1.Introduction The availability of reliable information describing our natural and anthropogenic environment—and its changes in particular—is crucial for understanding the complexity of structures and processes with...1.Introduction The availability of reliable information describing our natural and anthropogenic environment—and its changes in particular—is crucial for understanding the complexity of structures and processes within environmental systems.Modern remote sensing and monitoring methods provide an increasing amount of environmental data that can be used for a variety of management purposes[1,2].展开更多
China actively fosters practical green cooperation to advance global sustainable development,and strengthens global environmental governance initiatives,including the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goal...China actively fosters practical green cooperation to advance global sustainable development,and strengthens global environmental governance initiatives,including the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).However,this approach has often positioned China as more of a doer than a talker,leading to insufficient recognition in the international community.Domestic Chinese research has frequently highlighted these issues within the ecological civilization,especially in its global dimension.Building on existing research,this study contends that the disparity in recognition stems from three crucial gaps:a conceptual gap between ecological civilization as a new narrative and established international governance frameworks;a practical gap between how China’s ecological civilization advances sustainable development governance versus international understanding;and a communication gap between its substantial achievements and inadequate communication of these experiences.To address these gaps,this paper recommends that China strengthen its efforts in three key areas:First,maintain strategic resolve by deepening green practices and strengthening corporate environmental standards to advance green norms.Second,promote the global co-construction of ecological civilization and strengthen global governance featuring extensive consultation and joint contributions for shared benefits.Third,enhance fairness,representativeness,and inclusiveness in international sustainable de‐velopment negotiations.Finally,China,along with Global South countries,should continue advancing global ecological civilization.This serves as both a response to current environmental governance challenges and a long-term pathway toward a global community of shared future.展开更多
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are urgently required for achieving practical all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) but remain plagued by low ionic conductivity.Herein,we propose a strategy of salt polar...Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are urgently required for achieving practical all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) but remain plagued by low ionic conductivity.Herein,we propose a strategy of salt polarization to fabricate a highly ion-conductive SPE by employing a high-dielectric polymer that can interact strongly with lithium salts.Such a polymer with large dipole moments can guide lithium cations (Li^(+)) to be arranged along the chain,forming a continuous pathway for Li^(+) hopping within the SPE.The as-fabricated SPE,poly(vinylidene difluoride)(PVDF)-LiN(SO_(2)F)_(2)(LiFSI),has an extraordinarily high dielectric constant (up to 10^(8)) and ultrahigh ionic conductivity (0.77×10^(-3)S cm^(-1)).Based on the PVDF–LiFSI SPE,the assembled Li metal symmetrical cell shows excellent Li plating/stripping reversibility at 0.1 m A cm^(-2),0.1 m Ah cm^(-2)over 1500 h^(-1) the ASS LiFePO_(4) batteries deliver long-term cycling stability at 1 C over 350 cycles (2.74 mg cm^(-2)) and an ultralong cycling lifespan of over 2600 h(100 cycles) with high loading (11.5 mg cm^(-2)) at 28°C.First-principles calculations further reveal the ion-dipole interactions-controlled conduction of Li^(+) in PVDF–LiFSI SPE along the PVDF chain.This work highlights the critical role of dielectric permittivity in SPE,and provides a promising path towards high-energy,long-cycling lifespan ASSLMBs.展开更多
Argentina annually utilizes 240,000 tones of glyphosate in industrial agriculture and a change in the profile of morbidity is perceived for physicians of agricultural areas;now reproductive disorders seem to prevail. ...Argentina annually utilizes 240,000 tones of glyphosate in industrial agriculture and a change in the profile of morbidity is perceived for physicians of agricultural areas;now reproductive disorders seem to prevail. The objective of this study is to determine concurrence of glyphosate exposure and reproductive disorders in a typical argentine agricultural town (Monte Maíz). An ecological study was developed with an environmental analysis of pollution sources including measurements of glyphosate and other pesticides and a cross-sectional study of spontaneous abortions and congenital abnormalities prevalence. Glyphosate was detected in soil and grain dust and was found to be at an even higher concentration in the village soil than in the rural area;650 tonnes of glyphosate are used annually in the region and manipulated inner town contaminating the soil and dust in suspension of the town creating an burden of environmental exposure to glyphosate of 79 kg per person per year. We do not find other relevant sources of pollution. The spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormalities rates are three and two times higher than the national average reported by the national health (10% vs. 3% and 3% - 4.3% vs 1.4% respectively). Our study verified high environmental exposure to glyphosate in association with increased frequencies of reproductive disorders (spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormalities) in argentine agricultural village, but is unable to make assertions cause-effect. Further studies are required with designs for such purposes.展开更多
Environmental impact prediction is an important step in many environmental studies. A wide variety of methods have been developed in this concern. During this study, remote sensing images were used for environmental i...Environmental impact prediction is an important step in many environmental studies. A wide variety of methods have been developed in this concern. During this study, remote sensing images were used for environmental impact prediction in Ro-batkarim area, Iran, during the years of 2005～2007. It was assumed that environmental impact could be predicted using time series satellite imageries. Natural vegetation cover was chosen as a main environmental element and a case study. Environmental impacts of the regional development on natural vegetation of the area were investigated considering the changes occurred on the extent of natural vegetation cover and the amount of biomass. Vegetation data, land use and land cover classes (as activity factors) within several years were prepared using satellite images. The amount of biomass was measured by Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based on satellite images. The resulted biomass estimates were tested by the paired samples t-test method. No significant difference was observed between the average biomass of estimated and control samples at the 5% significance level. Finally, regression models were used for the environmental impacts prediction. All obtained regression models for prediction of impacts on natural vegetation cover show values over 0.9 for both correlation coefficient and R-squared. According to the resulted methodology, the prediction models of projects and plans impacts can also be developed for other environmental elements which may be derived using time series remote sensing images.展开更多
Background: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay farm transgenic seeds glyphosate resistant. Argentina annually utilizes 240,000 tonnes of glyphosate in agriculture. A change in the profile of morbidity and mortali...Background: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay farm transgenic seeds glyphosate resistant. Argentina annually utilizes 240,000 tonnes of glyphosate in agriculture. A change in the profile of morbidity and mortality is perceived in agricultural areas;cancer seems to prevail. Monte Maíz is a typical argentine agricultural town with 8000 inhabitants;the Mayor and residents of Monte Maiz requested an environmental health study due to perceived increase in cancer frequencies. Methods: An exploratory ecological study was developed to assess the urban environmental contamination and the frequencies and distribution of cancer through an environmental analysis of pollution sources including measurements of pesticides in water, soil and grain dust, and a cross-sectional study of cancer patients that explore associations with different variables. Results: Glyphosate was detected in soil and grain dust and was found to be at an even higher concentration in the village soil than in the rural area. 650 tonnes are used annually in the region and manipulated inner town. We do not find other relevant sources of pollution. Cancer incidence, prevalence, and mortality are between two and three times higher than the reference values (Globocan 2012, WHO) for the entire nation (706/100,000 persons vs. 217/100,000;2123/100,000 persons vs. 883.82/100,000 and 383/100,000 persons vs. 115.13/100,000, respectively). Conclusion: This study detects high glyphosate pollution in association with increased frequencies of cancer in a typical argentine agricultural village, and by design, cannot make claims of causality. Other study designs are required, but if we corroborate the concrescence of high exposure to glyphosate and cancer.展开更多
The meteor radar can detect the zenith angle,azimuth,radial velocity,and altitude of meteor trails so that one can invert the wind profiles in the mesosphere and low thermosphere(MLT)region,based on the Interferometri...The meteor radar can detect the zenith angle,azimuth,radial velocity,and altitude of meteor trails so that one can invert the wind profiles in the mesosphere and low thermosphere(MLT)region,based on the Interferometric and Doppler techniques.In this paper,the horizontal wind field,gravity wave(GW)disturbance variance,and GW fluxes are analyzed through the meteor radar observation from 2012−2022,at Mohe(53.5°N,122.4°E)and Zuoling(30.5°N,114.6°E)stations of the(Chinese)Meridian Project.The Lomb−Scargle periodogram method has been utilized to analyze the periodic variations for time series with observational data gaps.The results show that the zonal winds at both stations are eastward dominated,while the meridional winds are southward dominated.The variance of GW disturbances in the zonal and meridional directions increases gradually with height,and there is a strong pattern of annual variation.The zonal momentum flux of GW changes little with height,showing weak annual variation.The meridional GW flux varies gradually from northward to southward with height,and the annual periodicity is stronger.For both stations,the maximum values of zonal and meridional wind occur close to the peak heights of GW flux,with opposite directions.This observational evidence is consistent with the filtering theory.The horizontal wind velocity,GW flux,and disturbance variance of the GW at Mohe are overall smaller than those at Zuoling,indicating weaker activities in the MLT at Mohe.The power spectral density(PSD)calculated by the Lomb−Scargle periodogram shows that there are 12-month period and 6-month period in horizontal wind field,GW disturbance variance and GW flux at both stations,and especially there is also a 4-month cycle in the disturbance variance.The PSD of the 12-month and 6-month cycles exhibits maximum values below 88 km and above 94 km.展开更多
The effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter （CRDPF） systems on regulated gaseous emissions, and number-size distribution and mass of particles emanated from a diesel engine have been investiga...The effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter （CRDPF） systems on regulated gaseous emissions, and number-size distribution and mass of particles emanated from a diesel engine have been investigated in this study. Two CRDPF units （CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2） with different specifications were separately retrofitted to the engine running with European steady-state cycle （ESC）. An electrical low pressure impactor （ELPI） was used for particle number-size distribution measurement and mass estimation. The conversion/reduction rate （RcR） of hydrocarbons （HC） and carbon monoxide （CO） across CRDPF-1 was 83% and 96.3%, respectively. Similarly, the RCR of HC and CO and across CRDPF-2 was 91.8% and 99.1%, respectively. The number concentration of particles and their concentration peaks; nuclei mode, accumulation mode and total particles; and particle mass were highly reduced with the CRDPF units. The nuclei mode particles at downstream of CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2 decreased by 99.9% to 100% and 97.8% to 99.8% respectively; and the particle mass reduced by 73% to 92.2% and 35.3% to 72.4%, respectively, depending on the engine conditions. In addition, nuclei mode particles increased with the increasing of engine speed due to the heterogeneous nucleation initiated by the higher exhaust temperature, while accumulation mode particles were higher at higher loads due to the decrease in the air-to-fuel ratio （A/F） at higher loads.展开更多
This study assessed the effectiveness of three novel control technologies for particulate matter（PM） and volatile organic compound（VOC） removal from commercial meat cooking operations. All experiments were conduct...This study assessed the effectiveness of three novel control technologies for particulate matter（PM） and volatile organic compound（VOC） removal from commercial meat cooking operations. All experiments were conducted using standardized procedures at University of California, Riverside＇s commercial test cooking facility. PM mass emissions collected using South Coast Air Quality Management District（SCAQMD） Method 5.1, as well as a dilution tunnel-based PM method showed statistically significantly reductions for each control technology when compared to baseline testing（i.e., without a catalyst）. Overall, particle number emissions decreased with the use of control technologies, with the exception of control technology 2（CT2）, which is a grease removal technology based on boundary layer momentum transfer（BLMT） theory. Particle size distributions were unimodal with CT2 resulting in higher particle number populations at lower particle diameters. Organic carbon was the dominant PM component（ 99%） for all experiments. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds and showed reductions with the application of the control technologies. Some reductions in mono-aromatic VOCs were also observed with CT2 and the electrostatic precipitator（ESP） CT3 compared to the baseline testing.展开更多
Antibiotic resistance,which is encoded by antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs),has proliferated to become a growing threat to public health around the world.With technical advances,especially in the popularization of met...Antibiotic resistance,which is encoded by antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs),has proliferated to become a growing threat to public health around the world.With technical advances,especially in the popularization of metagenomic sequencing,scientists have gained the ability to decipher the profiles of ARGs in diverse samples with high accuracy at an accelerated speed.To analyze thousands of ARGs in a highthroughput way,standardized and integrated pipelines are needed.The new version(v3.0)of the widely used ARGs online analysis pipeline(ARGs-OAP)has made significant improvements to both the reference database-the structured ARG(SARG)database-and the integrated analysis pipeline.SARG has been enhanced with sequence curation to improve annotation reliability,incorporate emerging resistance genotypes,and determine rigorous mechanism classification.The database has been further organized and visualized online in the format of a tree-like structure with a dictionary.It has also been divided into sub-databases for different application scenarios.In addition,the ARGs-OAP has been improved with adjusted quantification methods,simplified tool implementation,and multiple functions with userdefined reference databases.Moreover,the online platform now provides a diverse biostatistical analysis workflow with visualization packages for the efficient interpretation of ARG profiles.The ARGs-OAP v3.0 with an improved database and analysis pipeline will benefit academia,governmental management,and consultation regarding risk assessment of the environmental prevalence of ARGs.展开更多
Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes,and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil.For instance,increased application of nitrog...Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes,and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil.For instance,increased application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer is known to enhance fluxes of nitrous oxide(N2O)from the soil to the atmosphere.The emission factor(EF)proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)assumes a linear relationship between added N and N2O-N fluxes,but it does not account for environmental factors,such as soil properties or climate.Due to the high spatial and temporal variability of N2O-N fluxes,mechanistic models are preferable in terms of extrapolation to larger scales.In this study,we evaluated simulated N2O-N fluxes from soils under agricultural use in the Brazilian state,Mato Grosso,using the CANDY(Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics)model.A control tool was developed in order to enable the simulation of 1650 scenarios covering different sites(soil+climate)and management regimes(crop rotation+amount of applied fertilizer+sowing and harvesting dates).Results suggested that the sites had a very strong influence on calculated emissions,which is not accounted for by static EF.Furthermore,most fertilizer-induced N2O-N fluxes derived from the scenario simulations were best described by a non-linear function.For sounder budgeting on the federal and national scale,there is still a strong need for long-term observations of continuous crop rotations and spatial distribution of soil types and their specific characteristics.The presented results provide a valuable starting point for developing further scenario simulations and adapting experimental campaigns for N2O emission study.展开更多
At present,mainly GIS software is used for exploration and visualization of spatially distributed data.At the same time an approach based on the combination of advanced web technologies along with the standard rules o...At present,mainly GIS software is used for exploration and visualization of spatially distributed data.At the same time an approach based on the combination of advanced web technologies along with the standard rules of information-computational system development is more suitable for performing tasks requiring more sophisticated data analysis.In this report,functional capabilities of the information-computational system created for meteorological and climatic data processing and online visualization are introduced.The system represents a dedicated web-interface,which allows performing of mathematical and statistical operations on the diverse observational and model data and to determine characteristics of global and regional climate changes.Currently such datasets as NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis,ECMWF ERA-40 Reanalysis,etc.are available for processing.In particular,the system allows calculating of temporal average and extremum values,time trends,etc.at arbitrary spatial and temporal ranges for different meteorological parameters.The possibility of online intercomparison of meteorological characteristics calculated for different datasets is also realized in the system.The final version of the system being developed is supposed to find application in meteorological and climatological investigations and should help researchers to save time during performing routine analytical tasks by simplifying handling of huge arrays of spatially distributed meteorological data.展开更多
Exploring efficient,cost-effective,and durable electrocatalysts for electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is pivotal for the large-scale application of water electrolysis.Recent advance has demonstrated that t...Exploring efficient,cost-effective,and durable electrocatalysts for electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is pivotal for the large-scale application of water electrolysis.Recent advance has demonstrated that the activity of electrocatalysts exhibits a strong dependence on the surface electronic structure.Herein,a series of ultrathin metal silicate hydroxide nanosheets(UMSHNs)M_(3)Si_(2)O_(5)(OH)_(4)(M=Fe,Co,and Ni)synthesized without surfactant are introduced as highly active OER electrocatalysts.Cobalt silicate hydroxide nanosheets show an optimal OER activity with overpotentials of 287 and 358 m V at 1 and 10 m A cm^(-2),respectively.Combining experimental and theoretical studies,it is found that the OER activity of UMSHNs is dominated by the metal-oxygen covalency(MOC).High OER activity can be achieved by having a moderate MOC as reflected by aσ^(*)-orbital(e_(g))filling near unity and moderate[3d]/[2p]ratio.Moreover,the UMSHNs exhibit favorable chemical stability under oxidation potential.This contribution provides a scientific guidance for further development of active metal silicate hydroxide catalysts.展开更多
In order to evaluate how much Total Solar Irradiance(TSI)has influenced Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature trends,it is important to have reliable estimates of both quantities.Sixteen different estimates of t...In order to evaluate how much Total Solar Irradiance(TSI)has influenced Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature trends,it is important to have reliable estimates of both quantities.Sixteen different estimates of the changes in TSI since at least the 19th century were compiled from the literature.Half of these estimates are"low variability"and half are"high variability".Meanwhile,five largely-independent methods for estimating Northern Hemisphere temperature trends were evaluated using:1)only rural weather stations;2)all available stations whether urban or rural(the standard approach);3)only sea surface temperatures;4)tree-ring widths as temperature proxies;5)glacier length records as temperature proxies.The standard estimates which use urban as well as rural stations were somewhat anomalous as they implied a much greater warming in recent decades than the other estimates,suggesting that urbanization bias might still be a problem in current global temperature datasets-despite the conclusions of some earlier studies.Nonetheless,all five estimates confirm that it is currently warmer than the late 19th century,i.e.,there has been some"global warming"since the 19th century.For each of the five estimates of Northern Hemisphere temperatures,the contribution from direct solar forcing for all sixteen estimates of TSI was evaluated using simple linear least-squares fitting.The role of human activity on recent warming was then calculated by fitting the residuals to the UN IPCC’s recommended"anthropogenic forcings"time series.For all five Northern Hemisphere temperature series,different TSI estimates suggest everything from no role for the Sun in recent decades(implying that recent global warming is mostly human-caused)to most of the recent global warming being due to changes in solar activity(that is,that recent global warming is mostly natural).It appears that previous studies(including the most recent IPCC reports)which had prematurely concluded the former,had done so because they failed to adequately consider all the relevant estimates of TSI and/or to satisfactorily address the uncertainties still associated with Northern Hemisphere temperature trend estimates.Therefore,several recommendations on how the scientific community can more satisfactorily resolve these issues are provided.展开更多
The emergence and rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance is of global public health concern.The gut microbiota harboring diverse commensal and opportunistic bacteria that can acquire resistance via horizontal and ve...The emergence and rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance is of global public health concern.The gut microbiota harboring diverse commensal and opportunistic bacteria that can acquire resistance via horizontal and vertical gene transfers is considered an important reservoir and sink of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs).In this review,we describe the reservoirs of gut ARGs and their dynamics in both animals and humans,use the One Health perspective to track the transmission of ARG-containing bacteria between humans,animals,and the environment,and assess the impact of antimicrobial resistance on human health and socioeconomic development.The gut resistome can evolve in an environment subject to various selective pressures,including antibiotic administration and environmental and lifestyle factors(e.g.,diet,age,gender,and living conditions),and interventions through probiotics.Strategies to reduce the abundance of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance determinants in various environmental niches are needed to ensure the mitigation of acquired antibiotic resistance.With the help of effective measures taken at the national,local,personal,and intestinal management,it will also result in preventing or minimizing the spread of infectious diseases.This review aims to improve our understanding of the correlations between intestinal microbiota and antimicrobial resistance and provide a basis for the development of management strategies to mitigate the antimicrobial resistance crisis.展开更多
Since 2007,the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)has heavily relied on the comparison between global climate model hindcasts and global surface temperature(ST)estimates for concluding that post-1950s glob...Since 2007,the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)has heavily relied on the comparison between global climate model hindcasts and global surface temperature(ST)estimates for concluding that post-1950s global warming is mostly human-caused.In Connolly et al.,we cautioned that this approach to the detection and attribution of climate change was highly dependent on the choice of Total Solar Irradiance(TSI)and ST data sets.We compiled 16 TSI and five ST data sets and found by altering the choice of TSI or ST,one could(prematurely)conclude anything from the warming being“mostly human-caused”to“mostly natural.”Richardson and Benestad suggested our analysis was“erroneous”and“flawed”because we did not use a multilinear regression.They argued that applying a multilinear regression to one of the five ST series re-affirmed the IPCC's attribution statement.They also objected that many of the published TSI data sets were out-of-date.However,here we show that when applying multilinear regression analysis to an expanded and updated data set of 27 TSI series,the original conclusions of Connolly et al.are confirmed for all five ST data sets.Therefore,it is still unclear whether the observed warming is mostly human-caused,mostly natural or some combination of both.展开更多
The effectiveness of using acoustical （sonochemical） reactor for degradation of linear alkylbenzen sulfonate （LAS） from aqueous solution was investigated. LASs are anionic surfactants, found in relatively high amo...The effectiveness of using acoustical （sonochemical） reactor for degradation of linear alkylbenzen sulfonate （LAS） from aqueous solution was investigated. LASs are anionic surfactants, found in relatively high amounts in domestic and industrial wastewaters. In this study, experiments on LAS solution were performed using methylene blue active substances （MBAS） method. The effectiveness of acoustical processor reactor for LAS degradation is evaluated with emphasis on the effect of treatment time and initial LAS concentration. Experiments were performed at initial concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/L, acoustic frequency of 130 kHz, applied power of 500 W and temperature of 18℃-20℃. At the conditions involved, LAS degradation was found to increase with increasing sonochemical time. In addition, as the concentration increased, the LAS degradation rate decreased in the acoustical processor reactor.展开更多
Dilatancy-controlled gas flow in preferential pathways plays a key role in the safety analysis of radioactive waste repositories.This is particularly the case for bentonite,an often-preferred barrier material.Gas flow...Dilatancy-controlled gas flow in preferential pathways plays a key role in the safety analysis of radioactive waste repositories.This is particularly the case for bentonite,an often-preferred barrier material.Gas flow in preferential pathways is characterized by localization and spontaneous behavior,which is challenging to simulate in numerical models due to strong hydro-mechanical coupling.To analyze a laboratory experiment in the framework of the DECOVALEX-2023 project,this study introduced a new approach of combining continuous modelling methods with spatial material properties derived from material heterogeneities and experimental observations.The proposed model utilized hydro-mechanical spatial distributions,namely Young’s modulus and gas entry pressure,and elastoplasticity combined with a linear swelling model.A conceptual strain-dependent permeability approach simulated dilatancycontrolled gas flow based on hydro-mechanical coupling.To test the effectiveness of the presented approach,a gas injection test in a compacted,saturated bentonite sample was simulated using the opensource code OpenGeoSys 5.8 and compared with experimental observations.The presented methodology is capable of simulating localized gas flow in preferential pathways.The spatial distributions of Young’s modulus and gas entry pressure affect the swelling pressure,relative permeability and,in combination with the strain-dependent permeability model,also the intrinsic permeability.展开更多
The Jamaica Bay ecosystem is a dichotomy. It encompasses more than 12,000 acres of coastal estuarine marshes and an ecological diversity rivaling any coastal environment in the world. It is considerably altered, and i...The Jamaica Bay ecosystem is a dichotomy. It encompasses more than 12,000 acres of coastal estuarine marshes and an ecological diversity rivaling any coastal environment in the world. It is considerably altered, and is affected by a variety of ecological insults directly related to the fact that more than 14 million people live in its vicinity. Environmental protection institutions responded to the challenge of protecting the bay, surrounding wetlands and recreational benefits by addressing the increasing load of contaminants into the ecosystem. Billions of dollars have been spent during the past five decades on restoration attempts, including upgrading wastewater treatment plantsand the closure of three major sanitary landfills. Even with the curtailment of untreated wastewater release and ending periodic dredging and filling programs, all activities that are necessary processes in maintaining an urban harbor, the Jamaica Bay ecosystem has reached a point where many believe it to be unrecoverable, requiring massive infusions of restoration dollars. This categorization has been perpetuated based on questionable data （the ＂myths＂） that, when investigated in rigorous scientific detail, prove to be unsubstantiated. In this paper, the origin of these myths and the scientific investigation that dispel them are discussed.展开更多
Wastewater surveillance(WWS)can leverage its wide coverage,population-based sampling,and high monitoring frequency to capture citywide pandemic trends independent of clinical surveillance.Here we conducted a nine mont...Wastewater surveillance(WWS)can leverage its wide coverage,population-based sampling,and high monitoring frequency to capture citywide pandemic trends independent of clinical surveillance.Here we conducted a nine months daily WWS for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCoV-2)from 12 wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),covering approximately 80%of the population,to monitor infection dynamics in Hong Kong,China.We found that the SARS-CoV-2 virus concentration in wastewater was correlated with the daily number of reported cases and reached two pandemic peaks three days earlier during the study period.In addition,two different methods were established to estimate the prevalence/incidence rates from wastewater measurements.The estimated results from wastewater were consistent with findings from two independent citywide clinical surveillance programmes(rapid antigen test(RAT)surveillance and serology surveillance),but higher than the cases number reported by the Centre for Health Protection(CHP)of Hong Kong,China.Moreover,the effective reproductive number(R_(t))was estimated from wastewater measurements to reflect both citywide and regional transmission dynamics.Our findings demonstrate that large-scale intensive WWS from WWTPs provides cost-effective and timely public health information,especially when the clinical surveillance is inadequate and costly.This approach also provides insights into pandemic dynamics at higher spatiotemporal resolutions,facilitating the formulation of effective control policies and targeted resource allocation.展开更多
基金the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)for funding the Chaohu Lake project in the frame of the Chinese Major Water Program(02WCL1337A-E)the Sino-German Center for Science Promotion(CDZ)for the Poyang Lake project(GZ1167)+1 种基金the Helmholtz Association for supporting the establishment of Center for Environmental Information Science(HIRN 0002)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)for providing support to various activities through the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)
文摘1.Introduction The availability of reliable information describing our natural and anthropogenic environment—and its changes in particular—is crucial for understanding the complexity of structures and processes within environmental systems.Modern remote sensing and monitoring methods provide an increasing amount of environmental data that can be used for a variety of management purposes[1,2].
基金funded by the Key Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research of the China Ministry of Education[Grant No.2022JZDZ011]the University Project of China Foreign Af‐fairs University[Grant No.JY2023027].
文摘China actively fosters practical green cooperation to advance global sustainable development,and strengthens global environmental governance initiatives,including the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).However,this approach has often positioned China as more of a doer than a talker,leading to insufficient recognition in the international community.Domestic Chinese research has frequently highlighted these issues within the ecological civilization,especially in its global dimension.Building on existing research,this study contends that the disparity in recognition stems from three crucial gaps:a conceptual gap between ecological civilization as a new narrative and established international governance frameworks;a practical gap between how China’s ecological civilization advances sustainable development governance versus international understanding;and a communication gap between its substantial achievements and inadequate communication of these experiences.To address these gaps,this paper recommends that China strengthen its efforts in three key areas:First,maintain strategic resolve by deepening green practices and strengthening corporate environmental standards to advance green norms.Second,promote the global co-construction of ecological civilization and strengthen global governance featuring extensive consultation and joint contributions for shared benefits.Third,enhance fairness,representativeness,and inclusiveness in international sustainable de‐velopment negotiations.Finally,China,along with Global South countries,should continue advancing global ecological civilization.This serves as both a response to current environmental governance challenges and a long-term pathway toward a global community of shared future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51877132)the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader (No. 21XD1401600)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 2214061)。
文摘Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are urgently required for achieving practical all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) but remain plagued by low ionic conductivity.Herein,we propose a strategy of salt polarization to fabricate a highly ion-conductive SPE by employing a high-dielectric polymer that can interact strongly with lithium salts.Such a polymer with large dipole moments can guide lithium cations (Li^(+)) to be arranged along the chain,forming a continuous pathway for Li^(+) hopping within the SPE.The as-fabricated SPE,poly(vinylidene difluoride)(PVDF)-LiN(SO_(2)F)_(2)(LiFSI),has an extraordinarily high dielectric constant (up to 10^(8)) and ultrahigh ionic conductivity (0.77×10^(-3)S cm^(-1)).Based on the PVDF–LiFSI SPE,the assembled Li metal symmetrical cell shows excellent Li plating/stripping reversibility at 0.1 m A cm^(-2),0.1 m Ah cm^(-2)over 1500 h^(-1) the ASS LiFePO_(4) batteries deliver long-term cycling stability at 1 C over 350 cycles (2.74 mg cm^(-2)) and an ultralong cycling lifespan of over 2600 h(100 cycles) with high loading (11.5 mg cm^(-2)) at 28°C.First-principles calculations further reveal the ion-dipole interactions-controlled conduction of Li^(+) in PVDF–LiFSI SPE along the PVDF chain.This work highlights the critical role of dielectric permittivity in SPE,and provides a promising path towards high-energy,long-cycling lifespan ASSLMBs.
文摘Argentina annually utilizes 240,000 tones of glyphosate in industrial agriculture and a change in the profile of morbidity is perceived for physicians of agricultural areas;now reproductive disorders seem to prevail. The objective of this study is to determine concurrence of glyphosate exposure and reproductive disorders in a typical argentine agricultural town (Monte Maíz). An ecological study was developed with an environmental analysis of pollution sources including measurements of glyphosate and other pesticides and a cross-sectional study of spontaneous abortions and congenital abnormalities prevalence. Glyphosate was detected in soil and grain dust and was found to be at an even higher concentration in the village soil than in the rural area;650 tonnes of glyphosate are used annually in the region and manipulated inner town contaminating the soil and dust in suspension of the town creating an burden of environmental exposure to glyphosate of 79 kg per person per year. We do not find other relevant sources of pollution. The spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormalities rates are three and two times higher than the national average reported by the national health (10% vs. 3% and 3% - 4.3% vs 1.4% respectively). Our study verified high environmental exposure to glyphosate in association with increased frequencies of reproductive disorders (spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormalities) in argentine agricultural village, but is unable to make assertions cause-effect. Further studies are required with designs for such purposes.
文摘Environmental impact prediction is an important step in many environmental studies. A wide variety of methods have been developed in this concern. During this study, remote sensing images were used for environmental impact prediction in Ro-batkarim area, Iran, during the years of 2005～2007. It was assumed that environmental impact could be predicted using time series satellite imageries. Natural vegetation cover was chosen as a main environmental element and a case study. Environmental impacts of the regional development on natural vegetation of the area were investigated considering the changes occurred on the extent of natural vegetation cover and the amount of biomass. Vegetation data, land use and land cover classes (as activity factors) within several years were prepared using satellite images. The amount of biomass was measured by Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based on satellite images. The resulted biomass estimates were tested by the paired samples t-test method. No significant difference was observed between the average biomass of estimated and control samples at the 5% significance level. Finally, regression models were used for the environmental impacts prediction. All obtained regression models for prediction of impacts on natural vegetation cover show values over 0.9 for both correlation coefficient and R-squared. According to the resulted methodology, the prediction models of projects and plans impacts can also be developed for other environmental elements which may be derived using time series remote sensing images.
文摘Background: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay farm transgenic seeds glyphosate resistant. Argentina annually utilizes 240,000 tonnes of glyphosate in agriculture. A change in the profile of morbidity and mortality is perceived in agricultural areas;cancer seems to prevail. Monte Maíz is a typical argentine agricultural town with 8000 inhabitants;the Mayor and residents of Monte Maiz requested an environmental health study due to perceived increase in cancer frequencies. Methods: An exploratory ecological study was developed to assess the urban environmental contamination and the frequencies and distribution of cancer through an environmental analysis of pollution sources including measurements of pesticides in water, soil and grain dust, and a cross-sectional study of cancer patients that explore associations with different variables. Results: Glyphosate was detected in soil and grain dust and was found to be at an even higher concentration in the village soil than in the rural area. 650 tonnes are used annually in the region and manipulated inner town. We do not find other relevant sources of pollution. Cancer incidence, prevalence, and mortality are between two and three times higher than the reference values (Globocan 2012, WHO) for the entire nation (706/100,000 persons vs. 217/100,000;2123/100,000 persons vs. 883.82/100,000 and 383/100,000 persons vs. 115.13/100,000, respectively). Conclusion: This study detects high glyphosate pollution in association with increased frequencies of cancer in a typical argentine agricultural village, and by design, cannot make claims of causality. Other study designs are required, but if we corroborate the concrescence of high exposure to glyphosate and cancer.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(NO.300102263205 and NO.300102264916)the West Light Cross-Disciplinary Innovation team of Chinese Academy of Sciences(NO.E1294301).supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(NO.300102263205 and NO.300102264916)the West Light Cross-Disciplinary Innovation team of Chinese Academy of Sciences(NO.E1294301).
文摘The meteor radar can detect the zenith angle,azimuth,radial velocity,and altitude of meteor trails so that one can invert the wind profiles in the mesosphere and low thermosphere(MLT)region,based on the Interferometric and Doppler techniques.In this paper,the horizontal wind field,gravity wave(GW)disturbance variance,and GW fluxes are analyzed through the meteor radar observation from 2012−2022,at Mohe(53.5°N,122.4°E)and Zuoling(30.5°N,114.6°E)stations of the(Chinese)Meridian Project.The Lomb−Scargle periodogram method has been utilized to analyze the periodic variations for time series with observational data gaps.The results show that the zonal winds at both stations are eastward dominated,while the meridional winds are southward dominated.The variance of GW disturbances in the zonal and meridional directions increases gradually with height,and there is a strong pattern of annual variation.The zonal momentum flux of GW changes little with height,showing weak annual variation.The meridional GW flux varies gradually from northward to southward with height,and the annual periodicity is stronger.For both stations,the maximum values of zonal and meridional wind occur close to the peak heights of GW flux,with opposite directions.This observational evidence is consistent with the filtering theory.The horizontal wind velocity,GW flux,and disturbance variance of the GW at Mohe are overall smaller than those at Zuoling,indicating weaker activities in the MLT at Mohe.The power spectral density(PSD)calculated by the Lomb−Scargle periodogram shows that there are 12-month period and 6-month period in horizontal wind field,GW disturbance variance and GW flux at both stations,and especially there is also a 4-month cycle in the disturbance variance.The PSD of the 12-month and 6-month cycles exhibits maximum values below 88 km and above 94 km.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40805053)
文摘The effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter （CRDPF） systems on regulated gaseous emissions, and number-size distribution and mass of particles emanated from a diesel engine have been investigated in this study. Two CRDPF units （CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2） with different specifications were separately retrofitted to the engine running with European steady-state cycle （ESC）. An electrical low pressure impactor （ELPI） was used for particle number-size distribution measurement and mass estimation. The conversion/reduction rate （RcR） of hydrocarbons （HC） and carbon monoxide （CO） across CRDPF-1 was 83% and 96.3%, respectively. Similarly, the RCR of HC and CO and across CRDPF-2 was 91.8% and 99.1%, respectively. The number concentration of particles and their concentration peaks; nuclei mode, accumulation mode and total particles; and particle mass were highly reduced with the CRDPF units. The nuclei mode particles at downstream of CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2 decreased by 99.9% to 100% and 97.8% to 99.8% respectively; and the particle mass reduced by 73% to 92.2% and 35.3% to 72.4%, respectively, depending on the engine conditions. In addition, nuclei mode particles increased with the increasing of engine speed due to the heterogeneous nucleation initiated by the higher exhaust temperature, while accumulation mode particles were higher at higher loads due to the decrease in the air-to-fuel ratio （A/F） at higher loads.
基金supported by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) under contract 12174
文摘This study assessed the effectiveness of three novel control technologies for particulate matter（PM） and volatile organic compound（VOC） removal from commercial meat cooking operations. All experiments were conducted using standardized procedures at University of California, Riverside＇s commercial test cooking facility. PM mass emissions collected using South Coast Air Quality Management District（SCAQMD） Method 5.1, as well as a dilution tunnel-based PM method showed statistically significantly reductions for each control technology when compared to baseline testing（i.e., without a catalyst）. Overall, particle number emissions decreased with the use of control technologies, with the exception of control technology 2（CT2）, which is a grease removal technology based on boundary layer momentum transfer（BLMT） theory. Particle size distributions were unimodal with CT2 resulting in higher particle number populations at lower particle diameters. Organic carbon was the dominant PM component（ 99%） for all experiments. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds and showed reductions with the application of the control technologies. Some reductions in mono-aromatic VOCs were also observed with CT2 and the electrostatic precipitator（ESP） CT3 compared to the baseline testing.
基金supported by a Theme-based Research Scheme grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(T21-705/20-N)。
文摘Antibiotic resistance,which is encoded by antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs),has proliferated to become a growing threat to public health around the world.With technical advances,especially in the popularization of metagenomic sequencing,scientists have gained the ability to decipher the profiles of ARGs in diverse samples with high accuracy at an accelerated speed.To analyze thousands of ARGs in a highthroughput way,standardized and integrated pipelines are needed.The new version(v3.0)of the widely used ARGs online analysis pipeline(ARGs-OAP)has made significant improvements to both the reference database-the structured ARG(SARG)database-and the integrated analysis pipeline.SARG has been enhanced with sequence curation to improve annotation reliability,incorporate emerging resistance genotypes,and determine rigorous mechanism classification.The database has been further organized and visualized online in the format of a tree-like structure with a dictionary.It has also been divided into sub-databases for different application scenarios.In addition,the ARGs-OAP has been improved with adjusted quantification methods,simplified tool implementation,and multiple functions with userdefined reference databases.Moreover,the online platform now provides a diverse biostatistical analysis workflow with visualization packages for the efficient interpretation of ARG profiles.The ARGs-OAP v3.0 with an improved database and analysis pipeline will benefit academia,governmental management,and consultation regarding risk assessment of the environmental prevalence of ARGs.
基金conducted within the framework of the project Carbiocial funded by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research(BMBF)of Germany(No.01LL0902F)
文摘Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes,and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil.For instance,increased application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer is known to enhance fluxes of nitrous oxide(N2O)from the soil to the atmosphere.The emission factor(EF)proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)assumes a linear relationship between added N and N2O-N fluxes,but it does not account for environmental factors,such as soil properties or climate.Due to the high spatial and temporal variability of N2O-N fluxes,mechanistic models are preferable in terms of extrapolation to larger scales.In this study,we evaluated simulated N2O-N fluxes from soils under agricultural use in the Brazilian state,Mato Grosso,using the CANDY(Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics)model.A control tool was developed in order to enable the simulation of 1650 scenarios covering different sites(soil+climate)and management regimes(crop rotation+amount of applied fertilizer+sowing and harvesting dates).Results suggested that the sites had a very strong influence on calculated emissions,which is not accounted for by static EF.Furthermore,most fertilizer-induced N2O-N fluxes derived from the scenario simulations were best described by a non-linear function.For sounder budgeting on the federal and national scale,there is still a strong need for long-term observations of continuous crop rotations and spatial distribution of soil types and their specific characteristics.The presented results provide a valuable starting point for developing further scenario simulations and adapting experimental campaigns for N2O emission study.
基金Support by a number of national and international projects is appreciatedpartial support by SB RAS Basic Research Program 4.5.2(Project 2)and Integrated Projects 34 and 86 being specially acknowledged+2 种基金The project is also partially supported by FP6 EC Projects ENVIROMIS-2(INCO-CT-2006-031303)Enviro-RISKS(INCO-CT-2005-013427)as well as Russian Foundation for Basic Research(RFBR)grants 05-05-98010,06-07-89201-a.
文摘At present,mainly GIS software is used for exploration and visualization of spatially distributed data.At the same time an approach based on the combination of advanced web technologies along with the standard rules of information-computational system development is more suitable for performing tasks requiring more sophisticated data analysis.In this report,functional capabilities of the information-computational system created for meteorological and climatic data processing and online visualization are introduced.The system represents a dedicated web-interface,which allows performing of mathematical and statistical operations on the diverse observational and model data and to determine characteristics of global and regional climate changes.Currently such datasets as NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis,ECMWF ERA-40 Reanalysis,etc.are available for processing.In particular,the system allows calculating of temporal average and extremum values,time trends,etc.at arbitrary spatial and temporal ranges for different meteorological parameters.The possibility of online intercomparison of meteorological characteristics calculated for different datasets is also realized in the system.The final version of the system being developed is supposed to find application in meteorological and climatological investigations and should help researchers to save time during performing routine analytical tasks by simplifying handling of huge arrays of spatially distributed meteorological data.
基金supported by the NationallNaturallScience Foundation of China(51832004,51521001,51872218)the NationallKey Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0202603)+3 种基金the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(B17034)the Yellow Crane Talent(Science&Technology)Program of Wuhan CityFoshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory(XHT2020-003)the FundamentallResearch Funds for the CentrallUniversities(195101005)。
文摘Exploring efficient,cost-effective,and durable electrocatalysts for electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is pivotal for the large-scale application of water electrolysis.Recent advance has demonstrated that the activity of electrocatalysts exhibits a strong dependence on the surface electronic structure.Herein,a series of ultrathin metal silicate hydroxide nanosheets(UMSHNs)M_(3)Si_(2)O_(5)(OH)_(4)(M=Fe,Co,and Ni)synthesized without surfactant are introduced as highly active OER electrocatalysts.Cobalt silicate hydroxide nanosheets show an optimal OER activity with overpotentials of 287 and 358 m V at 1 and 10 m A cm^(-2),respectively.Combining experimental and theoretical studies,it is found that the OER activity of UMSHNs is dominated by the metal-oxygen covalency(MOC).High OER activity can be achieved by having a moderate MOC as reflected by aσ^(*)-orbital(e_(g))filling near unity and moderate[3d]/[2p]ratio.Moreover,the UMSHNs exhibit favorable chemical stability under oxidation potential.This contribution provides a scientific guidance for further development of active metal silicate hydroxide catalysts.
基金financial support from the Center for Environmental Research and Earth Sciences(CERES)support from NASA+2 种基金NSFTennessee State Universitythe State of Tennessee through its Centers of Excellence program。
文摘In order to evaluate how much Total Solar Irradiance(TSI)has influenced Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature trends,it is important to have reliable estimates of both quantities.Sixteen different estimates of the changes in TSI since at least the 19th century were compiled from the literature.Half of these estimates are"low variability"and half are"high variability".Meanwhile,five largely-independent methods for estimating Northern Hemisphere temperature trends were evaluated using:1)only rural weather stations;2)all available stations whether urban or rural(the standard approach);3)only sea surface temperatures;4)tree-ring widths as temperature proxies;5)glacier length records as temperature proxies.The standard estimates which use urban as well as rural stations were somewhat anomalous as they implied a much greater warming in recent decades than the other estimates,suggesting that urbanization bias might still be a problem in current global temperature datasets-despite the conclusions of some earlier studies.Nonetheless,all five estimates confirm that it is currently warmer than the late 19th century,i.e.,there has been some"global warming"since the 19th century.For each of the five estimates of Northern Hemisphere temperatures,the contribution from direct solar forcing for all sixteen estimates of TSI was evaluated using simple linear least-squares fitting.The role of human activity on recent warming was then calculated by fitting the residuals to the UN IPCC’s recommended"anthropogenic forcings"time series.For all five Northern Hemisphere temperature series,different TSI estimates suggest everything from no role for the Sun in recent decades(implying that recent global warming is mostly human-caused)to most of the recent global warming being due to changes in solar activity(that is,that recent global warming is mostly natural).It appears that previous studies(including the most recent IPCC reports)which had prematurely concluded the former,had done so because they failed to adequately consider all the relevant estimates of TSI and/or to satisfactorily address the uncertainties still associated with Northern Hemisphere temperature trend estimates.Therefore,several recommendations on how the scientific community can more satisfactorily resolve these issues are provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977137 and 42307048)the International Atomic Energy Agency Research Project(D15022)+5 种基金Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2022ZB460)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M733593)Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative(2020DC0005)Academy of Finland,Innovation Fund Denmark and the European Commission Horizon 2020 financed under the ERA-NET Aquatic Pollutants Joint Transnational Call(REWA,GA No 869178)the Center for Health Impacts of Agriculture(CHIA)of Michigan State Universitysupported by the fellowship of Alexander von Humboldt for experienced researchers,and Shennong Young Talents of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China(SNYCQN006-2022).
文摘The emergence and rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance is of global public health concern.The gut microbiota harboring diverse commensal and opportunistic bacteria that can acquire resistance via horizontal and vertical gene transfers is considered an important reservoir and sink of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs).In this review,we describe the reservoirs of gut ARGs and their dynamics in both animals and humans,use the One Health perspective to track the transmission of ARG-containing bacteria between humans,animals,and the environment,and assess the impact of antimicrobial resistance on human health and socioeconomic development.The gut resistome can evolve in an environment subject to various selective pressures,including antibiotic administration and environmental and lifestyle factors(e.g.,diet,age,gender,and living conditions),and interventions through probiotics.Strategies to reduce the abundance of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance determinants in various environmental niches are needed to ensure the mitigation of acquired antibiotic resistance.With the help of effective measures taken at the national,local,personal,and intestinal management,it will also result in preventing or minimizing the spread of infectious diseases.This review aims to improve our understanding of the correlations between intestinal microbiota and antimicrobial resistance and provide a basis for the development of management strategies to mitigate the antimicrobial resistance crisis.
基金financial support from the Center for Environmental Research and Earth Sciences(CERES,www.ceres-science.com)while carrying out the research for this paperlong-term support from NASA,NSF,Tennessee State University,and the State of Tennessee through its Centers of Excellence Programthe support of the grant PID-5265TC of the National Technological University of Argentina。
文摘Since 2007,the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)has heavily relied on the comparison between global climate model hindcasts and global surface temperature(ST)estimates for concluding that post-1950s global warming is mostly human-caused.In Connolly et al.,we cautioned that this approach to the detection and attribution of climate change was highly dependent on the choice of Total Solar Irradiance(TSI)and ST data sets.We compiled 16 TSI and five ST data sets and found by altering the choice of TSI or ST,one could(prematurely)conclude anything from the warming being“mostly human-caused”to“mostly natural.”Richardson and Benestad suggested our analysis was“erroneous”and“flawed”because we did not use a multilinear regression.They argued that applying a multilinear regression to one of the five ST series re-affirmed the IPCC's attribution statement.They also objected that many of the published TSI data sets were out-of-date.However,here we show that when applying multilinear regression analysis to an expanded and updated data set of 27 TSI series,the original conclusions of Connolly et al.are confirmed for all five ST data sets.Therefore,it is still unclear whether the observed warming is mostly human-caused,mostly natural or some combination of both.
基金Project (No. 85-01-46-3401) supported by the Medical Sciences/ University of Tehran, I.R. Iran
文摘The effectiveness of using acoustical （sonochemical） reactor for degradation of linear alkylbenzen sulfonate （LAS） from aqueous solution was investigated. LASs are anionic surfactants, found in relatively high amounts in domestic and industrial wastewaters. In this study, experiments on LAS solution were performed using methylene blue active substances （MBAS） method. The effectiveness of acoustical processor reactor for LAS degradation is evaluated with emphasis on the effect of treatment time and initial LAS concentration. Experiments were performed at initial concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/L, acoustic frequency of 130 kHz, applied power of 500 W and temperature of 18℃-20℃. At the conditions involved, LAS degradation was found to increase with increasing sonochemical time. In addition, as the concentration increased, the LAS degradation rate decreased in the acoustical processor reactor.
基金This research was conducted within the DECOVALEX-2023 projectDECOVALEX is an international research project comprising participants from industry,government,and academia,focusing on development of understanding,models and codes in complex coupled problems in sub-surface geological and engineering applications.DECOVALEX-2023 is the current phase of the project.The authors appreciate the DECOVALEX-2023 Funding Organisations Andra,BASE,BGE,BGR,CAS,CNSC,COVRA,US DOE,ENRESA,ENSI,JAEA,KAERI,NWMO,RWM,SÚRAO,SSM and Taipower for their financial and technical support of the work described in this paper.The statements made in the paper are,however,solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Funding Organisations.This work was further supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action(BMWK).
文摘Dilatancy-controlled gas flow in preferential pathways plays a key role in the safety analysis of radioactive waste repositories.This is particularly the case for bentonite,an often-preferred barrier material.Gas flow in preferential pathways is characterized by localization and spontaneous behavior,which is challenging to simulate in numerical models due to strong hydro-mechanical coupling.To analyze a laboratory experiment in the framework of the DECOVALEX-2023 project,this study introduced a new approach of combining continuous modelling methods with spatial material properties derived from material heterogeneities and experimental observations.The proposed model utilized hydro-mechanical spatial distributions,namely Young’s modulus and gas entry pressure,and elastoplasticity combined with a linear swelling model.A conceptual strain-dependent permeability approach simulated dilatancycontrolled gas flow based on hydro-mechanical coupling.To test the effectiveness of the presented approach,a gas injection test in a compacted,saturated bentonite sample was simulated using the opensource code OpenGeoSys 5.8 and compared with experimental observations.The presented methodology is capable of simulating localized gas flow in preferential pathways.The spatial distributions of Young’s modulus and gas entry pressure affect the swelling pressure,relative permeability and,in combination with the strain-dependent permeability model,also the intrinsic permeability.
文摘The Jamaica Bay ecosystem is a dichotomy. It encompasses more than 12,000 acres of coastal estuarine marshes and an ecological diversity rivaling any coastal environment in the world. It is considerably altered, and is affected by a variety of ecological insults directly related to the fact that more than 14 million people live in its vicinity. Environmental protection institutions responded to the challenge of protecting the bay, surrounding wetlands and recreational benefits by addressing the increasing load of contaminants into the ecosystem. Billions of dollars have been spent during the past five decades on restoration attempts, including upgrading wastewater treatment plantsand the closure of three major sanitary landfills. Even with the curtailment of untreated wastewater release and ending periodic dredging and filling programs, all activities that are necessary processes in maintaining an urban harbor, the Jamaica Bay ecosystem has reached a point where many believe it to be unrecoverable, requiring massive infusions of restoration dollars. This categorization has been perpetuated based on questionable data （the ＂myths＂） that, when investigated in rigorous scientific detail, prove to be unsubstantiated. In this paper, the origin of these myths and the scientific investigation that dispel them are discussed.
基金financially supported by the Health and Medical Research Fund(COVID1903015)the Food and Health Bureau,the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(SAR),China+1 种基金supported by the AIR@InnoHK(KL,GML,and JTW)Health@InnoHK(MP and LLMP)administered by the Innovation and Technology Commission of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR.
文摘Wastewater surveillance(WWS)can leverage its wide coverage,population-based sampling,and high monitoring frequency to capture citywide pandemic trends independent of clinical surveillance.Here we conducted a nine months daily WWS for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCoV-2)from 12 wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),covering approximately 80%of the population,to monitor infection dynamics in Hong Kong,China.We found that the SARS-CoV-2 virus concentration in wastewater was correlated with the daily number of reported cases and reached two pandemic peaks three days earlier during the study period.In addition,two different methods were established to estimate the prevalence/incidence rates from wastewater measurements.The estimated results from wastewater were consistent with findings from two independent citywide clinical surveillance programmes(rapid antigen test(RAT)surveillance and serology surveillance),but higher than the cases number reported by the Centre for Health Protection(CHP)of Hong Kong,China.Moreover,the effective reproductive number(R_(t))was estimated from wastewater measurements to reflect both citywide and regional transmission dynamics.Our findings demonstrate that large-scale intensive WWS from WWTPs provides cost-effective and timely public health information,especially when the clinical surveillance is inadequate and costly.This approach also provides insights into pandemic dynamics at higher spatiotemporal resolutions,facilitating the formulation of effective control policies and targeted resource allocation.
