Retail stores are responsible for large energy consumption, which requires more intensified action to improve energy efficiency. Effective energy management can improve energy efficiency in retail stores. However, it...Retail stores are responsible for large energy consumption, which requires more intensified action to improve energy efficiency. Effective energy management can improve energy efficiency in retail stores. However, it is a challenge to implement energy management in retail stores due to different stakeholders’ roles and diverse store features. Literally, technical and management aspects of energy management have received much attention in research. However, limited studies systemically investigate internal and external factors and stakeholders’ involvement in the energy management of retail buildings. With multi-cases in the Philippines, this paper examines the energy profiles in retail stores and develops an assessment for energy management in retail stores. The assessment includes store features, internal and external stakeholders, climate, electricity price and grid condition, energy consumption, and management. The assessment can assist retail stores to develop their energy management plans with their store profile.展开更多
Energy flexibility can address the challenges of large scale integration of renewable energy resources and thereby increasing imbalance in the power system. Flexible power system can provide reliable supply, low elect...Energy flexibility can address the challenges of large scale integration of renewable energy resources and thereby increasing imbalance in the power system. Flexible power system can provide reliable supply, low electricity cost and sustainability. Various situations and factors influence the adoption of the flexibility solutions, such as flexible electricity generation, demand-response, and electricity storage. This paper tries to analyze the current energy flexibility solutions and the factors that can influence the energy flexibility adoption. This paper takes Philippines as case study to provide an overview of the current condition of the Philippines＇ power system and discuss the energy flexibility in the Philippines＇ power system. A further discussion and recommendation is conducted in the end of the paper.展开更多
Energy flexibility in buildings will play an important role in the smart energy system. Office buildings have more potentials to provide energy flexibility to the grid compared to other types of buildings, due to the ...Energy flexibility in buildings will play an important role in the smart energy system. Office buildings have more potentials to provide energy flexibility to the grid compared to other types of buildings, due to the existing building management, control systems and large energy consumption. Consumers in office buildings （building owners/managers and occupants） take a main role for adopting and engaging in building energy flexibility. This paper provides a systematic review of consumer central energy flexibility in office buildings with the discussion of social, technical and business aspects. This paper clarifies the correlations of consumers＇ concems, external influential factors, energy flexibility resources and technology with eight hypotheses. This paper suggests that technical solutions with the integration of distributed energy resources, building management and control system can boost energy flexibility in the office buildings.展开更多
The integration of renewable energy resources and the increasing need for grid balancing have inten-sified the demand for accurate short-term consumption and production forecasting in electricity grids.This progress h...The integration of renewable energy resources and the increasing need for grid balancing have inten-sified the demand for accurate short-term consumption and production forecasting in electricity grids.This progress has been facilitated by greater data availability and the development of advanced machine and deep learning algorithms.While models such as the Transformer have revolutionised temporal sequential data processing,spatial dependencies between nodes in electrical grids could improve predictions.This study proposes a spatial-temporal hybrid model that integrates a Graph Neural Network with a Transformer to capture both temporal and spatial relationships.The results show that the Transformer outperforms benchmark models,Long Short-Term Memory and Multilayer Perceptron,for consumption forecasting.Furthermore,incorporating a Graph Neural Network enhances consumption prediction accuracy.For production forecasting,the standalone Transformer slightly outperforms the hybrid model,suggesting less useful spatial correlations among production nodes.However,the hybrid model reduced trainable parameters by 57%,making it more compact with minimal accuracy loss.展开更多
The paper tries to address the question of whether the smart grid solution can be transferred internationally, and explore the transferability of the smart grid across countries with three national comparisons： USA, ...The paper tries to address the question of whether the smart grid solution can be transferred internationally, and explore the transferability of the smart grid across countries with three national comparisons： USA, Europe and China. A qualitative content analysis in which data （the academic papers） are coded in preparation for comparison and interpretation is chosen to find the similarities and differences of smart grid development in different national contexts. Trough a comparative analysis of the smart grid development in USA, Europe and China, this paper conducts a transferable framework of smart grid solution with global and local features.展开更多
Ventilation fans are an important component of any mechanically ventilated building.Poor fan performance could significantly affect the whole building performance metrics.There are several issues such as dirty blades,...Ventilation fans are an important component of any mechanically ventilated building.Poor fan performance could significantly affect the whole building performance metrics.There are several issues such as dirty blades,mechanical wear,aging of fans could impact the fan’s performance.In present work,a novel,indirect and data-driven methodology is introduced to monitor the ventilation fan unit performance.The proposed method is able to perform continuous monitoring of ventilation fan unit in real-time.The real-time performance of 3 Air handling unit(AHU)fans is examined in an academic building.Expected fan performance is modeled with the help of manufacturer data and compared against the real-time performance.Two data-driven models are developed and implemented.The first model is used to compute expected total fan pressure at a given airflow rate while second is a Support Vector Regression(SVR)model,to predict the fan efficiency.The performance monitoring of the ventilation fan unit is determined in terms of expected and actual fan energy consumption.Findings indicated a significant performance gap in three ventilation fan unit in a case building known as OU44,located in city Odense,Denmark.The advantage of this method comprises simplicity,no direct human intervention and scalability to the series of ventilation units.展开更多
Improving the energy performance of buildings will prove vital for countries worldwide to reduce their energy consumption and emissions.A key player in reaching this goal is building automation and control,as having w...Improving the energy performance of buildings will prove vital for countries worldwide to reduce their energy consumption and emissions.A key player in reaching this goal is building automation and control,as having well-designed and operated building automation and control systems(BACS)provide large capabilities in optimizing the energy performance of different systems.In this regard,building owners and planners must be able to assess and evaluate the current status of their BACS and identify potential improvements.While there has been a large block of work done in Denmark along with regulations aiming to audit the overall building performance and individual systems characteristics,very little has been done in the field of auditing the building automation and control system and evaluating its structure and operation patterns.This lack of systematic BACS auditing and evaluation in Danish buildings is addressed in this work with the first implementation and evaluation of the eu.bac System methodology in a university office building.The building was found to comply with the lowest automation and control class E.Two BACS retrofit packages were proposed and evaluated,and energy savings up to 28.5%are reported.The preliminary assessment results reported demonstrate the potential of building automation and control retrofit measures in a combined holistic improvement package alongside building envelope upgrade.In addition,the impact of the eu.bac System improvements and labeling on the building’s classification based on the recent Danish building regulation BR18 is evaluated.The study discusses the feasibility of eu.bac System tool implementation in Danish buildings and suggests improvements.It also correlates and compares the eu.bac System audit to the upcoming European SRI instrument.In light of the huge efforts to digitalize the Danish energy sector,ensuring proper design and operation of BACS is of great importance.Thus,a systematic and methodical BACS auditing and evaluation methodology will be a crucial part of buildings’initial and retro-commissioning platforms.展开更多
文摘Retail stores are responsible for large energy consumption, which requires more intensified action to improve energy efficiency. Effective energy management can improve energy efficiency in retail stores. However, it is a challenge to implement energy management in retail stores due to different stakeholders’ roles and diverse store features. Literally, technical and management aspects of energy management have received much attention in research. However, limited studies systemically investigate internal and external factors and stakeholders’ involvement in the energy management of retail buildings. With multi-cases in the Philippines, this paper examines the energy profiles in retail stores and develops an assessment for energy management in retail stores. The assessment includes store features, internal and external stakeholders, climate, electricity price and grid condition, energy consumption, and management. The assessment can assist retail stores to develop their energy management plans with their store profile.
文摘Energy flexibility can address the challenges of large scale integration of renewable energy resources and thereby increasing imbalance in the power system. Flexible power system can provide reliable supply, low electricity cost and sustainability. Various situations and factors influence the adoption of the flexibility solutions, such as flexible electricity generation, demand-response, and electricity storage. This paper tries to analyze the current energy flexibility solutions and the factors that can influence the energy flexibility adoption. This paper takes Philippines as case study to provide an overview of the current condition of the Philippines＇ power system and discuss the energy flexibility in the Philippines＇ power system. A further discussion and recommendation is conducted in the end of the paper.
文摘Energy flexibility in buildings will play an important role in the smart energy system. Office buildings have more potentials to provide energy flexibility to the grid compared to other types of buildings, due to the existing building management, control systems and large energy consumption. Consumers in office buildings （building owners/managers and occupants） take a main role for adopting and engaging in building energy flexibility. This paper provides a systematic review of consumer central energy flexibility in office buildings with the discussion of social, technical and business aspects. This paper clarifies the correlations of consumers＇ concems, external influential factors, energy flexibility resources and technology with eight hypotheses. This paper suggests that technical solutions with the integration of distributed energy resources, building management and control system can boost energy flexibility in the office buildings.
基金supported by the"Leveraging Smart Meter Data to Optimize Grid Investments"and"Participation in IEA ISGAN Working Group 6‘Power T&D Systems’"projects,which are funded by the Danish Energy Agency under the Energy Technology Development and Demonstration program,ID number 64022-1049 and 134243-533635,respectively.
文摘The integration of renewable energy resources and the increasing need for grid balancing have inten-sified the demand for accurate short-term consumption and production forecasting in electricity grids.This progress has been facilitated by greater data availability and the development of advanced machine and deep learning algorithms.While models such as the Transformer have revolutionised temporal sequential data processing,spatial dependencies between nodes in electrical grids could improve predictions.This study proposes a spatial-temporal hybrid model that integrates a Graph Neural Network with a Transformer to capture both temporal and spatial relationships.The results show that the Transformer outperforms benchmark models,Long Short-Term Memory and Multilayer Perceptron,for consumption forecasting.Furthermore,incorporating a Graph Neural Network enhances consumption prediction accuracy.For production forecasting,the standalone Transformer slightly outperforms the hybrid model,suggesting less useful spatial correlations among production nodes.However,the hybrid model reduced trainable parameters by 57%,making it more compact with minimal accuracy loss.
文摘The paper tries to address the question of whether the smart grid solution can be transferred internationally, and explore the transferability of the smart grid across countries with three national comparisons： USA, Europe and China. A qualitative content analysis in which data （the academic papers） are coded in preparation for comparison and interpretation is chosen to find the similarities and differences of smart grid development in different national contexts. Trough a comparative analysis of the smart grid development in USA, Europe and China, this paper conducts a transferable framework of smart grid solution with global and local features.
文摘Ventilation fans are an important component of any mechanically ventilated building.Poor fan performance could significantly affect the whole building performance metrics.There are several issues such as dirty blades,mechanical wear,aging of fans could impact the fan’s performance.In present work,a novel,indirect and data-driven methodology is introduced to monitor the ventilation fan unit performance.The proposed method is able to perform continuous monitoring of ventilation fan unit in real-time.The real-time performance of 3 Air handling unit(AHU)fans is examined in an academic building.Expected fan performance is modeled with the help of manufacturer data and compared against the real-time performance.Two data-driven models are developed and implemented.The first model is used to compute expected total fan pressure at a given airflow rate while second is a Support Vector Regression(SVR)model,to predict the fan efficiency.The performance monitoring of the ventilation fan unit is determined in terms of expected and actual fan energy consumption.Findings indicated a significant performance gap in three ventilation fan unit in a case building known as OU44,located in city Odense,Denmark.The advantage of this method comprises simplicity,no direct human intervention and scalability to the series of ventilation units.
基金supported by the BuildCOM project,funded by the Danish Energy Agency under the Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Program(EUDP),ID number:64019-0081.
文摘Improving the energy performance of buildings will prove vital for countries worldwide to reduce their energy consumption and emissions.A key player in reaching this goal is building automation and control,as having well-designed and operated building automation and control systems(BACS)provide large capabilities in optimizing the energy performance of different systems.In this regard,building owners and planners must be able to assess and evaluate the current status of their BACS and identify potential improvements.While there has been a large block of work done in Denmark along with regulations aiming to audit the overall building performance and individual systems characteristics,very little has been done in the field of auditing the building automation and control system and evaluating its structure and operation patterns.This lack of systematic BACS auditing and evaluation in Danish buildings is addressed in this work with the first implementation and evaluation of the eu.bac System methodology in a university office building.The building was found to comply with the lowest automation and control class E.Two BACS retrofit packages were proposed and evaluated,and energy savings up to 28.5%are reported.The preliminary assessment results reported demonstrate the potential of building automation and control retrofit measures in a combined holistic improvement package alongside building envelope upgrade.In addition,the impact of the eu.bac System improvements and labeling on the building’s classification based on the recent Danish building regulation BR18 is evaluated.The study discusses the feasibility of eu.bac System tool implementation in Danish buildings and suggests improvements.It also correlates and compares the eu.bac System audit to the upcoming European SRI instrument.In light of the huge efforts to digitalize the Danish energy sector,ensuring proper design and operation of BACS is of great importance.Thus,a systematic and methodical BACS auditing and evaluation methodology will be a crucial part of buildings’initial and retro-commissioning platforms.
