In this paper,we generally summarize the main issues in the operational period of water conservancy and hydropower projects in China over the past several decades.First,the adverse impacts of these projects since the ...In this paper,we generally summarize the main issues in the operational period of water conservancy and hydropower projects in China over the past several decades.First,the adverse impacts of these projects since the technical guidelines were proposed in 2006 are analyzed.Then,combined with projects and experience from 2006 to 2014,the four main issues are summarized:(1) There exist many questions in the design and construction of fishways,which are useful for fish migration,and the migration effects are not as expected.(2) Temperature stratification affecting the downstream fish is the major impact of temperature,and alters fish spawning in the reproduction season.(3)Ecological base flow has been one of the primary questions of the last 30 years in China,the greatest related difficulty being quantification of the amount and flow process necessary to satisfy fish life history.(4) Fish habitat protection and restoration are popular topics in recent years with the development of river ecosystem restoration.Fish habitat loss due to the impacts of dam construction and habitat fragmentation has become more and more serious.These four issues are now the main difficulties in water project management,and interact with one another to bear combined effects on river ecosystems.The issues of eco-hydraulic consideration in the design period are the key factors.Finally,future priorities for research and practice of environmental protection for water conservancy and hydropower projects in China are proposed.The main purpose of this paper is to enhance the scientific research,monitoring,and assessment of operating effectiveness.展开更多
This work aims to provide a methodology framework which allows to improve the performance and efficiency of an air quality monitoring network(AQMN).It requires to be constituted by a minimum and reliable number of mea...This work aims to provide a methodology framework which allows to improve the performance and efficiency of an air quality monitoring network(AQMN).It requires to be constituted by a minimum and reliable number of measurement sites.Nevertheless,the AQMN efficiency should be assessed over time,as a consequence of the possible emergence of new emission sources of air pollutants,which could lead to variations on their spatial distribution within the target area.PM_(10)particles data monitored by the Community of Madrid's(Spain)AQMN between 2008 and 2017 were used to develop a methodology to optimize the AQMN performance.The annual spatial distribution of average PM_(10)levels over the studied period monitored by all current stations vs those more representative was provided by a geographic information system(GIS),and the percentage of similarity between both postulates was quantified using simple linear regression(>95%).As one innovative tool of this study,the practical application of the proposed methodology was validated using PM_(10)particles data measured by AQMN during 2007 and 2018,reaching a similitude degree higher than 95%.The influence of temporal variation on the proposed methodological framework was around 20%.The proposed methodology sets criteria for identifying non-redundant stations within AQMN,it is also able to appropriately assess the representativeness of fixed monitoring sites within an AQMN and it complements the guidelines set by European legislation on air pollutants monitoring at fixed stations,which could help to tackle efforts to improve the air quality management.展开更多
Transportation is a sector with high energy consumption as well as high emissions.Generally speaking,economic growth will inevitably lead to the increase of travel demand and vehicle population,which in turn results i...Transportation is a sector with high energy consumption as well as high emissions.Generally speaking,economic growth will inevitably lead to the increase of travel demand and vehicle population,which in turn results into the augmentation of environmental and social costs.For metropolis like Beijing under rapid development,there exist various possibilities and options for transport development policy instruments.But there is no guarantee that they will be suitable for Beijing,although they are effective in their local places.This article assesses what kind of policy can most effectively improve the traffic conditions in Beijing in the future.After literature reviews on the practices of foreign policy and we established several feasible scenarios.Then,we used the Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning System(LREAP) analyzed their corresponding results of reduced energy consumption and emissions.Finally,by simulating and computing the realistic Beijing transportation scenarios,this paper scientifically assesses what kind of policy can most effectively improve the traffic condition in Beijing in the coming decade.展开更多
Air pollution in China covers a large area with complex sources and formation mechanisms,making it a unique place to conduct air pollution and atmospheric chemistry research.The National Natural Science Foundation of ...Air pollution in China covers a large area with complex sources and formation mechanisms,making it a unique place to conduct air pollution and atmospheric chemistry research.The National Natural Science Foundation of China’s Major Research Plan entitled“Fundamental Researches on the Formation and Response Mechanism of the Air Pollution Complex in China”(or the Plan)has funded 76 research projects to explore the causes of air pollution in China,and the key processes of air pollution in atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry.In order to summarize the abundant data from the Plan and exhibit the long-term impacts domestically and internationally,an integration project is responsible for collecting the various types of data generated by the 76 projects of the Plan.This project has classified and integrated these data,forming eight categories containing 258 datasets and 15 technical reports in total.The integration project has led to the successful establishment of the China Air Pollution Data Center(CAPDC)platform,providing storage,retrieval,and download services for the eight categories.This platform has distinct features including data visualization,related project information querying,and bilingual services in both English and Chinese,which allows for rapid searching and downloading of data and provides a solid foundation of data and support for future related research.Air pollution control in China,especially in the past decade,is undeniably a global exemplar,and this data center is the first in China to focus on research into the country’s air pollution complex.展开更多
This study assesses the potential and benefits of reducing plastic consumption at the institutional level by taking the Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology(BIPT)in China as the case.By tracking the plastic m...This study assesses the potential and benefits of reducing plastic consumption at the institutional level by taking the Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology(BIPT)in China as the case.By tracking the plastic material flow on the BIPT campus,we provide insights into the efforts required to achieve a plastic-free campus.A mixed-methods approach was employed,encompassing material flow analysis,quantitative analysis of influencing factors,examination of best practices in universities,and market price-based valuation of plastic reduction.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Each student consumed an average of 9.2 kg of plastics for daily use on BIPT campus in the base year of 2020,with campus canteens,off-campus cafés,and shops(offline and online)contributing to 36%,31%and 30%respectively.(2)BIPT has a reduction potential of 45%,equivalent to 4.1 kg per student annually,yielding benefits of 45 RMB from savings in oil material and production energy,avoiding plastic waste,and reducing carbon emission.(3)If all global tertiary institutions set a target of reducing plastics by 4.1 kg per student,1.94 Mt of plastics could be avoided by 2035.(4)Greater reductions and benefits could be achieved if tertiary institutions extend their efforts across all campus activities,with substantial indirect and long-term contributions ranging from more sustainable campus management to fostering a transition towards a green economy.These findings highlight that plastic-free initiatives require contextual construction and environmental education both on and off campus.展开更多
Greenhouse gas(GHG)emssions from fossil fuel consumption are driving global climate change.This study applied the fully modified ordinary least squares(FMOLS)model and pairwise panel Granger causality test to explore ...Greenhouse gas(GHG)emssions from fossil fuel consumption are driving global climate change.This study applied the fully modified ordinary least squares(FMOLS)model and pairwise panel Granger causality test to explore the relationships of GHG emissions with gross domestic product(GDP),population,urbanization,natural resource rents,foreign direct investment(FDI),and renewable energy consumption in 12 Middle East and North Africa(MENA)countries(Algeria,Bahrain,Comoros,Djibouti,Egypt,Qatar,Somalia,Saudi Arabia,Syria,the United Arab Emirates,Tunisia,and Yemen)from 1990 to 2023.Due to the limited data on renewable energy after 2020,the coverage of renewable energy consumption is from 1990 to 2021.Findings showed that Saudi Arabia,Egypt,Algeria,the United Arab Emirates,and Qatar are the top 5 GHG emitters in the MENA region,with the GHG emissions of the energy sector rising fastest among all sectors.Results also indicated that a 1.00%increase in GDP,population,urbanization,natural resource rents,and FDI raises GHG emissions by 0.48%,0.61%,0.86%,0.29%,and 0.11%,respectively.Conversely,a 1.00%increase in renewable energy consumption reduces GHG emissions by 0.13%.Effective policies promoting renewable energy investment and the adoption of renewable energy could significantly reduce electricity costs and GHG emissions,contributing to achieving climate goals,such as net-zero emissions and environmental sustainability.Additionally,the increase of renewable energy consumption and technology development would improve energy efficiency,create jobs,and stimulate economic growth in the MENA region.This study recommends tailored policy instruments to support the transition to low-emission technologies and strategies.展开更多
Microorganisms constitute an essential component in the indoor environment,which is closely related to hu-man health.However,there is limited evidence regarding the associations between indoor airborne microbiome and ...Microorganisms constitute an essential component in the indoor environment,which is closely related to hu-man health.However,there is limited evidence regarding the associations between indoor airborne microbiome and systemic inflammation,as well as whether this association is modified by indoor particulate matter and the underlying mechanisms.In this prospective repeated-measure study among 66 participants,indoor airborne mi-crobiome was characterized using amplicon sequencing and qPCR.Indoor fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))and inhalable particulate matter(PM10)were measured.Systemic inflammatory biomarkers were assessed,including white blood cell(WBC),neutrophil(NEUT),monocyte,eosinophil counts,and their proportions.Targeted serum amino acid metabolomics were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms.Linear mixed-effect models re-vealed that bacterial and fungal Simpson diversity were significantly associated with decreased WBC and NEUT.For example,for each interquartile range increase in the bacterial Simpson diversity,WBC and NEUT changed by-4.53%(95%CI:-8.25%,-0.66%)and-5.95%(95%CI:-11.3%,-0.27%),respectively.Notably,increased inflammatory risks of airborne microbial exposure were observed when indoor PM_(2.5) and PM10 levels were below the WHO air quality guidelines.Mediation analyses indicated that dopamine metabolism partially mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of fungal diversity exposure.Overall,our study indicated protection from a diverse indoor microbial environment on cardiovascular health and proposed an underlying mechanism through amino acid metabolism.Additionally,health risks associated with microbial exposure deserve more attention in con-texts of low indoor particulate matter pollution.Further research is necessary to fully disentangle the complex relationships between indoor microbiome,air pollutants,and human health.展开更多
Interferon-related genes are involved in antiviral responses,inflammation,and immunity,which are closely related to sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).We analyzed 1972 participants with genoty...Interferon-related genes are involved in antiviral responses,inflammation,and immunity,which are closely related to sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).We analyzed 1972 participants with genotype data and 681 participants with gene expression data from the Molecular Epidemiology of ARDS(MEARDS),the Molecular Epidemiology of Sepsis in the ICU(MESSI),and the Molecular Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Sepsis(MARS)cohorts in a three-step study focusing on sepsis-associated ARDS and sepsis-only controls.First,we identified and validated interferon-related genes associated with sepsis-associated ARDS risk using genetically regulated gene expression(GReX).Second,we examined the association of the confirmed gene(interferon regulatory factor 1,IRF1)with ARDS risk and survival and conducted a mediation analysis.Through discovery and validation,we found that the GReX of IRF1 was associated with ARDS risk(odds ratio[OR_(MEARDS)]=0.84,P=0.008;OR_(MESSI)=0.83,P=0.034).Furthermore,individual-level measured IRF1 expression was associated with reduced ARDS risk(OR=0.58,P=8.67×10^(-4)),and improved overall survival in ARDS patients(hazard ratio[HR_(28-day)]=0.49,P=0.009)and sepsis patients(HR_(28-day)=0.76,P=0.008).Mediation analysis revealed that IRF1 may enhance immune function by regulating the major histocompatibility complex,including HLA-F,which mediated more than 70%of protective effects of IRF1 on ARDS.The findings were validated by in vitro biological experiments including time-series infection dynamics,overexpression,knockout,and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing.Early prophylactic interventions to activate IRF1 in sepsis patients,thereby regulating HLA-F,may reduce the risk of ARDS and mortality,especially in severely ill patients.展开更多
Dietary uptake is the major way that inorganic arsenic(iAs)enters into benthic fish;however,the metabolic process of dietborne i As in fish muscle following chronic exposure remains unclear.This was a 40-day study on ...Dietary uptake is the major way that inorganic arsenic(iAs)enters into benthic fish;however,the metabolic process of dietborne i As in fish muscle following chronic exposure remains unclear.This was a 40-day study on chronic dietborne i As[arsenite(AsⅢ)and arsenate(AsⅤ)]exposure in the benthic freshwater food fish,the crucian carp(Carassius auratus),which determined the temporal profiles of iAs metabolism and toxicokinetics during exposure.We found that an adaptive response occurred in the fish body after iAs dietary exposure,which was associated with decreased As accumulation and increased As transformation into a non-toxic As form(arsenobetaine).The bioavailability of dietary AsⅢwas lower than that of AsⅤ,probably because AsⅢhas a lower ability to pass through fish tissues.Dietary AsⅤexhibited a high potential for transformation into AsⅢspecies,which then accumulated in fish muscle.The largely produced AsⅢconsidered more toxic at the earlier stage of AsⅤexposure should attract sufficient attention to human exposure assessment.Therefore,the pristine As species and exposure duration had significant effects on As bioaccumulation and biotransformation in fish.The behavior determined for dietborne arsenic in food fish is crucial for not only arsenic ecotoxicology but also food safety.展开更多
Mixed strains Delftia sp.YH01 and Acidovorax sp.YH02,with capability of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification,were introduced into a two-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor to enhance NO3^--N removal....Mixed strains Delftia sp.YH01 and Acidovorax sp.YH02,with capability of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification,were introduced into a two-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor to enhance NO3^--N removal.With optimal C/N of 8,efficient NO3^--N removal was achieved at initial NO3^--N concentration of 2000 mg·L−1.Meanwhile,the massive accumulation of NO2^--N was avoided during the long operation.Compared to the one-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor,the removal efficiency of NO3^--N and TN in the two-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor was increased by 36.5% and 42.7%,which respectively was 93.8% and 88.4%.Microbial community study showed that the mixed strains have the stronger viability and can synergistically denitrify with the indigenous microorganisms in system,such as Azoarcus,Uncultured Saprospiraceae,Thauera,Paracocccus,which could be major contributors for aerobic denitrification.The proposed technology was shown to achieve high-efficiency treatment of high NO3^--N wastewater through aerobic denitrification.展开更多
With the development of industry and agriculture,nitrogen,phosphorus and other nutrients in the Hanshui River greatly increase and eutrophication has become an important threat to the water quality of the Hanshui Rive...With the development of industry and agriculture,nitrogen,phosphorus and other nutrients in the Hanshui River greatly increase and eutrophication has become an important threat to the water quality of the Hanshui River,especially in the middle and lower reaches.The primary objective of this study was to establish the water quality model for the middle and lower reaches of the Hanshui River based on the model of MIKE 11.The main pollutants migration and transformation process could be simulated using the water quality model.The rainfall-runoff model,hy-drodynamic model and water quality model were established using MIKE 11.The pollutants,such as chemical oxygen demand(COD),biochemical oxygen demand(BOD),ammonia nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,phosphorus,dissolved oxy-gen(DO),were simulated and predicted using the above three models.A set of methods computing non-point source pollution load of the Hanshui River Basin was proposed in this study.The simulated and observed values of COD,BOD5,ammonia,nitrate,DO,and total phosphorus were compared after the parameter calibration of the water quality model.The simulated and observed results match better,thus the model can be used to predict water quality in the fu-ture for the Hanshui River.The pollution trend could be predicted using the water quality model according pollution load generation.It is helpful for government to take effective measures to prevent the water bloom and protect water quality in the river.展开更多
Fault-block structures of the Altay-Sayan folded area （ASFA） southeastern Siberia of Russia were used as the basis for creating a 3-D model. The surface structures were projected to depths by previous correlations b...Fault-block structures of the Altay-Sayan folded area （ASFA） southeastern Siberia of Russia were used as the basis for creating a 3-D model. The surface structures were projected to depths by previous correlations between long and deep faults, with all layers and deformation factors defined. The mean deformation factor （Ds） is 0.12 unit/km^3 in the upper layer, 0.012 unit/km^3 in the intermediate layer, and 0.007 unit/km^3 in the lower layer of the 3-D ASFA neotectonic model. Ds allows correlation of the three distinguished layers with theological bodies that differ in their potential for accumulating elastic energy. 3-D modeling can be used as a methodological approach to projections in seismic prone areas such as the Krasnoyarsk region, for earthquake-hazard monitoring.展开更多
Four techniques, Soxhlet extraction (SOX), ultrasonic extraction (USE), fluidized-bed extraction (FBE) and acce-lerated solvent extraction (ASE) with different solvents (methanol, hexane/acetone and acetonitrile) were...Four techniques, Soxhlet extraction (SOX), ultrasonic extraction (USE), fluidized-bed extraction (FBE) and acce-lerated solvent extraction (ASE) with different solvents (methanol, hexane/acetone and acetonitrile) were used for theextraction of DDT analogues in sediments. Results revealed that the four extraction techniques had high recoveries (>86.0%) with low standard deviations (< 12.0%) for most of DDT analogues, meaning that they could all successfully extractDDT analogues in sediments. Accelerated solvent extraction using methanol and hexane/acetone (1:1), fluidized-bedextraction using hexane/acetone (1:1) and the ultrasonic extraction using hexane/acetone (1:1) were comparable or betterthan Soxhlet extraction using hexane/acetone (1:1). Considering solvent- and time-consumption, level of automation,and environmental risk, accelerated solvent extraction with hexane/acetone (1:1) was better than the other extractiontechniques.展开更多
In recent decades,a series of policies and practices for environmental flows(e-flows)have been implemented in China,with the sustainable development goal of balancing the utilization and protection of water resources ...In recent decades,a series of policies and practices for environmental flows(e-flows)have been implemented in China,with the sustainable development goal of balancing the utilization and protection of water resources among social,economic,and ecological needs.The aims of this study were to determine the main challenges and issues in e-flows implementation at different scales by analyzing policies and practices for eflows in China,and to propose some recommendations for bridging the gaps between the science and implementation of e-flows.The gaps between the science and implementation of e-flows were found after review of literature,policies,and practices,and it was found that ecological flow was a more widely used term by the government,rather than e-flows,in implementation.The plans and effects of e-flows implementation are discussed in this paper and challenges of e-flows implementation are recognized:(1)limited water resources and uneven spatial and temporal distribution,(2)a weak scientific basis for e-flows implementation,(3)poor operability of e-flows science,and(4)ineffective supervision and guarantee measures.The recommendations are(1)to strengthen the scientific foundation of e-flows,(2)to improve effectiveness in application of e-flows science,and(3)to propose operable and effective supervision and guarantee measures.This paper elaborates the current understanding of e-flows science and provides practical recommendations for implementing e-flows and for improving the effectiveness in e-flows implementation.To bridge the gaps between science and implementation of e-flows and improve the operability of policies in future practices,more scientific research on practices is recommended through adaptive management.展开更多
Benzene is a carcinogenic air pollutant for which European legislation has set an annual limit and criteria for the number of fixed monitoring sites within air quality networks(AQMN).However,due to the limited number ...Benzene is a carcinogenic air pollutant for which European legislation has set an annual limit and criteria for the number of fixed monitoring sites within air quality networks(AQMN).However,due to the limited number of fixed sites for benzene measurement,exposure data are lacking.Considering the relationship between benzene levels and other variables monitored within an AQMN,such as NO_(2),O_(3),temperature,solar radiation,and accumulated precipitation,this study proposes an approach for estimating benzene air concentrations from the related variables.Using the data of the aforementioned variables from23 fixed stations during 2016-2017,the proposed approach was able to forecast benzene concentration for 2018 with high confidence,providing enriched data on benzene exposure and its trends.Moreover,the spatial distribution of the estimated versus the most representative benzene levels was quite similar.Finally,an artificial neural network identified the most representative fixed benzene monitoring sites within the AQMN.展开更多
Congestion causes many externalities for the society, including time delays, excessive fuel consumption, air pollution, noise and safety concerns. In Shanghai, various policy options have been explored, piloted or app...Congestion causes many externalities for the society, including time delays, excessive fuel consumption, air pollution, noise and safety concerns. In Shanghai, various policy options have been explored, piloted or applied; however, not all of them may be understood and accepted by the public. A survey was conducted to investigate people＇s attitudes towards several policy options. The main findings reveal that Shanghai residents are resistant to certain policies, such as congestion charges, higher parking charges in congested areas and car restrictions. Instead, they favor public transport provisions. The paper suggests that there is a case for promoting public transport and more efficient trips when the car ownership is still low, and for investing in a policy of educating the public on the ＇true＇ costs and causes of congestion before embarking on ,an intensive policy of congestion charges or restrictions.展开更多
Decoction of Kampo medicines plays an important role in clinical practice, especially in individualized treatment, while the inconvenience and a long time requirement of the decocting process are impediments to its wi...Decoction of Kampo medicines plays an important role in clinical practice, especially in individualized treatment, while the inconvenience and a long time requirement of the decocting process are impediments to its widespread use in Japan. In this study, we improved the decocting method by using a microwave oven such as those found in most kitchens. To validate the feasibility and safety of this new method, we decocted kakkonto, which is the most widely used formula in clinical treatment in Japan, and keishikabushito, which contains toxic components using a microwave oven. Regarding the contents of 8 characteristic components in the kakkonto decoction and the contents of 6 toxic components in the keishikabushito decoction as indices, and with the extraction and detoxification effects equal to those of the conventional decocting method as targets, we optimized the decocting conditions with Response Surface Methods. With this new method, it took 35 min to obtain almost the same extraction effect for kakkonto as with the conventional decocting method, which takes 40 min;meanwhile, it took only 45 min to detoxify keishikabushito, which takes 60 min using the conventional decocting method. Decocting Kampo medicines with a microwave oven is feasible and as safe as the conventional decocting method. It is a convenient, safe, time-saving method, and may be applied widely in clinical practice. This innovation should allow more patients to benefit from decoction and the individualized treatment it offers.展开更多
Economy is of importance for everyone but the growing environmental destruction and disparity between the rich and poor demands adoption of cleaner and better path so as to secure the future resources and achieve sust...Economy is of importance for everyone but the growing environmental destruction and disparity between the rich and poor demands adoption of cleaner and better path so as to secure the future resources and achieve sustainable development with better social inclusion. On this regard, the term “green economy” came into light. The Asian Center for Environment Management and Sustainable Development (AEMS) then explored the “green economy” concept in Nepal through a regional workshop on May 2012 with participants from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Canada, UK and Nepal. Consequently, the hydropower sector of Nepal was recognized as one of the most feasible and potential sector for green economy. Therefore, various case studies of hydropower projects, interaction programs and interviews with relevant personnel were carried out for this study to analyze the scope of hydropower in achieving the three important attributes of green economy, namely—resource efficiency, low carbon and social inclusion. Nepal is rich in water resources;it is therefore possible to use our abundant water resource in an efficient manner. Likewise, the end product of hydropower is clean energy though carbon emission is involved during the construction. It shows the potential to replace considerable amount of carbon emission from biomass based energy resources. Similarly, hydropower project exhibits positive implication on the local society besides making electricity available to the whole nation. The locals also get floating shares and royalty benefits to develop the project affected area. However, the affected areas now have minimal share in royalty. Besides, this study also addresses the issues of policy implication and challenges. All the relevant issues of hydropower as studied reveal that there are required provisions at place in Nepal for hydropower sector to fit perfectly in green economy concept, if only, the prevalent issues are handled efficiently and effectively by the relevant sectors.展开更多
The Fenton-like process shows promising potential to generate reactive oxygen species for the reme-diation of increasingly environmental pollutants.However,the slow development of high-activity cata-lysts with strong ...The Fenton-like process shows promising potential to generate reactive oxygen species for the reme-diation of increasingly environmental pollutants.However,the slow development of high-activity cata-lysts with strong stability and low leaching of metal ions has greatly inhibited scale-up application of this technology.Here,cobalt(Co)/nitrogen(N)atom co-curved carbon nanorod(CoNC)containing highly uniform CoN_(x)active sites is developed as a Fenton-like catalyst for the effective catalytic oxidation of various organics via peroxymonosulfate(PMS)activation with high stability.As confirmed by the exper-imental results,singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2))is the dominant active species for the degradation of the organ-ics,with a proportion of 100%.Furthermore,density functional theory calculations indicate that CoN_(2)C_(2)is the most effective ligand structure with more negative adsorption energy for PMS and the shortest length Co-O bond,while the most reasonable generation pathway for^(1)O_(2)was CoN_(2)C_(2)-PMS→CoN_(2)C_(2)-OH∗→2O∗→^(1)O_(2).Further studies demonstrate that the electron can be transferred from the highest occupied molecular orbitals of the organics to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of the PMS via CoN_(2)C_(2)action.In addition,the CoNC presents strong resistance to inorganic ions and natural organic matter in the Fenton-like catalysis process.The presence of CoN_(2)C_(2)active centre can significantly shorten the migration distance of the^(1)O_(2)generated from PMS activation,which further enhances the Fenton-like catalytic activity in terms of mineralising various organic contaminants with high efficiency over a wide pH range.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the effect of ferrihydrite on arsenic accumulation in four vegetable species:Brassica campestris L.,Daucus carota var.sativa Hoffm.,Apium graveolens L.,and Capsicum annuum.The synthesiz...This study aimed to investigate the effect of ferrihydrite on arsenic accumulation in four vegetable species:Brassica campestris L.,Daucus carota var.sativa Hoffm.,Apium graveolens L.,and Capsicum annuum.The synthesized ferrihydrite was applied to arsenic contaminated soil for pot experiments.The results showed that the percentage of available arsenic in soils decreased with the increase in ferrihydrite dose.The application of ferrihydrite resulted in decreases of 72.41%,63.72%,and 92.74%in arsenic content in the edible parts of D.carota var.sativa,A.graveolens,and C.annuum,respectively.Moreover,the changes in As(Ⅲ)and As(Ⅴ)content in these three vegetables were consistent with that in arsenic content.The ferrihydrite application did not significantly affect the arsenic content in B.campestris.The optimal dose of ferrihydrite applied to D.carota var.sativa,A.graveolens,and C.annuum were 0.5%,0.5%,and 1%,respectively.Therefore,ferrihydrite could be applied to limit the accumulation of arsenic in edible parts of vegetables in arsenic contaminated areas.展开更多
基金supported by a General Financial Grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2016M592404)the projects funded by the China Three Gorges Corporation(Grants No.0799556 and0799564)
文摘In this paper,we generally summarize the main issues in the operational period of water conservancy and hydropower projects in China over the past several decades.First,the adverse impacts of these projects since the technical guidelines were proposed in 2006 are analyzed.Then,combined with projects and experience from 2006 to 2014,the four main issues are summarized:(1) There exist many questions in the design and construction of fishways,which are useful for fish migration,and the migration effects are not as expected.(2) Temperature stratification affecting the downstream fish is the major impact of temperature,and alters fish spawning in the reproduction season.(3)Ecological base flow has been one of the primary questions of the last 30 years in China,the greatest related difficulty being quantification of the amount and flow process necessary to satisfy fish life history.(4) Fish habitat protection and restoration are popular topics in recent years with the development of river ecosystem restoration.Fish habitat loss due to the impacts of dam construction and habitat fragmentation has become more and more serious.These four issues are now the main difficulties in water project management,and interact with one another to bear combined effects on river ecosystems.The issues of eco-hydraulic consideration in the design period are the key factors.Finally,future priorities for research and practice of environmental protection for water conservancy and hydropower projects in China are proposed.The main purpose of this paper is to enhance the scientific research,monitoring,and assessment of operating effectiveness.
文摘This work aims to provide a methodology framework which allows to improve the performance and efficiency of an air quality monitoring network(AQMN).It requires to be constituted by a minimum and reliable number of measurement sites.Nevertheless,the AQMN efficiency should be assessed over time,as a consequence of the possible emergence of new emission sources of air pollutants,which could lead to variations on their spatial distribution within the target area.PM_(10)particles data monitored by the Community of Madrid's(Spain)AQMN between 2008 and 2017 were used to develop a methodology to optimize the AQMN performance.The annual spatial distribution of average PM_(10)levels over the studied period monitored by all current stations vs those more representative was provided by a geographic information system(GIS),and the percentage of similarity between both postulates was quantified using simple linear regression(>95%).As one innovative tool of this study,the practical application of the proposed methodology was validated using PM_(10)particles data measured by AQMN during 2007 and 2018,reaching a similitude degree higher than 95%.The influence of temporal variation on the proposed methodological framework was around 20%.The proposed methodology sets criteria for identifying non-redundant stations within AQMN,it is also able to appropriately assess the representativeness of fixed monitoring sites within an AQMN and it complements the guidelines set by European legislation on air pollutants monitoring at fixed stations,which could help to tackle efforts to improve the air quality management.
文摘Transportation is a sector with high energy consumption as well as high emissions.Generally speaking,economic growth will inevitably lead to the increase of travel demand and vehicle population,which in turn results into the augmentation of environmental and social costs.For metropolis like Beijing under rapid development,there exist various possibilities and options for transport development policy instruments.But there is no guarantee that they will be suitable for Beijing,although they are effective in their local places.This article assesses what kind of policy can most effectively improve the traffic conditions in Beijing in the future.After literature reviews on the practices of foreign policy and we established several feasible scenarios.Then,we used the Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning System(LREAP) analyzed their corresponding results of reduced energy consumption and emissions.Finally,by simulating and computing the realistic Beijing transportation scenarios,this paper scientifically assesses what kind of policy can most effectively improve the traffic condition in Beijing in the coming decade.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92044303)。
文摘Air pollution in China covers a large area with complex sources and formation mechanisms,making it a unique place to conduct air pollution and atmospheric chemistry research.The National Natural Science Foundation of China’s Major Research Plan entitled“Fundamental Researches on the Formation and Response Mechanism of the Air Pollution Complex in China”(or the Plan)has funded 76 research projects to explore the causes of air pollution in China,and the key processes of air pollution in atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry.In order to summarize the abundant data from the Plan and exhibit the long-term impacts domestically and internationally,an integration project is responsible for collecting the various types of data generated by the 76 projects of the Plan.This project has classified and integrated these data,forming eight categories containing 258 datasets and 15 technical reports in total.The integration project has led to the successful establishment of the China Air Pollution Data Center(CAPDC)platform,providing storage,retrieval,and download services for the eight categories.This platform has distinct features including data visualization,related project information querying,and bilingual services in both English and Chinese,which allows for rapid searching and downloading of data and provides a solid foundation of data and support for future related research.Air pollution control in China,especially in the past decade,is undeniably a global exemplar,and this data center is the first in China to focus on research into the country’s air pollution complex.
基金funded by Key Project of Education and Teaching Reform and Research at Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology(ZD20200508).
文摘This study assesses the potential and benefits of reducing plastic consumption at the institutional level by taking the Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology(BIPT)in China as the case.By tracking the plastic material flow on the BIPT campus,we provide insights into the efforts required to achieve a plastic-free campus.A mixed-methods approach was employed,encompassing material flow analysis,quantitative analysis of influencing factors,examination of best practices in universities,and market price-based valuation of plastic reduction.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Each student consumed an average of 9.2 kg of plastics for daily use on BIPT campus in the base year of 2020,with campus canteens,off-campus cafés,and shops(offline and online)contributing to 36%,31%and 30%respectively.(2)BIPT has a reduction potential of 45%,equivalent to 4.1 kg per student annually,yielding benefits of 45 RMB from savings in oil material and production energy,avoiding plastic waste,and reducing carbon emission.(3)If all global tertiary institutions set a target of reducing plastics by 4.1 kg per student,1.94 Mt of plastics could be avoided by 2035.(4)Greater reductions and benefits could be achieved if tertiary institutions extend their efforts across all campus activities,with substantial indirect and long-term contributions ranging from more sustainable campus management to fostering a transition towards a green economy.These findings highlight that plastic-free initiatives require contextual construction and environmental education both on and off campus.
基金the support provided by the King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM) for facilitating this research
文摘Greenhouse gas(GHG)emssions from fossil fuel consumption are driving global climate change.This study applied the fully modified ordinary least squares(FMOLS)model and pairwise panel Granger causality test to explore the relationships of GHG emissions with gross domestic product(GDP),population,urbanization,natural resource rents,foreign direct investment(FDI),and renewable energy consumption in 12 Middle East and North Africa(MENA)countries(Algeria,Bahrain,Comoros,Djibouti,Egypt,Qatar,Somalia,Saudi Arabia,Syria,the United Arab Emirates,Tunisia,and Yemen)from 1990 to 2023.Due to the limited data on renewable energy after 2020,the coverage of renewable energy consumption is from 1990 to 2021.Findings showed that Saudi Arabia,Egypt,Algeria,the United Arab Emirates,and Qatar are the top 5 GHG emitters in the MENA region,with the GHG emissions of the energy sector rising fastest among all sectors.Results also indicated that a 1.00%increase in GDP,population,urbanization,natural resource rents,and FDI raises GHG emissions by 0.48%,0.61%,0.86%,0.29%,and 0.11%,respectively.Conversely,a 1.00%increase in renewable energy consumption reduces GHG emissions by 0.13%.Effective policies promoting renewable energy investment and the adoption of renewable energy could significantly reduce electricity costs and GHG emissions,contributing to achieving climate goals,such as net-zero emissions and environmental sustainability.Additionally,the increase of renewable energy consumption and technology development would improve energy efficiency,create jobs,and stimulate economic growth in the MENA region.This study recommends tailored policy instruments to support the transition to low-emission technologies and strategies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3702704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22376005,22076006 and 82073506).
文摘Microorganisms constitute an essential component in the indoor environment,which is closely related to hu-man health.However,there is limited evidence regarding the associations between indoor airborne microbiome and systemic inflammation,as well as whether this association is modified by indoor particulate matter and the underlying mechanisms.In this prospective repeated-measure study among 66 participants,indoor airborne mi-crobiome was characterized using amplicon sequencing and qPCR.Indoor fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))and inhalable particulate matter(PM10)were measured.Systemic inflammatory biomarkers were assessed,including white blood cell(WBC),neutrophil(NEUT),monocyte,eosinophil counts,and their proportions.Targeted serum amino acid metabolomics were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms.Linear mixed-effect models re-vealed that bacterial and fungal Simpson diversity were significantly associated with decreased WBC and NEUT.For example,for each interquartile range increase in the bacterial Simpson diversity,WBC and NEUT changed by-4.53%(95%CI:-8.25%,-0.66%)and-5.95%(95%CI:-11.3%,-0.27%),respectively.Notably,increased inflammatory risks of airborne microbial exposure were observed when indoor PM_(2.5) and PM10 levels were below the WHO air quality guidelines.Mediation analyses indicated that dopamine metabolism partially mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of fungal diversity exposure.Overall,our study indicated protection from a diverse indoor microbial environment on cardiovascular health and proposed an underlying mechanism through amino acid metabolism.Additionally,health risks associated with microbial exposure deserve more attention in con-texts of low indoor particulate matter pollution.Further research is necessary to fully disentangle the complex relationships between indoor microbiome,air pollutants,and human health.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82220108002 to F.C.and Grant No.82273737 to R.Z.)the U.S.National Institutes of Health(Grant Nos.CA209414,HL060710,and ES000002 to D.C.C.,Grant Nos.CA209414 and CA249096 to Y.L.)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)supported by the Qing Lan Project of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province and the Outstanding Young Level Academic Leadership Training Program of Nanjing Medical University.
文摘Interferon-related genes are involved in antiviral responses,inflammation,and immunity,which are closely related to sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).We analyzed 1972 participants with genotype data and 681 participants with gene expression data from the Molecular Epidemiology of ARDS(MEARDS),the Molecular Epidemiology of Sepsis in the ICU(MESSI),and the Molecular Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Sepsis(MARS)cohorts in a three-step study focusing on sepsis-associated ARDS and sepsis-only controls.First,we identified and validated interferon-related genes associated with sepsis-associated ARDS risk using genetically regulated gene expression(GReX).Second,we examined the association of the confirmed gene(interferon regulatory factor 1,IRF1)with ARDS risk and survival and conducted a mediation analysis.Through discovery and validation,we found that the GReX of IRF1 was associated with ARDS risk(odds ratio[OR_(MEARDS)]=0.84,P=0.008;OR_(MESSI)=0.83,P=0.034).Furthermore,individual-level measured IRF1 expression was associated with reduced ARDS risk(OR=0.58,P=8.67×10^(-4)),and improved overall survival in ARDS patients(hazard ratio[HR_(28-day)]=0.49,P=0.009)and sepsis patients(HR_(28-day)=0.76,P=0.008).Mediation analysis revealed that IRF1 may enhance immune function by regulating the major histocompatibility complex,including HLA-F,which mediated more than 70%of protective effects of IRF1 on ARDS.The findings were validated by in vitro biological experiments including time-series infection dynamics,overexpression,knockout,and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing.Early prophylactic interventions to activate IRF1 in sepsis patients,thereby regulating HLA-F,may reduce the risk of ARDS and mortality,especially in severely ill patients.
基金the Special Fund for AgroScientific Research in the Public Interest of China(No.201503108)the Science and Technology Project of Hunan Province(No.2017WK2091)。
文摘Dietary uptake is the major way that inorganic arsenic(iAs)enters into benthic fish;however,the metabolic process of dietborne i As in fish muscle following chronic exposure remains unclear.This was a 40-day study on chronic dietborne i As[arsenite(AsⅢ)and arsenate(AsⅤ)]exposure in the benthic freshwater food fish,the crucian carp(Carassius auratus),which determined the temporal profiles of iAs metabolism and toxicokinetics during exposure.We found that an adaptive response occurred in the fish body after iAs dietary exposure,which was associated with decreased As accumulation and increased As transformation into a non-toxic As form(arsenobetaine).The bioavailability of dietary AsⅢwas lower than that of AsⅤ,probably because AsⅢhas a lower ability to pass through fish tissues.Dietary AsⅤexhibited a high potential for transformation into AsⅢspecies,which then accumulated in fish muscle.The largely produced AsⅢconsidered more toxic at the earlier stage of AsⅤexposure should attract sufficient attention to human exposure assessment.Therefore,the pristine As species and exposure duration had significant effects on As bioaccumulation and biotransformation in fish.The behavior determined for dietborne arsenic in food fish is crucial for not only arsenic ecotoxicology but also food safety.
基金supported by grants fromthe Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou City,China(201903010031)the Natural Science Foundation Research Team Project of Guangdong Province,China(2016A030312009).
文摘Mixed strains Delftia sp.YH01 and Acidovorax sp.YH02,with capability of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification,were introduced into a two-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor to enhance NO3^--N removal.With optimal C/N of 8,efficient NO3^--N removal was achieved at initial NO3^--N concentration of 2000 mg·L−1.Meanwhile,the massive accumulation of NO2^--N was avoided during the long operation.Compared to the one-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor,the removal efficiency of NO3^--N and TN in the two-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor was increased by 36.5% and 42.7%,which respectively was 93.8% and 88.4%.Microbial community study showed that the mixed strains have the stronger viability and can synergistically denitrify with the indigenous microorganisms in system,such as Azoarcus,Uncultured Saprospiraceae,Thauera,Paracocccus,which could be major contributors for aerobic denitrification.The proposed technology was shown to achieve high-efficiency treatment of high NO3^--N wastewater through aerobic denitrification.
基金Under the auspices of National Science and Technology Research during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period (No.2008BAI62B05)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50879005,51179006)
文摘With the development of industry and agriculture,nitrogen,phosphorus and other nutrients in the Hanshui River greatly increase and eutrophication has become an important threat to the water quality of the Hanshui River,especially in the middle and lower reaches.The primary objective of this study was to establish the water quality model for the middle and lower reaches of the Hanshui River based on the model of MIKE 11.The main pollutants migration and transformation process could be simulated using the water quality model.The rainfall-runoff model,hy-drodynamic model and water quality model were established using MIKE 11.The pollutants,such as chemical oxygen demand(COD),biochemical oxygen demand(BOD),ammonia nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,phosphorus,dissolved oxy-gen(DO),were simulated and predicted using the above three models.A set of methods computing non-point source pollution load of the Hanshui River Basin was proposed in this study.The simulated and observed values of COD,BOD5,ammonia,nitrate,DO,and total phosphorus were compared after the parameter calibration of the water quality model.The simulated and observed results match better,thus the model can be used to predict water quality in the fu-ture for the Hanshui River.The pollution trend could be predicted using the water quality model according pollution load generation.It is helpful for government to take effective measures to prevent the water bloom and protect water quality in the river.
文摘Fault-block structures of the Altay-Sayan folded area （ASFA） southeastern Siberia of Russia were used as the basis for creating a 3-D model. The surface structures were projected to depths by previous correlations between long and deep faults, with all layers and deformation factors defined. The mean deformation factor （Ds） is 0.12 unit/km^3 in the upper layer, 0.012 unit/km^3 in the intermediate layer, and 0.007 unit/km^3 in the lower layer of the 3-D ASFA neotectonic model. Ds allows correlation of the three distinguished layers with theological bodies that differ in their potential for accumulating elastic energy. 3-D modeling can be used as a methodological approach to projections in seismic prone areas such as the Krasnoyarsk region, for earthquake-hazard monitoring.
基金the Outstanding Youth Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40325001),the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (No. 2002CB410805) and the Ocean University ofChina.
文摘Four techniques, Soxhlet extraction (SOX), ultrasonic extraction (USE), fluidized-bed extraction (FBE) and acce-lerated solvent extraction (ASE) with different solvents (methanol, hexane/acetone and acetonitrile) were used for theextraction of DDT analogues in sediments. Results revealed that the four extraction techniques had high recoveries (>86.0%) with low standard deviations (< 12.0%) for most of DDT analogues, meaning that they could all successfully extractDDT analogues in sediments. Accelerated solvent extraction using methanol and hexane/acetone (1:1), fluidized-bedextraction using hexane/acetone (1:1) and the ultrasonic extraction using hexane/acetone (1:1) were comparable or betterthan Soxhlet extraction using hexane/acetone (1:1). Considering solvent- and time-consumption, level of automation,and environmental risk, accelerated solvent extraction with hexane/acetone (1:1) was better than the other extractiontechniques.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFE0196000)
文摘In recent decades,a series of policies and practices for environmental flows(e-flows)have been implemented in China,with the sustainable development goal of balancing the utilization and protection of water resources among social,economic,and ecological needs.The aims of this study were to determine the main challenges and issues in e-flows implementation at different scales by analyzing policies and practices for eflows in China,and to propose some recommendations for bridging the gaps between the science and implementation of e-flows.The gaps between the science and implementation of e-flows were found after review of literature,policies,and practices,and it was found that ecological flow was a more widely used term by the government,rather than e-flows,in implementation.The plans and effects of e-flows implementation are discussed in this paper and challenges of e-flows implementation are recognized:(1)limited water resources and uneven spatial and temporal distribution,(2)a weak scientific basis for e-flows implementation,(3)poor operability of e-flows science,and(4)ineffective supervision and guarantee measures.The recommendations are(1)to strengthen the scientific foundation of e-flows,(2)to improve effectiveness in application of e-flows science,and(3)to propose operable and effective supervision and guarantee measures.This paper elaborates the current understanding of e-flows science and provides practical recommendations for implementing e-flows and for improving the effectiveness in e-flows implementation.To bridge the gaps between science and implementation of e-flows and improve the operability of policies in future practices,more scientific research on practices is recommended through adaptive management.
文摘Benzene is a carcinogenic air pollutant for which European legislation has set an annual limit and criteria for the number of fixed monitoring sites within air quality networks(AQMN).However,due to the limited number of fixed sites for benzene measurement,exposure data are lacking.Considering the relationship between benzene levels and other variables monitored within an AQMN,such as NO_(2),O_(3),temperature,solar radiation,and accumulated precipitation,this study proposes an approach for estimating benzene air concentrations from the related variables.Using the data of the aforementioned variables from23 fixed stations during 2016-2017,the proposed approach was able to forecast benzene concentration for 2018 with high confidence,providing enriched data on benzene exposure and its trends.Moreover,the spatial distribution of the estimated versus the most representative benzene levels was quite similar.Finally,an artificial neural network identified the most representative fixed benzene monitoring sites within the AQMN.
文摘Congestion causes many externalities for the society, including time delays, excessive fuel consumption, air pollution, noise and safety concerns. In Shanghai, various policy options have been explored, piloted or applied; however, not all of them may be understood and accepted by the public. A survey was conducted to investigate people＇s attitudes towards several policy options. The main findings reveal that Shanghai residents are resistant to certain policies, such as congestion charges, higher parking charges in congested areas and car restrictions. Instead, they favor public transport provisions. The paper suggests that there is a case for promoting public transport and more efficient trips when the car ownership is still low, and for investing in a policy of educating the public on the ＇true＇ costs and causes of congestion before embarking on ,an intensive policy of congestion charges or restrictions.
文摘Decoction of Kampo medicines plays an important role in clinical practice, especially in individualized treatment, while the inconvenience and a long time requirement of the decocting process are impediments to its widespread use in Japan. In this study, we improved the decocting method by using a microwave oven such as those found in most kitchens. To validate the feasibility and safety of this new method, we decocted kakkonto, which is the most widely used formula in clinical treatment in Japan, and keishikabushito, which contains toxic components using a microwave oven. Regarding the contents of 8 characteristic components in the kakkonto decoction and the contents of 6 toxic components in the keishikabushito decoction as indices, and with the extraction and detoxification effects equal to those of the conventional decocting method as targets, we optimized the decocting conditions with Response Surface Methods. With this new method, it took 35 min to obtain almost the same extraction effect for kakkonto as with the conventional decocting method, which takes 40 min;meanwhile, it took only 45 min to detoxify keishikabushito, which takes 60 min using the conventional decocting method. Decocting Kampo medicines with a microwave oven is feasible and as safe as the conventional decocting method. It is a convenient, safe, time-saving method, and may be applied widely in clinical practice. This innovation should allow more patients to benefit from decoction and the individualized treatment it offers.
文摘Economy is of importance for everyone but the growing environmental destruction and disparity between the rich and poor demands adoption of cleaner and better path so as to secure the future resources and achieve sustainable development with better social inclusion. On this regard, the term “green economy” came into light. The Asian Center for Environment Management and Sustainable Development (AEMS) then explored the “green economy” concept in Nepal through a regional workshop on May 2012 with participants from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Canada, UK and Nepal. Consequently, the hydropower sector of Nepal was recognized as one of the most feasible and potential sector for green economy. Therefore, various case studies of hydropower projects, interaction programs and interviews with relevant personnel were carried out for this study to analyze the scope of hydropower in achieving the three important attributes of green economy, namely—resource efficiency, low carbon and social inclusion. Nepal is rich in water resources;it is therefore possible to use our abundant water resource in an efficient manner. Likewise, the end product of hydropower is clean energy though carbon emission is involved during the construction. It shows the potential to replace considerable amount of carbon emission from biomass based energy resources. Similarly, hydropower project exhibits positive implication on the local society besides making electricity available to the whole nation. The locals also get floating shares and royalty benefits to develop the project affected area. However, the affected areas now have minimal share in royalty. Besides, this study also addresses the issues of policy implication and challenges. All the relevant issues of hydropower as studied reveal that there are required provisions at place in Nepal for hydropower sector to fit perfectly in green economy concept, if only, the prevalent issues are handled efficiently and effectively by the relevant sectors.
基金This work was financially supported from the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42030713)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42007358)+4 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2020A1515110518 and2021A1515110369)the Hongkong Schol-arship Program(No.XJ2020059)the China Postdoctoral Sci-ence Foundation(No.2019M663382)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China for State Key Research and Development Project(No.2016YFC0400702)the YoungInnovativeTalent Project of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education(No.2019GKQNCX056).The authors would like to thank Shiyanjia Lab(www.shiyanjia.com)for the GC-MS measurements.
文摘The Fenton-like process shows promising potential to generate reactive oxygen species for the reme-diation of increasingly environmental pollutants.However,the slow development of high-activity cata-lysts with strong stability and low leaching of metal ions has greatly inhibited scale-up application of this technology.Here,cobalt(Co)/nitrogen(N)atom co-curved carbon nanorod(CoNC)containing highly uniform CoN_(x)active sites is developed as a Fenton-like catalyst for the effective catalytic oxidation of various organics via peroxymonosulfate(PMS)activation with high stability.As confirmed by the exper-imental results,singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2))is the dominant active species for the degradation of the organ-ics,with a proportion of 100%.Furthermore,density functional theory calculations indicate that CoN_(2)C_(2)is the most effective ligand structure with more negative adsorption energy for PMS and the shortest length Co-O bond,while the most reasonable generation pathway for^(1)O_(2)was CoN_(2)C_(2)-PMS→CoN_(2)C_(2)-OH∗→2O∗→^(1)O_(2).Further studies demonstrate that the electron can be transferred from the highest occupied molecular orbitals of the organics to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of the PMS via CoN_(2)C_(2)action.In addition,the CoNC presents strong resistance to inorganic ions and natural organic matter in the Fenton-like catalysis process.The presence of CoN_(2)C_(2)active centre can significantly shorten the migration distance of the^(1)O_(2)generated from PMS activation,which further enhances the Fenton-like catalytic activity in terms of mineralising various organic contaminants with high efficiency over a wide pH range.
文摘This study aimed to investigate the effect of ferrihydrite on arsenic accumulation in four vegetable species:Brassica campestris L.,Daucus carota var.sativa Hoffm.,Apium graveolens L.,and Capsicum annuum.The synthesized ferrihydrite was applied to arsenic contaminated soil for pot experiments.The results showed that the percentage of available arsenic in soils decreased with the increase in ferrihydrite dose.The application of ferrihydrite resulted in decreases of 72.41%,63.72%,and 92.74%in arsenic content in the edible parts of D.carota var.sativa,A.graveolens,and C.annuum,respectively.Moreover,the changes in As(Ⅲ)and As(Ⅴ)content in these three vegetables were consistent with that in arsenic content.The ferrihydrite application did not significantly affect the arsenic content in B.campestris.The optimal dose of ferrihydrite applied to D.carota var.sativa,A.graveolens,and C.annuum were 0.5%,0.5%,and 1%,respectively.Therefore,ferrihydrite could be applied to limit the accumulation of arsenic in edible parts of vegetables in arsenic contaminated areas.
