Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy is an indispensable tool to probe weak protein-ligand interactions,which are key to the hit identification and hit-to-lead evolution in fragment-based drug discovery(FBDD).T...Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy is an indispensable tool to probe weak protein-ligand interactions,which are key to the hit identification and hit-to-lead evolution in fragment-based drug discovery(FBDD).The integration of NMR technology in FBDD has facilitated the development of a diverse array of candidate compounds and FDAapproved drugs.Here,we summarized the rapid advancement and application of NMR techniques in contemporary China,which serves as a catalyst for the ongoing prosperousness of fragment-derived inhibitors against various targets.展开更多
The structural design of n-i-p in antimony selenide(Sb_(2)Se_(3))thin film solar cells can effectively improve the low carrier collection efficiency caused by the lower doping concentration of Sb_(2)Se_(3).However,the...The structural design of n-i-p in antimony selenide(Sb_(2)Se_(3))thin film solar cells can effectively improve the low carrier collection efficiency caused by the lower doping concentration of Sb_(2)Se_(3).However,the unideal carrier transport ability of the intrinsic light-absorbing layer remains a major limitation for its power conversion efficiency improvement.Herein,it is discovered that the carrier transport in Sb_(2)Se_(3)thin films strongly depends on the film thickness of the absorber layer in n-i-p structure.By exploring the carrier transport mechanism under different thicknesses of light-absorbing layers,a suitable absorber layer with thickness of 550 nm is demonstrated can effectively separate,transport,and extract photogenerated carriers in Sb_(2)Se_(3)solar cells.Finally,the vapor transport deposition processed Sb_(2)Se_(3)solar cells achieve the highest PCE of 7.62%with a short-circuit current density of 30.71 mA·cm^(-2).This finding provides a constructive guidance for the future researches on Sb_(2)Se_(3)thin film solar cells with n-i-p structure.展开更多
Vascular plants have evolved intricate long-distance signaling mechanisms to cope with environmental stress,with reactive oxygen species(ROS)emerging as pivotal systemic signals in plant stress responses.However,the e...Vascular plants have evolved intricate long-distance signaling mechanisms to cope with environmental stress,with reactive oxygen species(ROS)emerging as pivotal systemic signals in plant stress responses.However,the exact role of ROS as root-to-shoot signals in the drought response has not been determined.In this study,we reveal that compared with wild-type plants,ferric reductase defective 3(frd3)mutants exhibit enhanced drought resistance concomitant with elevated NINE-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3(NCED3)transcript levels and abscisic acid(ABA)contents in leaves as well as increased hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))levels in roots and leaves.Grafting experiments distinctly illustrate that drought resistance can be conferred by the frd3 rootstock regardless of the scion genotype,indicating that long-distance signals originating from frd3 roots promote an increase in ABA levels in leaves.Intriguingly,the drought resistance conferred by the frd3 mutant rootstock is weakened by the CAT2-overexpressing scion,suggesting that H_(2)O_(2)may be involved in long-distance signaling.Moreover,the results of comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses support the drought resistance phenotype of the frd3 mutant.Taken together,our findings substantiate the notion that frd3 root-derived long-distance signals trigger ABA synthesis in leaves and enhance drought resistance,providing new evidence for root-to-shoot long-distance signaling in the drought response of plants.展开更多
This corrigendum clarifies to supplement the“Data availability”session.Data availability The raw sequence data reported in this paper have been deposited in the National Genomics Data Center,China National Center fo...This corrigendum clarifies to supplement the“Data availability”session.Data availability The raw sequence data reported in this paper have been deposited in the National Genomics Data Center,China National Center for Bioinformation/Beijing Institute of Genomics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(GSA:CRA017487 and iProx:IPX0009175000).展开更多
With the development of the big data era,the need for computation power is dramatically growing,especially for solving partial differential equations(PDEs),because PDEs are often used to describe complex systems and p...With the development of the big data era,the need for computation power is dramatically growing,especially for solving partial differential equations(PDEs),because PDEs are often used to describe complex systems and phenomena in both science and engineering.However,it is still a great challenge for on-chip photonic solving of time-evolving PDEs because of the difficulties in big coefficient matrix photonic computing,high accuracy,and error accumulation.We overcome these challenges by realizing a microcomb-driven photonic chip and introducing time-division multiplexing and matrix partition techniques into PDE photonic solving,which can solve PDEs with a large coefficient matrix on a photonic chip with a limited size.Timeevolving PDEs,including the heat equation with the first order of time derivative,the wave equation with the second order of time derivative,and the nonlinear Burgers equation,are solved with an accuracy of up to 97%.Furthermore,the parallel solving of the Poisson equation and Laplace's equation is demonstrated experimentally on a single chip,with an accuracy of 95.9%and 95.8%,respectively.We offer a powerful photonic platform for solving PDEs,which takes a step forward in the application of photonic chips in mathematical problems and will promote the development of on-chip photonic computing.展开更多
The effects of carbon nanoparticle(CNP)on rice variety Swarna(MTU7029)were investigated.CNP induced effects similar to shade avoidance response(SAR)of Arabidopsis,with increase in shoot length,root length,root number,...The effects of carbon nanoparticle(CNP)on rice variety Swarna(MTU7029)were investigated.CNP induced effects similar to shade avoidance response(SAR)of Arabidopsis,with increase in shoot length,root length,root number,cotyledon area,chlorophyll content and total sugar content in rice seedlings.In mature plants,CNP treatment resulted increase in plant height,number of productive tillers per plant,normalized difference vegetation index,quantum yield and root growth.A total of 320 mg of CNP per plant administered in four doses resulted in improved grain traits such as filled grain rate,100-grain weight,grain length/width ratio,hulling rate,milling rate and head rice recovery.Seeds from the CNP-treated plants showed increase in amylose,starch and soluble sugar contents compared to controls.Strikingly,CNP treatment showed an average of 17.5%increase in yield per plant.Upon investigation to the molecular mechanism behind CNP induction of SAR,a significant downregulation of phytochrome B transcript was found.Decrease in perception of red wavelengths led to responses similar to SAR.Increase in plant’s internal temperature by 0.5ºC±0.1ºC was recorded after CNP treatment.We suggest that the internalized CNP aggregates may serve to absorb extra photons thereby increasing the internal temperature of plants.Phytochrome B accounts the hike in internal temperature and initiates a feed-back reduction of its own transcription.We suggest that moderate SAR is beneficial for rice plants to improve agronomic traits and yield.It presents a potential non-transgenic method for improving rice yield by CNP treatment.展开更多
Needle-like crystals consisting of a solid solution of C(60)-C(70)fullerene were synthesized by a liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method using toluene and 2-propanol as solvents.A machined crystal with a V-not...Needle-like crystals consisting of a solid solution of C(60)-C(70)fullerene were synthesized by a liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method using toluene and 2-propanol as solvents.A machined crystal with a V-notch was placed in a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope where it was bent until fracture by pushing it with a molybdenum probe to measure its mechanical properties and its fracture surface was examined.The crystals had a tensile strength of 58-71 MPa,which is much higher than C60 fullerene needle-like crystals and slightly larger than alumina,and a fracture toughness of 1.1-1.3 MPa m(1/2).Moreover,it is possible to change the plasticity and fracture toughness of the C(60)-C(70)crystals by solvation of different numbers of fullerene molecules.The C(60)-C(70)fullerene crystals have the potential for use as electrodes,anchors for brittle materials,and ductile wires to carry electricity.展开更多
Using the non-equilibrium Green’s function techniques with interatomic potentials, we study the temperature dependence and the crossover of thermal conductance from the usual behavior proportional to the cross-sectio...Using the non-equilibrium Green’s function techniques with interatomic potentials, we study the temperature dependence and the crossover of thermal conductance from the usual behavior proportional to the cross-sectional area at room temperature to the universal quantized behavior at low temperature for carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires, and diamond nanowires. We find that this crossover of thermal conductance occurs smoothly for the quasi-one-dimensional materials and its universal behavior is well reproduced by the simplified model characterized by two parameters.展开更多
Graphene ribbons with a suspended proof mass for nanomechanical systems have been rarely studied.Here,we report three types of nanomechanical devices consisting of graphene ribbons(two ribbons,four ribbons-cross and f...Graphene ribbons with a suspended proof mass for nanomechanical systems have been rarely studied.Here,we report three types of nanomechanical devices consisting of graphene ribbons(two ribbons,four ribbons-cross and four ribbons-parallel)with suspended Si proof masses and studied their mechanical properties.The resonance frequencies and built-in stresses of three types of devices ranged from tens of kHz to hundreds of kHz,and from 82.61 MPa to 545.73 MPa,respectively,both of which decrease with the increase of the size of proof mass.The devices with four graphene ribbons featured higher resonance frequencies and spring constants,but lower built-in stresses than two ribbon devices under otherwise identical conditions.The Young's modulus and fracture strain of double-layer graphene were measured to be 0.34 TPa and 1.13%respectively,by using the experimental data and finite element analysis(FEA)simulations.Our studies would lay the foundation for understanding of mechanical properties of graphene ribbons with a suspended proof mass and their potential applications in nanoelectromechanical systems.展开更多
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)has significantly impacted photonics,creating a symbiotic relationship that accelerates the development and applications of both fields.From the perspective of AI ai...The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)has significantly impacted photonics,creating a symbiotic relationship that accelerates the development and applications of both fields.From the perspective of AI aiding photonics,deep-learning methods and various intelligent algorithms have been developed for designing complex photonic structures,where traditional design approaches fall short.AI’s capability to process and analyze large data sets has enabled the discovery of novel materials,such as for photovoltaics,leading to enhanced light absorption and efficiency.AI is also significantly transforming the field of optical imaging with improved performance.In addition,AI-driven techniques have revolutionized optical communication systems by optimizing signal processing and enhancing the bandwidth and reliability of data transmission.Conversely,the contribution of photonics to AI is equally profound.Photonic technologies offer unparalleled advantages in the development of AI hardware,providing solutions to overcome the bottlenecks of electronic systems.The implementation of photonic neural networks,leveraging the high speed and parallelism of optical computing,demonstrates significant improvements in the processing speed and energy efficiency of AI computations.Furthermore,advancements in optical sensors and imaging technologies not only enrich AI applications with high-quality data but also expand the capabilities of AI in fields such as autonomous vehicles and medical imaging.We provide comprehensive knowledge and a detailed analysis of the current state of the art,addressing both challenges and opportunities at the intersection of AI and photonics.The multifaceted interactions between AI and photonics will be explored,illustrating how AI has become an indispensable tool in the development of photonics and how photonics,in turn,facilitates advancements in AI.Through a collection of case studies and examples,we underscore the potential of this interdisciplinary approach to drive innovation,proposing challenges and future research directions that could further harness the synergies between AI and photonics for scientific and technological breakthroughs.展开更多
Dear Editor,Promyelocytic leukemia(PML)is the scaffold protein that organizes PML bod-ies,which are nuclear membraneless organelles involved in various biologi-cal processes,including tumor suppres-sion and antiviral ...Dear Editor,Promyelocytic leukemia(PML)is the scaffold protein that organizes PML bod-ies,which are nuclear membraneless organelles involved in various biologi-cal processes,including tumor suppres-sion and antiviral responses(Ugge et al.,2022).Early electron microscopic analy-ses revealed contacts between the sur-face of PML bodies and chromatin struc-ture(Corpet et al.,2020).In fact,sev-eral chromatin and cell cycle regulators,such as TIP60,P300,and heterochro-matin protein 1(HP1),are localized in PML bodies in interphase cells(Corpet et al.,2020).展开更多
Although the dynamic instability of microtubules(MTs)is fundamental to many cellular functions,quiescent MTs with unattached free distal ends are commonly present and play important roles in various events to power ce...Although the dynamic instability of microtubules(MTs)is fundamental to many cellular functions,quiescent MTs with unattached free distal ends are commonly present and play important roles in various events to power cellular dynamics.However,how these free MT tips are stabilized remains poorly understood.Here,we report that centrosome and spindle pole protein 1(CSPP1)caps and stabilizes both plus and minus ends of static MTs.Real-time imaging of laser-ablated MTs in live cells showed deposition of CSPP1 at the newly generated MT ends,whose dynamic instability was concomitantly suppressed.Consistently,MT ends in CSPP1-overexpressing cells were hyper-stabilized,while those in CSPP1-depleted cells were much more dynamic.This CSPP1-elicited stabilization of MTs was demonstrated to be achieved by suppressing intrinsic MT catastrophe and restricting polymerization.Importantly,CSPP1-bound MTs were resistant to mitotic centromere-associated kinesin-mediated depolymerization.These findings delineate a previously uncharacterized CSPP1 activity that integrates MT end capping to orchestrate quiescent MTs.展开更多
Biomolecular condensates or membraneless organelles(MLOs)formed by liquid-liquid phase separation(LLPS)divide intracellular spaces into discrete compartments for specific functions.Dysregulation of LLPS or aberrant ph...Biomolecular condensates or membraneless organelles(MLOs)formed by liquid-liquid phase separation(LLPS)divide intracellular spaces into discrete compartments for specific functions.Dysregulation of LLPS or aberrant phase transition that disturbs the formation or material states of MLOs is closely correlated with neurodegeneration,tumorigenesis,and many other pathological processes.Herein,we summarize the recent progress in development of methods to monitor phase separation and we discuss the biogenesis and function of MLOs formed through phase separation.We then present emerging proof-of-concept examples regarding the disruption of phase separation homeostasis in a diverse array of clinical conditions including neurodegenerative disorders,hearing loss,cancers,and immunological diseases.Finally,we describe the emerging discovery of chemical modulators of phase separation.展开更多
Accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis depends on kinetochores that connect centromeric chromatin to spindle microtubules.Centromeres are captured by individual microtubules via a kinetochore constitutive centrome...Accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis depends on kinetochores that connect centromeric chromatin to spindle microtubules.Centromeres are captured by individual microtubules via a kinetochore constitutive centromere-associated network(CCAN)during chromosome segregation.CCAN contains 16 subunits,including CENP-W and CENP-T.However,the molecular recognition and mitotic regulation of the CCAN assembly remain elusive.Here,we revealed that CENP-W binds to the histone fold domain and an uncharacterized N-terminal region of CENP-T.Aurora B phosphorylates CENP-W at threonine 60,which enhances the interaction between CENP-W and CENP-T to ensure robust metaphase chromosome alignment and accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis.These findings delineate a conserved signaling cascade that integrates protein phosphorylation with CCAN integrity for the maintenance of genomic stability.展开更多
Grain weight,a key determinant of yield in rice(Oryza sativa L.),is governed primarily by genetic factors,whereas grain chalkiness,a detriment to grain quality,is intertwined with environmental factors such as mineral...Grain weight,a key determinant of yield in rice(Oryza sativa L.),is governed primarily by genetic factors,whereas grain chalkiness,a detriment to grain quality,is intertwined with environmental factors such as mineral nutrients.Nitrogen(N)is recognized for its effect on grain chalkiness,but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be clarified.This study revealed the pivotal role of rice NODULE INCEPTION-LIKE PROTEIN 3(OsNLP3)in simultaneously regulating grain weight and grain chalkiness.Our investigation showed that loss of OsNLP3 leads to a reduction in both grain weight and dimension,in contrast to the enhancement observed with OsNLP3 overexpression.OsNLP3 directly suppresses the expression of OsCEP6.1 and OsNF-YA8,which were identified as negative regulators associated with grain weight.Consequently,two novel regulatory modules,OsNLP3-OsCEP6.1 and OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8,were identified as key players in grain weight regulation.Notably,the OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8 module not only increases grain weight but also mitigates grain chalkiness in response to N.This research clarifies the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate grain weight through the OsNLP3-OsCEP6.1 and OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8 modules,highlighting the pivotal role of the OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8 module in alleviating grain chalkiness.These findings reveal potential targets for simultaneous enhancement of rice yield and quality.展开更多
Zeste white 10(ZW10)was first identified as a centromere/kinetochore protein encoded by the ZW10 gene in Drosophila.ZW10 guides the spindle assembly checkpoint signaling during mitotic chromosome segregation in metazo...Zeste white 10(ZW10)was first identified as a centromere/kinetochore protein encoded by the ZW10 gene in Drosophila.ZW10 guides the spindle assembly checkpoint signaling during mitotic chromosome segregation in metazoans.Recent studies have shown that ZW10 is also involved in membrane-bound organelle interactions during interphase and plays a vital role in membrane transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.Despite these findings,the precise molecular mechanisms by which ZW10 regulates interactions between membrane-bound organelles in interphase and the assembly of membraneless organelle kinetochore in mitosis remain elusive.Here,we highlight how ZW10 forms context-dependent protein complexes during the cell cycle.These complexes are essential for mediating membrane trafficking in interphase and ensuring the accurate segregation of chromosomes in mitosis.展开更多
Graphene is being increasingly used as an interesting transducer membrane in micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems(MEMS and NEMS,respectively)due to its atomical thickness,extremely high carrier mobility,high mechan...Graphene is being increasingly used as an interesting transducer membrane in micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems(MEMS and NEMS,respectively)due to its atomical thickness,extremely high carrier mobility,high mechanical strength,and piezoresistive electromechanical transductions.NEMS devices based on graphene feature increased sensitivity,reduced size,and new functionalities.In this review,we discuss the merits of graphene as a functional material for MEMS and NEMS,the related properties of graphene,the transduction mechanisms of graphene MEMS and NEMS,typical transfer methods for integrating graphene with MEMS substrates,methods for fabricating suspended graphene,and graphene patterning and electrical contact.Consequently,we provide an overview of devices based on suspended and nonsuspended graphene structures.Finally,we discuss the potential and challenges of applications of graphene in MEMS and NEMS.Owing to its unique features,graphene is a promising material for emerging MEMS,NEMS,and sensor applications.展开更多
Crop yield plays a critical role in global food security.For optimal plant growth and maximal crop yields,nutrients must be balanced.However,the potential significance of balanced nitrogen-iron(N-Fe)for improving crop...Crop yield plays a critical role in global food security.For optimal plant growth and maximal crop yields,nutrients must be balanced.However,the potential significance of balanced nitrogen-iron(N-Fe)for improving crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)has not previously been addressed.Here,we show that balanced N-Fe sufficiency significantly increases tiller number and boosts yield and NUE in rice and wheat.NIN-like protein 4(OsNLP4)plays a pivotal role in maintaining the N-Fe balance by coordinately regulating the expression of multiple genes involved in N and Fe metabolism and signaling.OsNLP4 also suppresses OsD3 expression and strigolactone(SL)signaling,thereby promoting tillering.Balanced N-Fe sufficiency promotes the nuclear localization of OsNLP4 by reducing H_(2)O_(2) levels,reinforcing the functions of OsNLP4.Interestingly,we found that OsNLP4 upregulates the expression of a set of H2O2-scavenging genes to promote its own accumulation in the nucleus.Furthermore,we demonstrated that foliar spraying of balanced N-Fe fertilizer at the tillering stage can effectively increase tiller number,yield,and NUE of both rice and wheat in the field.Collectively,these findings reveal the previously unrecognized effects of N-Fe balance on grain yield and NUE as well as the molecular mechanism by which the OsNLP4-OsD3 module integrates N-Fe nutrient signals to downregulate SL signaling and thereby promote rice tillering.Our study sheds light on how N-Fe nutrient signals modulate rice tillering and provide potential innovative approaches that improve crop yield with reduced N fertilizer input for benefitting sustainable agriculture worldwide.展开更多
In mitosis,accurate chromosome segregation depends on the kinetochore,a supermolecular machinery that couples dynamic spin-dle microtubules to centromeric chromatin.However,the structure–activity relationship of the ...In mitosis,accurate chromosome segregation depends on the kinetochore,a supermolecular machinery that couples dynamic spin-dle microtubules to centromeric chromatin.However,the structure–activity relationship of the constitutive centromere-associated network(CCAN)during mitosis remains uncharacterized.Building on our recent cryo-electron microscopic analyses of human CCAN structure,we investigated how dynamic phosphorylation of human CENP-N regulates accurate chromosome segregation.Our mass spectrometric analyses revealed mitotic phosphorylation of CENP-N by CDK1,which modulates the CENP-L–CENP-N interaction for accurate chromosome segregation and CCAN organization.Perturbation of CENP-N phosphorylation is shown to prevent proper chromosome alignment and activate the spindle assembly checkpoint.These analyses provide mechanistic insight into a previously undefined link between the centromere–kinetochore network and accurate chromosome segregation.展开更多
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFA1306200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22377119)+2 种基金Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2208085MC50)USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative(YD9100002028,YD9100002036)Research Funds of Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM(QYPY20220008)for their financial support.
文摘Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy is an indispensable tool to probe weak protein-ligand interactions,which are key to the hit identification and hit-to-lead evolution in fragment-based drug discovery(FBDD).The integration of NMR technology in FBDD has facilitated the development of a diverse array of candidate compounds and FDAapproved drugs.Here,we summarized the rapid advancement and application of NMR techniques in contemporary China,which serves as a catalyst for the ongoing prosperousness of fragment-derived inhibitors against various targets.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62305064)the Beijing Nova Program from Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z211100002121072).
文摘The structural design of n-i-p in antimony selenide(Sb_(2)Se_(3))thin film solar cells can effectively improve the low carrier collection efficiency caused by the lower doping concentration of Sb_(2)Se_(3).However,the unideal carrier transport ability of the intrinsic light-absorbing layer remains a major limitation for its power conversion efficiency improvement.Herein,it is discovered that the carrier transport in Sb_(2)Se_(3)thin films strongly depends on the film thickness of the absorber layer in n-i-p structure.By exploring the carrier transport mechanism under different thicknesses of light-absorbing layers,a suitable absorber layer with thickness of 550 nm is demonstrated can effectively separate,transport,and extract photogenerated carriers in Sb_(2)Se_(3)solar cells.Finally,the vapor transport deposition processed Sb_(2)Se_(3)solar cells achieve the highest PCE of 7.62%with a short-circuit current density of 30.71 mA·cm^(-2).This finding provides a constructive guidance for the future researches on Sb_(2)Se_(3)thin film solar cells with n-i-p structure.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31900230 to P.X.Z.)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020T130634 and 2019M652200 to P.X.Z.).
文摘Vascular plants have evolved intricate long-distance signaling mechanisms to cope with environmental stress,with reactive oxygen species(ROS)emerging as pivotal systemic signals in plant stress responses.However,the exact role of ROS as root-to-shoot signals in the drought response has not been determined.In this study,we reveal that compared with wild-type plants,ferric reductase defective 3(frd3)mutants exhibit enhanced drought resistance concomitant with elevated NINE-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3(NCED3)transcript levels and abscisic acid(ABA)contents in leaves as well as increased hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))levels in roots and leaves.Grafting experiments distinctly illustrate that drought resistance can be conferred by the frd3 rootstock regardless of the scion genotype,indicating that long-distance signals originating from frd3 roots promote an increase in ABA levels in leaves.Intriguingly,the drought resistance conferred by the frd3 mutant rootstock is weakened by the CAT2-overexpressing scion,suggesting that H_(2)O_(2)may be involved in long-distance signaling.Moreover,the results of comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses support the drought resistance phenotype of the frd3 mutant.Taken together,our findings substantiate the notion that frd3 root-derived long-distance signals trigger ABA synthesis in leaves and enhance drought resistance,providing new evidence for root-to-shoot long-distance signaling in the drought response of plants.
文摘This corrigendum clarifies to supplement the“Data availability”session.Data availability The raw sequence data reported in this paper have been deposited in the National Genomics Data Center,China National Center for Bioinformation/Beijing Institute of Genomics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(GSA:CRA017487 and iProx:IPX0009175000).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.92150302 and 12274031)the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2021ZD0301500)+1 种基金the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Teli Young Fellowsthe Beijing Institute of Technology Science and Technology Innovation Plan Innovative Talents Science and Technology Funding Special Plan(Grant No.2022CX01006)。
文摘With the development of the big data era,the need for computation power is dramatically growing,especially for solving partial differential equations(PDEs),because PDEs are often used to describe complex systems and phenomena in both science and engineering.However,it is still a great challenge for on-chip photonic solving of time-evolving PDEs because of the difficulties in big coefficient matrix photonic computing,high accuracy,and error accumulation.We overcome these challenges by realizing a microcomb-driven photonic chip and introducing time-division multiplexing and matrix partition techniques into PDE photonic solving,which can solve PDEs with a large coefficient matrix on a photonic chip with a limited size.Timeevolving PDEs,including the heat equation with the first order of time derivative,the wave equation with the second order of time derivative,and the nonlinear Burgers equation,are solved with an accuracy of up to 97%.Furthermore,the parallel solving of the Poisson equation and Laplace's equation is demonstrated experimentally on a single chip,with an accuracy of 95.9%and 95.8%,respectively.We offer a powerful photonic platform for solving PDEs,which takes a step forward in the application of photonic chips in mathematical problems and will promote the development of on-chip photonic computing.
基金supported by the Department of Science and Technology,Women Scientist Scheme-A in India(Grant No.SR/WOS-A/LS-369/2018)Science Engineering Research Board,Young Scientist Start-Up Grant in India(Grant No.YSS-2015-000659)+1 种基金Department of Science and Technology,Science Engineering Research Board,India(Grant No.EMR/2014/000533)Department of Atomic Energy,National Institute of Science Education and Research in India.
文摘The effects of carbon nanoparticle(CNP)on rice variety Swarna(MTU7029)were investigated.CNP induced effects similar to shade avoidance response(SAR)of Arabidopsis,with increase in shoot length,root length,root number,cotyledon area,chlorophyll content and total sugar content in rice seedlings.In mature plants,CNP treatment resulted increase in plant height,number of productive tillers per plant,normalized difference vegetation index,quantum yield and root growth.A total of 320 mg of CNP per plant administered in four doses resulted in improved grain traits such as filled grain rate,100-grain weight,grain length/width ratio,hulling rate,milling rate and head rice recovery.Seeds from the CNP-treated plants showed increase in amylose,starch and soluble sugar contents compared to controls.Strikingly,CNP treatment showed an average of 17.5%increase in yield per plant.Upon investigation to the molecular mechanism behind CNP induction of SAR,a significant downregulation of phytochrome B transcript was found.Decrease in perception of red wavelengths led to responses similar to SAR.Increase in plant’s internal temperature by 0.5ºC±0.1ºC was recorded after CNP treatment.We suggest that the internalized CNP aggregates may serve to absorb extra photons thereby increasing the internal temperature of plants.Phytochrome B accounts the hike in internal temperature and initiates a feed-back reduction of its own transcription.We suggest that moderate SAR is beneficial for rice plants to improve agronomic traits and yield.It presents a potential non-transgenic method for improving rice yield by CNP treatment.
基金partly supported by the Center of Materials Research for Low Carbon Emission of National Institute for Materials Sciencethe Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI(No.26600007)
文摘Needle-like crystals consisting of a solid solution of C(60)-C(70)fullerene were synthesized by a liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method using toluene and 2-propanol as solvents.A machined crystal with a V-notch was placed in a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope where it was bent until fracture by pushing it with a molybdenum probe to measure its mechanical properties and its fracture surface was examined.The crystals had a tensile strength of 58-71 MPa,which is much higher than C60 fullerene needle-like crystals and slightly larger than alumina,and a fracture toughness of 1.1-1.3 MPa m(1/2).Moreover,it is possible to change the plasticity and fracture toughness of the C(60)-C(70)crystals by solvation of different numbers of fullerene molecules.The C(60)-C(70)fullerene crystals have the potential for use as electrodes,anchors for brittle materials,and ductile wires to carry electricity.
文摘Using the non-equilibrium Green’s function techniques with interatomic potentials, we study the temperature dependence and the crossover of thermal conductance from the usual behavior proportional to the cross-sectional area at room temperature to the universal quantized behavior at low temperature for carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires, and diamond nanowires. We find that this crossover of thermal conductance occurs smoothly for the quasi-one-dimensional materials and its universal behavior is well reproduced by the simplified model characterized by two parameters.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62171037 and 62088101)173 Technical Field Fund(2023-JCJQ-JJ-0971)+6 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4232076)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3204600)National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(Overseas)Beijing Institute of Technology Teli Young Fellow Program(2021TLQT012)Beijing Institute of Technology Science and Technology Innovation Plan(2022CX11019)the FLAG-ERA project 2DNEMS funded by the Swedish Research Council(VR)(2019-03412)the Swiss National Science Foundation(project PP00P2_170590 and CRSII5_189967).
文摘Graphene ribbons with a suspended proof mass for nanomechanical systems have been rarely studied.Here,we report three types of nanomechanical devices consisting of graphene ribbons(two ribbons,four ribbons-cross and four ribbons-parallel)with suspended Si proof masses and studied their mechanical properties.The resonance frequencies and built-in stresses of three types of devices ranged from tens of kHz to hundreds of kHz,and from 82.61 MPa to 545.73 MPa,respectively,both of which decrease with the increase of the size of proof mass.The devices with four graphene ribbons featured higher resonance frequencies and spring constants,but lower built-in stresses than two ribbon devices under otherwise identical conditions.The Young's modulus and fracture strain of double-layer graphene were measured to be 0.34 TPa and 1.13%respectively,by using the experimental data and finite element analysis(FEA)simulations.Our studies would lay the foundation for understanding of mechanical properties of graphene ribbons with a suspended proof mass and their potential applications in nanoelectromechanical systems.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2021ZD0109904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.T2325022,U23A2074,12274031,62135004,and 62305307)+1 种基金the Beijing Institute of Technology Science and Technology Innovation Plan(Grant No.2022CX01006)the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang(Grant No.2024SSYS0014).
文摘The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)has significantly impacted photonics,creating a symbiotic relationship that accelerates the development and applications of both fields.From the perspective of AI aiding photonics,deep-learning methods and various intelligent algorithms have been developed for designing complex photonic structures,where traditional design approaches fall short.AI’s capability to process and analyze large data sets has enabled the discovery of novel materials,such as for photovoltaics,leading to enhanced light absorption and efficiency.AI is also significantly transforming the field of optical imaging with improved performance.In addition,AI-driven techniques have revolutionized optical communication systems by optimizing signal processing and enhancing the bandwidth and reliability of data transmission.Conversely,the contribution of photonics to AI is equally profound.Photonic technologies offer unparalleled advantages in the development of AI hardware,providing solutions to overcome the bottlenecks of electronic systems.The implementation of photonic neural networks,leveraging the high speed and parallelism of optical computing,demonstrates significant improvements in the processing speed and energy efficiency of AI computations.Furthermore,advancements in optical sensors and imaging technologies not only enrich AI applications with high-quality data but also expand the capabilities of AI in fields such as autonomous vehicles and medical imaging.We provide comprehensive knowledge and a detailed analysis of the current state of the art,addressing both challenges and opportunities at the intersection of AI and photonics.The multifaceted interactions between AI and photonics will be explored,illustrating how AI has become an indispensable tool in the development of photonics and how photonics,in turn,facilitates advancements in AI.Through a collection of case studies and examples,we underscore the potential of this interdisciplinary approach to drive innovation,proposing challenges and future research directions that could further harness the synergies between AI and photonics for scientific and technological breakthroughs.
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2022YFA1303100,32090040,92254302,92153302,2022YFA0806800,2022YFA1302700,2017YFA0503600,31621002,91853115,21922706,22177106)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB19040000)+1 种基金the Ministry of Education(IRT_17R102 and 2011340213001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2070000194).
文摘Dear Editor,Promyelocytic leukemia(PML)is the scaffold protein that organizes PML bod-ies,which are nuclear membraneless organelles involved in various biologi-cal processes,including tumor suppres-sion and antiviral responses(Ugge et al.,2022).Early electron microscopic analy-ses revealed contacts between the sur-face of PML bodies and chromatin struc-ture(Corpet et al.,2020).In fact,sev-eral chromatin and cell cycle regulators,such as TIP60,P300,and heterochro-matin protein 1(HP1),are localized in PML bodies in interphase cells(Corpet et al.,2020).
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2022YFA1303100,32090040,92254302,2022YFA0806800,91854203,31621002,2017YFA0503600,21922706,and 92153302 to Xing Liu,2022YFA1302700 to Z.W.,32100612 to Xu Liu)the Ministry of Education of China(IRT_17R102,20113402130010,and YD2070006001 to Xing Liu)+3 种基金the Plans for Major Provincial Science&Technology Projects of Anhui Province(202303a0702003 to Xing Liu)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KB9100000007 and KB9100000013 to Xing Liu)University of Science and Technology of China Start-up Fund(KY9990000167 to Z.W.)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LY23C070002 to W.W.)。
文摘Although the dynamic instability of microtubules(MTs)is fundamental to many cellular functions,quiescent MTs with unattached free distal ends are commonly present and play important roles in various events to power cellular dynamics.However,how these free MT tips are stabilized remains poorly understood.Here,we report that centrosome and spindle pole protein 1(CSPP1)caps and stabilizes both plus and minus ends of static MTs.Real-time imaging of laser-ablated MTs in live cells showed deposition of CSPP1 at the newly generated MT ends,whose dynamic instability was concomitantly suppressed.Consistently,MT ends in CSPP1-overexpressing cells were hyper-stabilized,while those in CSPP1-depleted cells were much more dynamic.This CSPP1-elicited stabilization of MTs was demonstrated to be achieved by suppressing intrinsic MT catastrophe and restricting polymerization.Importantly,CSPP1-bound MTs were resistant to mitotic centromere-associated kinesin-mediated depolymerization.These findings delineate a previously uncharacterized CSPP1 activity that integrates MT end capping to orchestrate quiescent MTs.
基金supported by grants from the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0480000)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1103800,2022YFA1303100,2023YFE0210100)+10 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22337005,22377119,32025010,32241002,32270812,32270920,32325016,32350024,32261160376,82150003,82188101,82325016,92157202,92254301,T2325003)STI2030-Major Projects(2021ZD0202501)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(2019SHZDZX02,20490712600)the Key Research Program CAS(ZDBS-ZRKJZ-TLC003)International Cooperation Program CAS(154144KYSB20200006)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-075)Guangdong Province Science and Technology Program(2023B1111050005,2023B1212060050)Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(2108085J12)Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM(QYPY20220008)Shenzhen Talent Program(KQTD20210811090115021)Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program(2021ZT09Y104)。
文摘Biomolecular condensates or membraneless organelles(MLOs)formed by liquid-liquid phase separation(LLPS)divide intracellular spaces into discrete compartments for specific functions.Dysregulation of LLPS or aberrant phase transition that disturbs the formation or material states of MLOs is closely correlated with neurodegeneration,tumorigenesis,and many other pathological processes.Herein,we summarize the recent progress in development of methods to monitor phase separation and we discuss the biogenesis and function of MLOs formed through phase separation.We then present emerging proof-of-concept examples regarding the disruption of phase separation homeostasis in a diverse array of clinical conditions including neurodegenerative disorders,hearing loss,cancers,and immunological diseases.Finally,we describe the emerging discovery of chemical modulators of phase separation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1303100,2022YFA0806800,2022YFA1302700,and 2017YFA0503600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32090040,92254302,92153302,92253301,22137007,32170733,and 31871359)+3 种基金the Ministry of Education(IRT_17R102)the Plans for Major Provincial Science&Technology Projects of Anhui Province(202303a0702003)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB19040000)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2070000066 and WK2070000194).
文摘Accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis depends on kinetochores that connect centromeric chromatin to spindle microtubules.Centromeres are captured by individual microtubules via a kinetochore constitutive centromere-associated network(CCAN)during chromosome segregation.CCAN contains 16 subunits,including CENP-W and CENP-T.However,the molecular recognition and mitotic regulation of the CCAN assembly remain elusive.Here,we revealed that CENP-W binds to the histone fold domain and an uncharacterized N-terminal region of CENP-T.Aurora B phosphorylates CENP-W at threonine 60,which enhances the interaction between CENP-W and CENP-T to ensure robust metaphase chromosome alignment and accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis.These findings delineate a conserved signaling cascade that integrates protein phosphorylation with CCAN integrity for the maintenance of genomic stability.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32321001 to Z.Z.and C.-B.X.and 32100208 to J.W.)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24010303)+1 种基金the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2108085QC103)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK9100000023).
文摘Grain weight,a key determinant of yield in rice(Oryza sativa L.),is governed primarily by genetic factors,whereas grain chalkiness,a detriment to grain quality,is intertwined with environmental factors such as mineral nutrients.Nitrogen(N)is recognized for its effect on grain chalkiness,but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be clarified.This study revealed the pivotal role of rice NODULE INCEPTION-LIKE PROTEIN 3(OsNLP3)in simultaneously regulating grain weight and grain chalkiness.Our investigation showed that loss of OsNLP3 leads to a reduction in both grain weight and dimension,in contrast to the enhancement observed with OsNLP3 overexpression.OsNLP3 directly suppresses the expression of OsCEP6.1 and OsNF-YA8,which were identified as negative regulators associated with grain weight.Consequently,two novel regulatory modules,OsNLP3-OsCEP6.1 and OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8,were identified as key players in grain weight regulation.Notably,the OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8 module not only increases grain weight but also mitigates grain chalkiness in response to N.This research clarifies the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate grain weight through the OsNLP3-OsCEP6.1 and OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8 modules,highlighting the pivotal role of the OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8 module in alleviating grain chalkiness.These findings reveal potential targets for simultaneous enhancement of rice yield and quality.
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2022YFA1303100,32090040,92254302,2022YFA0806800,W2411017,32450537,91953000,92153302,32170733,and 22177106)Plans for Major Provincial Science&Technology Projects of Anhui Province(202303a0702003)+2 种基金the Ministry of Education(IRT_17R102)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB19040000)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KB9100000007,KB9100000006,and KB9100000013).
文摘Zeste white 10(ZW10)was first identified as a centromere/kinetochore protein encoded by the ZW10 gene in Drosophila.ZW10 guides the spindle assembly checkpoint signaling during mitotic chromosome segregation in metazoans.Recent studies have shown that ZW10 is also involved in membrane-bound organelle interactions during interphase and plays a vital role in membrane transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.Despite these findings,the precise molecular mechanisms by which ZW10 regulates interactions between membrane-bound organelles in interphase and the assembly of membraneless organelle kinetochore in mitosis remain elusive.Here,we highlight how ZW10 forms context-dependent protein complexes during the cell cycle.These complexes are essential for mediating membrane trafficking in interphase and ensuring the accurate segregation of chromosomes in mitosis.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62171037 and 62088101)the 173 Technical Field Fund(2023-JCJQ-JJ-0971)+5 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4232076)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3204600)the Beijing Institute of Technology Science and Technology Innovation Plan(2022CX11019)the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(Overseas)the Bejing Institute of Technology Teli Young Fellow Program(2021TLQTO12)the FLAG-ERA project 2DNEMS funded by the Swedish Research Council(VR)(2019-03412).
文摘Graphene is being increasingly used as an interesting transducer membrane in micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems(MEMS and NEMS,respectively)due to its atomical thickness,extremely high carrier mobility,high mechanical strength,and piezoresistive electromechanical transductions.NEMS devices based on graphene feature increased sensitivity,reduced size,and new functionalities.In this review,we discuss the merits of graphene as a functional material for MEMS and NEMS,the related properties of graphene,the transduction mechanisms of graphene MEMS and NEMS,typical transfer methods for integrating graphene with MEMS substrates,methods for fabricating suspended graphene,and graphene patterning and electrical contact.Consequently,we provide an overview of devices based on suspended and nonsuspended graphene structures.Finally,we discuss the potential and challenges of applications of graphene in MEMS and NEMS.Owing to its unique features,graphene is a promising material for emerging MEMS,NEMS,and sensor applications.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32321001 to C.B.X.and 32100208 to J.W.)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant no.XDA24010303)+1 种基金the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(grant no.2108085QC103)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant no.WK9100000023).
文摘Crop yield plays a critical role in global food security.For optimal plant growth and maximal crop yields,nutrients must be balanced.However,the potential significance of balanced nitrogen-iron(N-Fe)for improving crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)has not previously been addressed.Here,we show that balanced N-Fe sufficiency significantly increases tiller number and boosts yield and NUE in rice and wheat.NIN-like protein 4(OsNLP4)plays a pivotal role in maintaining the N-Fe balance by coordinately regulating the expression of multiple genes involved in N and Fe metabolism and signaling.OsNLP4 also suppresses OsD3 expression and strigolactone(SL)signaling,thereby promoting tillering.Balanced N-Fe sufficiency promotes the nuclear localization of OsNLP4 by reducing H_(2)O_(2) levels,reinforcing the functions of OsNLP4.Interestingly,we found that OsNLP4 upregulates the expression of a set of H2O2-scavenging genes to promote its own accumulation in the nucleus.Furthermore,we demonstrated that foliar spraying of balanced N-Fe fertilizer at the tillering stage can effectively increase tiller number,yield,and NUE of both rice and wheat in the field.Collectively,these findings reveal the previously unrecognized effects of N-Fe balance on grain yield and NUE as well as the molecular mechanism by which the OsNLP4-OsD3 module integrates N-Fe nutrient signals to downregulate SL signaling and thereby promote rice tillering.Our study sheds light on how N-Fe nutrient signals modulate rice tillering and provide potential innovative approaches that improve crop yield with reduced N fertilizer input for benefitting sustainable agriculture worldwide.
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2022YFA1303100,2022YFA0806800,92153302,32090040,92254302,21922706,91853115 to X.L.,2017YFA0503600,31621002,U1532109,91853133 to J.Z.,32170733,2017YFA0102900,31871359 to Z.D.,32000858 to T.T.)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB37010105 to J.Z.and XDB19040000 to X.L.)+3 种基金the Ministry of Education(IRT_17R102,20113402130010,YD2070006001 to X.L.)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2108085J15 to Z.D.,2008085QC145 to T.T.)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2070000171 to T.T.)the University of Science and Technology of China Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative(YD2070002015 to X.Z.)。
文摘In mitosis,accurate chromosome segregation depends on the kinetochore,a supermolecular machinery that couples dynamic spin-dle microtubules to centromeric chromatin.However,the structure–activity relationship of the constitutive centromere-associated network(CCAN)during mitosis remains uncharacterized.Building on our recent cryo-electron microscopic analyses of human CCAN structure,we investigated how dynamic phosphorylation of human CENP-N regulates accurate chromosome segregation.Our mass spectrometric analyses revealed mitotic phosphorylation of CENP-N by CDK1,which modulates the CENP-L–CENP-N interaction for accurate chromosome segregation and CCAN organization.Perturbation of CENP-N phosphorylation is shown to prevent proper chromosome alignment and activate the spindle assembly checkpoint.These analyses provide mechanistic insight into a previously undefined link between the centromere–kinetochore network and accurate chromosome segregation.
