Learning to associate a positive or negative experience with an unrelated cue after the presentation of a reward or a punishment defines associative learning.The ability to form associative memories has been reported ...Learning to associate a positive or negative experience with an unrelated cue after the presentation of a reward or a punishment defines associative learning.The ability to form associative memories has been reported in animal species as complex as humans and as simple as insects and sea slugs.Associative memory has even been reported in tardigrades[1],species that diverged from other animal phyla 500 million years ago.Understanding the mechanisms of memory formation is a fundamental goal of neuroscience research.In this article,we work on resolving the current contradictions between different Drosophila associative memory circuit models and propose an updated version of the circuit model that predicts known memory behaviors that current models do not.Finally,we propose a model for how dopamine may function as a reward prediction error signal in Drosophila,a dopamine function that is well-established in mammals but not in insects[2,3].展开更多
Research suggests that inflammation is important in the pathophysiology of mental disorders.In addition,a growing body of evidence has led to the concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.To understand the potential in...Research suggests that inflammation is important in the pathophysiology of mental disorders.In addition,a growing body of evidence has led to the concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.To understand the potential interactions,we begin by exploring the liaison between the immune system and mental disorders,then we describe the evidence that the microbiota impact the immune response in the developing brain.Next,we review the literature that has documented microbiome alterations in major mental disorders.We end with a summary of therapeutic applications,ranging from psycho-biotics to immunomodulatory drugs that could affect the microbiotagut-brain axis,and potential treatments to alleviate the adverse effects of antipsycho tics.We conclude that there is promising evidence to support the position that the microbiota plays an important role in the immunological pathophysiology of mental disorders with an emphasis on psychotic disorders and mood disorders.However,more research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms.展开更多
文摘Learning to associate a positive or negative experience with an unrelated cue after the presentation of a reward or a punishment defines associative learning.The ability to form associative memories has been reported in animal species as complex as humans and as simple as insects and sea slugs.Associative memory has even been reported in tardigrades[1],species that diverged from other animal phyla 500 million years ago.Understanding the mechanisms of memory formation is a fundamental goal of neuroscience research.In this article,we work on resolving the current contradictions between different Drosophila associative memory circuit models and propose an updated version of the circuit model that predicts known memory behaviors that current models do not.Finally,we propose a model for how dopamine may function as a reward prediction error signal in Drosophila,a dopamine function that is well-established in mammals but not in insects[2,3].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81871056)。
文摘Research suggests that inflammation is important in the pathophysiology of mental disorders.In addition,a growing body of evidence has led to the concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.To understand the potential interactions,we begin by exploring the liaison between the immune system and mental disorders,then we describe the evidence that the microbiota impact the immune response in the developing brain.Next,we review the literature that has documented microbiome alterations in major mental disorders.We end with a summary of therapeutic applications,ranging from psycho-biotics to immunomodulatory drugs that could affect the microbiotagut-brain axis,and potential treatments to alleviate the adverse effects of antipsycho tics.We conclude that there is promising evidence to support the position that the microbiota plays an important role in the immunological pathophysiology of mental disorders with an emphasis on psychotic disorders and mood disorders.However,more research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms.
