and optics.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Fund for National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22232006,22377127,and 52361145848)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-083)+2 种基金the Beijing Nova Program(Grant Nos.20230484352 and 20240484650)Institute of Process Engineering Project for Frontier Basic Research(Grant No.QYJC-2023-05)Progress of Strategy Priority Research Program(Category B)of CAS(Grant No.XDB0520300).
文摘Microneedles(MNs)offer a precise and minimally invasive platform for delivering vaccines and therapeutic agents directly into the skin,leveraging the abundance of tissue-resident immune cells to elicit robust and durable immune responses.Compared to traditional intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccination methods,MNbased vaccines demonstrate superior patient compliance,enhanced antigen stability,and heightened immunogenicity,positioning them as a promising tool in biomedical applications.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and fabrication techniques used in MN preparation,explores their structural classifications,and examines the role of antigens and adjuvants in optimizing vaccine efficacy.Furthermore,the diverse applications of MN delivery systems in preventing infectious diseases,advancing tumor immunotherapy,and addressing other immune-related conditions are discussed.
基金Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.: 21506225, 21573240 and 21706265)Center for Mesoscience, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.: COM2015A001 and MPCS-2017-A-02)
文摘Engineering the morphology of nanomaterials and modifying their electronic structure are effective ways to improve their performance in electrocatalysis. Through combining the co-reduction of Pd2+ and Cu2+ precursors with a digestive ripening process in oleylamine, we report the synthesis of copper-palladium(Cu-Pd) alloy multicubes with rough surfaces. Benefiting from their alloy and unique rough-surfaced structure,which provides ample edge/corner and step atoms as well as the electronic coupling between Cu and Pd leading to the lower of d-band center, the rough-surfaced Cu-Pd alloy multicubes show much better electrocatalytic performance not only for formic acid oxidation but also for oxygen reduction in comparison with those of spherical Cu-Pd alloy nanoparticles and commercial Pd/C catalyst. In contrast, we confirm that the rough-surfaced Cu-Pd alloy multicubes only exhibit very low Faradaic efficiency(34.3%) for electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide(CO2) to carbon monoxide(CO) due to the presence of strong competing hydrogen evolution reaction, which results in their very poor selectivity for the reduction of CO2 to CO. The findings in this study not only offer a promising strategy to produce highly effective electrocatalysts for direct formic acid fuel cells, but also enlighten the ideas to design efficient electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction.
基金Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21573240)Center for Mesoscience, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. COM2015A001 and MPCS-2017-A-02)
文摘Intense efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of heterogeneous nanocomposites consisting of chalcogenide semiconductors and noble metals,which usually exhibit enhanced properties owing to the synergistic effect between their different material domains.Tailoring the structure of the metal domains in the nanocomposites may lead to further improvements of its performance for a given application.This review therefore highlights the strategies based on a structural conversion process for the fabrication of nanocomposites consisting of chalcogenide semiconductors and noble metals with various internal structures,e.g.,hollow or cage-bell.This strategy relies on a unique inside-out diffusion phenomenon of Ag in core-shell nanoparticles with Ag residing at core or inner shell region.In the presence of sulfur or selenium precursors,the diffused Ag are converted into Ag2S or Ag2Se,which is connected with the remaining noble metal parts,forming nanocomposites consisting of silver chalcogenide and noble metal nanoparticles with hollow or cage-bell structures.We would focus on the introduction of the fundamentals,principles,electrocatalytic applications as well as perspectives of the chalcogenide semiconductor-noble metal nanocomposites derived from their core-shell precursors so as to provide the readers insights in designing efficient nanocomposites for electrocatalysis.
文摘Science,2016,351,74-77;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2016,55,12503-12507Over billions years of evolution,biosystems have developed elaborate architectures to realize efficient substance metabolism and energy conversion.Using and/or mimicking biological process has provided us an elegant strategy for design and fabrication of biologically functional systems,such as photosystem.To realize efficient energy production,it
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.21522307,21473208,91434103 and 21473153)the Talent Fund of the Recruitment Program of Global Youth Expertsthe Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Biomimetics provides us a new perspective to understand complex biological process and strategy to fabricate functional materials. However,a great challenge still remains to design and fabricate biomimetic materials using a facile but effective method. Here, we develop a biomimetic light harvesting architecture based on one-step co-assembly of amphiphilic amino acid and porphyrin. Amphiphilic amino acid can self-assemble into nanofibers via π-stacking and hydrogen binding interactions. Negatively charged porphyrin adsorbs on the surface of the assembled nanofibers through electrostatic force, and the nanofibers further organize into porous urchin-like microspheres induced presumably by hydrophobic interaction. The assembled amphiphilic amino acid nanofibers work as a template to tune the organization of porphyrin with an architecture principle analogous to natural light harvesting complex. The co-assembled microspheres exhibit enhanced light capture due to the light reflection in the porous structure. Reaction center(platinum nanoparticles) can be effectively coupled with the light harvesting microspheres via photoreduction. After visible light illumination, hydrogen evolution occurs on the hybrid microspheres.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21802144,22072154National Natural Science Fund BRICS STI Framework Program,Grant/Award Number:51861145304+1 种基金Innovation Research Community Science Fund,Grant/Award Number:21821005KeyResearch Program of Frontier Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant/Award Number:QYZDB-SSW-JSC034。
文摘Nanomaterials that integrate multiple functions provide promising opportunities for noninvasive and targeted cancer diagnosis and therapy.However,the unclear metabolic pathway to nanomaterials brought difficulties to clinical application.Selfassembling bile pigments are endogenous functional materials with excellent biocompatibility and low toxicity.Functional materials based on endogenous bile pigments provide a decent solution to this dilemma.In this review,the features and functions of self-assembling bile pigments are discussed in detail for cancer diagnosis and treatment applications.Emphases are put on the intrinsic physicochemical characteristics of bile pigments and their applications,including drug delivery,photoacoustic imaging,photothermal therapy,and anti-inflammation therapy.This review will promote the exploration of these areas and tremendously realize the innovative applications of self-assembling biliverdin/bilirubin nanomaterials toward cancer diagnosis and therapy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2117322621376247+4 种基金21573240and 21506225)Center for MesoscienceInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences(COM2015A001)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KGCX2-YW-341)
文摘Engineering the internal structure and chemical composition of nanomaterials in a cost-effective way has been challenging, especially for enhancing their performance for a given application. Herein, we report a general strategy to fabricate hollow nanostructures of ruthenium-based binary or ternary oxides via a galvanic replacement process together with a subsequent thermal treatment. In particular,the as-prepared NiO-RuO_2 hollow nanostructures loaded on carbon nanotubes(hNiO-RuO_2/CNT) with RuO_2 mass ratio at 19.6% for a supercapacitor adopting the KOH electrolyte exhibit high specific capacitances of 740 F g^(-1) at a constant current density of 1 A g^(-1) with good cycle stability. The specific capacitance for hNiO-RuO_2/CNT electrodes maintains638.4 F g^(-1) at a current density of 5 A g^(-1). This simple approach may shed some light on the way for making a wide range of metal oxides with tunable nanostructures and compositions for a variety of applications.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China on the Mesoscience Program (No. 91434104)the Research Center for Mesoscience at the Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (COM2015A005)+1 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences (XXH13506-301)the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems (No. MPCS-2017-D-01).
文摘Surfactants are extensively used in many chemical products to improve their stability, appearance, texture, and rheology. Precise control of the emulsion droplet size distribution, which depends on the characteristics of the surfactant used, is important for target-oriented product design. A complete understand! ng of the structures and dynamics of emulsion droplets at the reactor level requires coupling of two mesoscale physical constraints, that at the interfacial level, i.e., smaller than a single droplet (Mesoscale- 1), and that at the device level, i.e., larger than a single droplet (Mesoscale-2). In this work, the structures and adsorption kinetics of Mesoscale-1 surfactant molecules were studied via coarse-grained molecular dynamics. A non-equilibrium model that could introduce stable shear flow into the simulation box was used to investigate the interfacial structures at the droplet interface under different shear rates. The configurations of the surfactant molecules and adsorption amounts were compared with those obtained without flow. The adsorption kinetics for different shear rates were compared to determine the effects of hydrodynamic interactions. The dominant mechanisms governing the dynamic structures can thus be summarized as maximization of the adsorption density at the interface and minimization of flow resistance in the bulk phase (water and/or oil molecules). A scheme for coupling between Mesoscale-1 and Mesoscale-2 is proposed. This method is promising for the incorporation of interfacial structure effects into the hydrodynamics at the reactor device level for the manipulation of chemical products.
基金This work was supported by the National Basic Research Pro- gram of China （973 Program, 2014CB744300）, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （51476180）, and by Meso- science Innovation Fund （COM2015A004）. Discussion with Dr. Susanne Hering on his experiment and effects of initial size is acknowledged.
文摘The evolution of particle size distribution （PSD） of fine polydisperse particles at high number concen- trations （7105 cm-3） was simulated through a combined model employing direct quadrature method of moments （DQMOM） with heat and mass transfer equations. The PSD was assumed to retain log-normal distribution during the heterogeneous condensation process. The model was first verified by exact solu- tion and experimental data prior to investigating the influence of initial conditions on final PSD under an octadecane-nitrogen atmosphere. Low particle number concentrations and high vapor concentrations were beneficial to shift the PSD to larger particles having a narrower distribution. Additionally, vapor depletion has more influence on the final PSD than the heat release parameter for a number concentra- tion of 10^6 cm^-3. This study may assist the design process of a gas-solid separating cyclone, to eliminate dust from high-temperature volatiles by pyrolysis of solid fuels.
基金The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.21703252,21522307,and 21473208)the National Natural Sciences Fund BRICS STI Framework Programme(51861145304)+2 种基金Innovation Research Community Science Fund(No.21821005)the Talent Fund of the Recruitment Program of Global Youth Experts,the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS,Grant No.QYZDB-SSW-JSC034)the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2018VEA0005).
文摘Supramolecular assembly could in principle lead to redshifted absorption through J-aggregation of chromophores,which would be a highly promising method for achieving near-infrared materials with improved functionality and flexibility.To effectively enhance the material functionalities,one of the great challenges remaining is to achieve an aggregation statewith a redshift larger than 100 nm.
文摘Local hydrodynamics in the riser of an external loop airlift reactor （EL-ALR） are identified and the performances of three drag models are evaluated in computational fluid dynamics simulation. The simulation results show that the Schiller-Naumann drag model underestimated the local gas holdup at lower superficial gas velocity whereas the Tomiyama drag model overestimated that at higher superficial gas velocity. By contrast, the dual-bubble-size （DBS）-local drag model gave more reasonable radial and axial distri-butions of gas holdup in all cases. The reason is that the DBS-local drag model gave correct values of the lumped parameter, i,e., the ratio of the drag coefficient to bubble diameter, for varying operating conditions and radial positions. This ratio is reasonably expected to decrease with increasing superficial gas velocity and be smaller in the center and larger near the wall. Only the DBS-local drag model correctly reproduced these trends. The radial profiles of the axial velocity of the liquid and gas predicted by the DBS-local model also agreed well with experimental data.
文摘Surfactant removal from the surface of platinum-based nanoparticles prepared using solution-based methods is a prerequisite to realize their high catalytic performance for electrochemical reactions. Herein, we report an effective approach combining acetic acid refluxing with an electrochemical process for the removal of amine- or thiol-based capping agents from the surface of supported-platinum nanoparticles. This strategy involves surfactant protonation by refluxing the supported-platinum particles in acetic acid followed by surfactant removal by subsequent electrochemical treatment at high potential. We demon- strate that this combined activation process is essential to enhance platinum particle performance in catalyzing direct methanol fuel cell reactions, including methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reac- tions. The studies in this work show promise in electrocatalysis applications of solution-based materials synthesis.
基金financial support from the National Natural Sciences Fund BRICS STI Framework Program(No.51861145304)Innovation Research Community Science Fund(No.21821005)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDB-SSW-JSC034).
文摘Natural systems are typically featured with tremendous molecular complexity and construct exquisite architectures and functional materials through precise spatial and temporal control.Supramolecular self-assembly from peptides and proteins is believed to be the key player.Thus,knowledge of the fundamental mechanisms driving peptides into vast functional hierarchical structures will certainly help the rational control of self-assembly process,leading to more precise structural organization and functional optimization.In this review,we briefly summarize the recent progress of this burgeoning field mainly from two directions:peptide-based self-assembly and co-assembly with other functional molecules,each part is further divided into two subparts and representative examples are given for each subpart according to their development timeline.At the end of each part,brief summaries of the closely related applications are outlined.For the closing remarks,we conclude with our own understanding of the area and perspectives are given based on recent developments.Overall,this review could be suitable for both new readers to gain a comprehensive overview of the area and experienced readers to get a summary of the development in short peptide self-assembly from particles to functional materials.
基金financially supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(grant no.22025207)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22172172,22372174,and 22232006)+1 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant no.2022049)the Institute of Process Engineering Project for Frontier Basic Research(grant no.QYJC-2022-011).
文摘Glass materials play a vital role in scientific research and engineering applications.Biomolecular noncovalent glasses(BNG),based on amino acids and peptides,have been proposed as the next-generation glass materials to meet the demand of a sustainability and circular economy.However,bulk BNG with remarkable mechanics and tunable photoluminescence are still rare due to the nature of weak noncovalent interactions and oversimplified molecular structures.Herein,we report the design and creation of metal ion-coordinated BNG(MIBNG)based on a simple amino acid derivative and metal ions.The obtained MIBNG exhibit ceramic-like mechanics,including the hardness,elasticity,and wear resistance,that are unattainable by the pure BNG counterpart.Such remarkable mechanics can be attributed to the enhanced noncovalent crosslinking network connectivity of biomolecules within MIBNG resulting from the incorporation of strong metal coordination interaction with hydrogen bonding and aromatic interactions.Moreover,fluorescence emission of MIBNG can be tuned feasibly through precisely modulating the types of metal ions coordinated.This study sheds light on the crucial role of multiple noncovalent interactions in the construction of BNG and advances the exploration and potential applications of BNG-based functional materials with tunable mechanical and optical properties in such fields as electronics and optics.
