During 2001-2006,PM2.5 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and PM10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) were collected at the Beijng Normal University (BNU) s...During 2001-2006,PM2.5 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and PM10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) were collected at the Beijng Normal University (BNU) site,China,and in 2006,at a background site in Duolun (DL).The long-term monitoring data of elements,ions,and black carbon showed that the major constituents of PM2.5 were black carbon (BC) crustal elements,nitrates,ammonium salts,and sulfates.These five major components accounted for 20%-80% of...展开更多
Objective To investigate the seasonal characteristics and the sources of elements and ions with different sizes in the aerosols in Beijing. Methods Samples of particulate matters （PM2,5）, PM10, and total suspended p...Objective To investigate the seasonal characteristics and the sources of elements and ions with different sizes in the aerosols in Beijing. Methods Samples of particulate matters （PM2,5）, PM10, and total suspended particle （TSP） aerosols were collected simultaneously in Beijing from July 2001 to April 2003. The aerosol was chemically characterized by measuring 23 elements and 18 water-soluble ions by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy （ICP-AES） and ion chromatography （IC）, respectively. Results The samples were divided into four categories： spring non-dust, spring dust, summer dust, and winter dust. TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 were most abundant in the spring dust, and the least in summer dust. The average mass ratios of PM〉10, PM2,5-10, and PM2.5 to TSP confirmed that in the spring dust both the large coarse （PM〉10） and fine particles （PM2.5） contributed significantly in summer PM2.5, PM2,5-10, and PM〉10 contributed similar fractions to TSP, and in winter much PM2.5. The seasonal variation characteristics of the elements and ions were used to divide them into four groups： crustal, pollutant, mixed, and secondary. The highest levels of crustal elements, such as AI, Fe, and Ca, were found in the dust season, the highest levels of pollutant elements and ions, such as As, F, and Cl^-, were observed in winter, and the highest levels of secondary ions （SO4^2-, NO3^-, and NH4^＋） were seen both in summer and in winter. The mixed group （Eu, Ni, and Cu） showed the characteristics of both crustal and pollutant elements. The mineral aerosol from outside Beijiug contributed more than that from the local part in all the reasons but summer, estimated using a newly developed element tracer technique.展开更多
Particulate matter(i.e.,PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5)),considered as the key atmospheric pollutants,exerts negative effects on visibility,global climate,and human health by associated chemical compositions.However,our underst...Particulate matter(i.e.,PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5)),considered as the key atmospheric pollutants,exerts negative effects on visibility,global climate,and human health by associated chemical compositions.However,our understanding of PM and its chemical compositions in Beijing under the current atmospheric environment is still not complete after witnessing marked alleviation during 2013–2017.Continuous measurements can be crucial for further air quality improvement by better characterizing PM pollution and chemical compositions in Beijing.Here,we conducted simultaneous measurements on PM in Beijing during 2018–2019.Results indicate that annualmean PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5) concentrations were 35.49±18.61μg/m^(3) and 66.58±60.17μg/m^(3),showing a positive response to emission controls.The contribution of sulfate,nitrate,and ammonium(SNA)played an enhanced role with elevated PM loading and acted as the main contributors to pollution episodes.Discrepancies observed among chemical species between PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5) in spring suggest that sand particles trend to accumulate in the range of 1–2.5μm.Pollution episodes occurred accompanied with southerly clusters and high formation of SNA by heterogeneous reactions in summer and winter,respectively.Results from positive matrix factorization(PMF)combined with potential source contribution function(PSCF)models showed that potential areas were seasonal dependent,secondary and vehicular sources became much more important compared with previous studies in Beijing.Our study presented a continuous investigation on PM and sources origins in Beijing,which provides a better understanding for further emission control as well as a reference for other cities in developing countries.展开更多
China is confronting aggravated ozone(O_(3))pollution,leading to adverse health impacts.This study quantifies the regional contributions to O_(3)in China using two approaches;estimating(1)where goods are produced(the ...China is confronting aggravated ozone(O_(3))pollution,leading to adverse health impacts.This study quantifies the regional contributions to O_(3)in China using two approaches;estimating(1)where goods are produced(the production method),and(2)where goods are consumed(the consumption method).The production method predicts higher local source contribution than the consumption method;this difference can be attributed to exports.Occurrence of high-O_(3)episodes suggests a major contribution to O_(3)concentration as a result of trade activities.Based on the consumption method,9219 out of 18532 daily premature mortalities were caused by local sources in north China,while it increased to 14471 of the production method when neglecting contributions due to export and consumption in other regions.This study suggests that O_(3)control should consider both where goods are consumed and emissions are emitted,especially taking account of international trade activities.展开更多
The response to climate change and air pollution control demonstrates strong synergy across scientific mechanisms,targets,strategies,and governance systems.This report,based on a monitoring indicator system for coordi...The response to climate change and air pollution control demonstrates strong synergy across scientific mechanisms,targets,strategies,and governance systems.This report,based on a monitoring indicator system for coordinated governance of air pollution and climate change,employs an interdisciplinary approach combining natural and social sciences.It establishes 20 indicators across five key areas:air pollution and climate change,governance systems and practices,structural transformation and technologies,atmospheric components and emission reduction pathways,and health impacts and cobenefits.This report tries to provide actionable insights into the interconnectedness of air pollution and climate governance.It highlights key policy gaps,presents updated indicators,and offers a refined monitoring framework to track progress toward China's dual goals of reducing emissions and improving air quality.Compared to previous editions,this year's report has updated four key indicators:meteorological impacts on air quality,climate change and its effects,governance policies,and low-carbon building energy systems.The aim is to further refine the monitoring framework,track progress,and establish a comprehensive theory for collaborative governance while identifying challenges and proposing solutions for China's pathway to carbon neutrality and clean air.The report comprises six chapters.The executive summary chapter is followed by analyzing air pollution and climate change interactions.Governance systems and practices are discussed in the third chapter,focusing on policy implementation and local experiences.The fourth chapter addresses structural transformations and emission reduction technologies,including energy and industrial shifts,transportation,low-carbon buildings,carbon capture and storage,and power systems.The fifth chapter outlines atmospheric component dynamics and emission pathways,presenting insights into emission drivers and future strategies.The sixth chapter assesses health impacts and the benefits of coordinated actions.Since 2019,China Clean Air Policy Partnership has produced annual reports on China's progress in climate and air pollution governance,receiving positive feedback.In 2023,the report was co-developed with Tsinghua University's Carbon Neutrality Research Institute,involving over 100 experts and multiple academic forums.The collaboration aims to continuously improve the indicator system and establish the report as a key resource supporting China's efforts in pollution reduction,carbon mitigation,greening,and sustainable growth.展开更多
Addressing climate change and air pollution exhibits strong synergy,and the Chinese government is actively promoting the integrated management of these two issues.Since 2019,the China Clean Air Policy Partnership has ...Addressing climate change and air pollution exhibits strong synergy,and the Chinese government is actively promoting the integrated management of these two issues.Since 2019,the China Clean Air Policy Partnership has released annual reports on China's progress in climate and air pollution governance.These reports track and analyze the challenges and propose solutions for China's pursuit of carbon neutrality and clean air by developing and monitoring key indicators across five areas.This report is the fourth annual report.Building on previous research,it further refines the collaborative governance monitoring indicator system,including the addition of climate change and extreme weather,atmospheric greenhouse gases,and enhanced efficiency of pollution removal technologies.The report includes the following components:(1)an analysis of the interactions between air pollution and climate change;(2)a discussion of governance systems and practices,with an emphasis on policy implementation and local experiences;(3)coverage of structural changes and emission reduction technologies,including energy and industrial transitions,transportation,low-carbon buildings,carbon capture and storage,and power systems;(4)an overview of atmospheric dynamics and emission pathways,examining emission drivers and offering insights for future coordinated governance;and(5)an evaluation of the health impacts and benefits of joint actions.These efforts underscore China's commitment to integrated control,resulting in slowed carbon emission growth,improved air quality,and enhanced health benefits.展开更多
Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) samples were collected at the Beijing Normal University sampling site in the urban area of Beijing, China in dry and wet seasons during 2001―2004. Concen-trations of 23 el...Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) samples were collected at the Beijing Normal University sampling site in the urban area of Beijing, China in dry and wet seasons during 2001―2004. Concen-trations of 23 elements and 14 ions in particulate samples were determined by ICP-AES and IC, re-spectively. Source apportionment results derived from both Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) models indicate that the major contributors of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing are: soil dust, fossil fuel combustion, vehicle exhausts, secondary particulate, biomass burning and some industrial sources. We have identified both regional common sources, such as vehicular emis-sions, particulate of secondary origin and biomass burning, as well as country-specific problems, such as sand storms and soil dust that should be addressed for effective air quality control.展开更多
A new element tracer technique has firstly been established to estimate the contributions of mineral aerosols from both inside and outside Beijing.The ratio of Mg/Al in aerosol is a feasible element tracer to distingu...A new element tracer technique has firstly been established to estimate the contributions of mineral aerosols from both inside and outside Beijing.The ratio of Mg/Al in aerosol is a feasible element tracer to distinguish between the sources of inside and outside Beijing.Mineral aerosol,inorganic pollution aerosol mainly as sulfate and nitrate,and organic aerosol are the major components of airborne particulates in Beijing,of which mineral aerosol accounted for 32%―67%of total suspended particles(TSP),10%―70%of fine particles(PM2.5),and as high as 74%and 90%of TSP and PM2.5,respectively,in dust storm.The sources from outside Beijing contributed 62%(38%―86%)of the total mineral aerosols in TSP,69%(52%―90%)in PM10,and 76%(59%―93%)in PM2.5 in spring,and 69%(52%―83%),79%(52%―93%),and 45%(7%―79%)in TSP,PM10,and PM2.5,respectively,in winter,while only~20%in summer and autumn.The sources from outside Beijing contributed as high as 97%during dust storm and were the dominant source of airborne particulates in Beijing.The contributions from outside Beijing in spring and winter are higher than those in summer,indicating clearly that it was related to the various meteorological factors.展开更多
The speciation of the elements on the surface of the particles collected during dust storm and non-dust storm in Beijing and Inner Mongolia was studied by XPS.The ma-jor species of iron on the surface were oxides,sulf...The speciation of the elements on the surface of the particles collected during dust storm and non-dust storm in Beijing and Inner Mongolia was studied by XPS.The ma-jor species of iron on the surface were oxides,sulfate,silicate,FeOOH and minor part sorbed on SiO2/Al2O3.Sulfate is the dominant species of sulfur on the surface.SiO2 and Al2O3 are the main components of Si and Al on the surface respectively.One of the most important findings was that the Fe(II)(FeS and FeSO4)produced could account for up to 44.3%and 45.6%of the total Fe on the surface in the aerosol sample collected at that night and next day of the“peak”time of the dust storm occurring on March 20,2002,while Fe2(SO4)3,one of the Fe(III)species on the surface decreased from 67.1%to 49.5%and 48.0%respectively.Both S and Fe en-riched on the surface of aerosol particles.Fe(II)accounted for 1.3%?5.3%of total Fe in bulk aerosol samples during dust storm.These results provided strong evidence to sup-port the hypothesis of the coupling between iron and sulfur in aerosols during the long-range transport,which would have important impact on the global biogeochemical cycle.展开更多
China is striving to build a“Beautiful China”characterized by clean air.The country has committed to further reducing its national mean fine particle(PM_(2.5))concentration by 10%from 2020 to 2025,following the subs...China is striving to build a“Beautiful China”characterized by clean air.The country has committed to further reducing its national mean fine particle(PM_(2.5))concentration by 10%from 2020 to 2025,following the substantial improvements in its air quality during the past decade.Meanwhile,the“Healthy China”mission has pledged to increase the national mean life expectancy by one year during the same period.Yet,to what extent will the“Beautiful China”mission contribute to the“Healthy China”vision by reducing the levels of the detrimental PM_(2.5) is still unclear.Here,by coupling the life table approach and an epidemiological concentration-response model,this study quantifies the potential benefits of achieving China's 2025 air quality target on the national life expectancy.The analysis reveals that the Chinese citizen could expect to extend the average life expectancy by 42.5 days by 2025 due to improved air quality.In addition,if the Chinese government outperforms the planned air quality target,as it usually does,the gains would increase to 65.4 days,~18% of the“Healthy China”life expectancy increment task.Further reductions in PM_(2.5) concentration would lead to accelerated gains in life expectancy both nationally and at the city level,providing strong incentives for the authorities to keep improving air quality.This study reveals the notable benefits on individual life that could be expected from air quality improvement in China and suggests that longer life expectancy is achievable by implementing a health-prioritized air quality management mechanism.展开更多
Product trade plays an increasing role in relocating production and the associated air pollution impact among sectors and regions.While a comprehensive depiction of atmospheric pollution redistribution through trade c...Product trade plays an increasing role in relocating production and the associated air pollution impact among sectors and regions.While a comprehensive depiction of atmospheric pollution redistribution through trade chains is missing,which may hinder targeted clean air cooperation among sectors and regions.Here,we combined five state-of-the-art models from physics,economy,and epidemiology to track the anthropogenic fine particle matters(PM_(2.5))related premature mortality along the supply chains within China in 2017.Our results highlight the key sectors that affect PM_(2.5)-related mortality from both production and consumption perspectives.The consumption-based effects from food,light industry,equipment,construction,and services sectors,caused 2e22 times higher deaths than those from a production perspective and totally contributed 63%of the national total.From a cross-boundary perspective,25.7%of China's PM_(2.5)-related deaths were caused by interprovincial trade,with the largest transfer occurring from the central and northern regions to well-developed east coast provinces.Capital investment dominated the cross-boundary effect(56%of the total)by involving substantial equipment and construction products,which greatly rely on product exports from regions with specific resources.This supply chain-based analysis provides a comprehensive quantification and may inform more effective joint-control efforts among associated regions and sectors from a health risk perspective.展开更多
基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No.20725723)
文摘During 2001-2006,PM2.5 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and PM10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) were collected at the Beijng Normal University (BNU) site,China,and in 2006,at a background site in Duolun (DL).The long-term monitoring data of elements,ions,and black carbon showed that the major constituents of PM2.5 were black carbon (BC) crustal elements,nitrates,ammonium salts,and sulfates.These five major components accounted for 20%-80% of...
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 29837190, 30230310, 20077004, and 20477004),and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 8991002 and 8041003).
文摘Objective To investigate the seasonal characteristics and the sources of elements and ions with different sizes in the aerosols in Beijing. Methods Samples of particulate matters （PM2,5）, PM10, and total suspended particle （TSP） aerosols were collected simultaneously in Beijing from July 2001 to April 2003. The aerosol was chemically characterized by measuring 23 elements and 18 water-soluble ions by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy （ICP-AES） and ion chromatography （IC）, respectively. Results The samples were divided into four categories： spring non-dust, spring dust, summer dust, and winter dust. TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 were most abundant in the spring dust, and the least in summer dust. The average mass ratios of PM〉10, PM2,5-10, and PM2.5 to TSP confirmed that in the spring dust both the large coarse （PM〉10） and fine particles （PM2.5） contributed significantly in summer PM2.5, PM2,5-10, and PM〉10 contributed similar fractions to TSP, and in winter much PM2.5. The seasonal variation characteristics of the elements and ions were used to divide them into four groups： crustal, pollutant, mixed, and secondary. The highest levels of crustal elements, such as AI, Fe, and Ca, were found in the dust season, the highest levels of pollutant elements and ions, such as As, F, and Cl^-, were observed in winter, and the highest levels of secondary ions （SO4^2-, NO3^-, and NH4^＋） were seen both in summer and in winter. The mixed group （Eu, Ni, and Cu） showed the characteristics of both crustal and pollutant elements. The mineral aerosol from outside Beijiug contributed more than that from the local part in all the reasons but summer, estimated using a newly developed element tracer technique.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22176014, 21777008, 21377012, and 21177012)。
文摘Particulate matter(i.e.,PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5)),considered as the key atmospheric pollutants,exerts negative effects on visibility,global climate,and human health by associated chemical compositions.However,our understanding of PM and its chemical compositions in Beijing under the current atmospheric environment is still not complete after witnessing marked alleviation during 2013–2017.Continuous measurements can be crucial for further air quality improvement by better characterizing PM pollution and chemical compositions in Beijing.Here,we conducted simultaneous measurements on PM in Beijing during 2018–2019.Results indicate that annualmean PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5) concentrations were 35.49±18.61μg/m^(3) and 66.58±60.17μg/m^(3),showing a positive response to emission controls.The contribution of sulfate,nitrate,and ammonium(SNA)played an enhanced role with elevated PM loading and acted as the main contributors to pollution episodes.Discrepancies observed among chemical species between PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5) in spring suggest that sand particles trend to accumulate in the range of 1–2.5μm.Pollution episodes occurred accompanied with southerly clusters and high formation of SNA by heterogeneous reactions in summer and winter,respectively.Results from positive matrix factorization(PMF)combined with potential source contribution function(PSCF)models showed that potential areas were seasonal dependent,secondary and vehicular sources became much more important compared with previous studies in Beijing.Our study presented a continuous investigation on PM and sources origins in Beijing,which provides a better understanding for further emission control as well as a reference for other cities in developing countries.
基金supported by the co-fund Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)–National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Sino–German Air Changes project(448720203)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077194/42061134008)Shanghai International Science and Technology Partnership Project(21230780200)。
文摘China is confronting aggravated ozone(O_(3))pollution,leading to adverse health impacts.This study quantifies the regional contributions to O_(3)in China using two approaches;estimating(1)where goods are produced(the production method),and(2)where goods are consumed(the consumption method).The production method predicts higher local source contribution than the consumption method;this difference can be attributed to exports.Occurrence of high-O_(3)episodes suggests a major contribution to O_(3)concentration as a result of trade activities.Based on the consumption method,9219 out of 18532 daily premature mortalities were caused by local sources in north China,while it increased to 14471 of the production method when neglecting contributions due to export and consumption in other regions.This study suggests that O_(3)control should consider both where goods are consumed and emissions are emitted,especially taking account of international trade activities.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3702704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42293324)the Energy Foundation,China.
文摘The response to climate change and air pollution control demonstrates strong synergy across scientific mechanisms,targets,strategies,and governance systems.This report,based on a monitoring indicator system for coordinated governance of air pollution and climate change,employs an interdisciplinary approach combining natural and social sciences.It establishes 20 indicators across five key areas:air pollution and climate change,governance systems and practices,structural transformation and technologies,atmospheric components and emission reduction pathways,and health impacts and cobenefits.This report tries to provide actionable insights into the interconnectedness of air pollution and climate governance.It highlights key policy gaps,presents updated indicators,and offers a refined monitoring framework to track progress toward China's dual goals of reducing emissions and improving air quality.Compared to previous editions,this year's report has updated four key indicators:meteorological impacts on air quality,climate change and its effects,governance policies,and low-carbon building energy systems.The aim is to further refine the monitoring framework,track progress,and establish a comprehensive theory for collaborative governance while identifying challenges and proposing solutions for China's pathway to carbon neutrality and clean air.The report comprises six chapters.The executive summary chapter is followed by analyzing air pollution and climate change interactions.Governance systems and practices are discussed in the third chapter,focusing on policy implementation and local experiences.The fourth chapter addresses structural transformations and emission reduction technologies,including energy and industrial shifts,transportation,low-carbon buildings,carbon capture and storage,and power systems.The fifth chapter outlines atmospheric component dynamics and emission pathways,presenting insights into emission drivers and future strategies.The sixth chapter assesses health impacts and the benefits of coordinated actions.Since 2019,China Clean Air Policy Partnership has produced annual reports on China's progress in climate and air pollution governance,receiving positive feedback.In 2023,the report was co-developed with Tsinghua University's Carbon Neutrality Research Institute,involving over 100 experts and multiple academic forums.The collaboration aims to continuously improve the indicator system and establish the report as a key resource supporting China's efforts in pollution reduction,carbon mitigation,greening,and sustainable growth.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42088101)and the Energy Foundation,China。
文摘Addressing climate change and air pollution exhibits strong synergy,and the Chinese government is actively promoting the integrated management of these two issues.Since 2019,the China Clean Air Policy Partnership has released annual reports on China's progress in climate and air pollution governance.These reports track and analyze the challenges and propose solutions for China's pursuit of carbon neutrality and clean air by developing and monitoring key indicators across five areas.This report is the fourth annual report.Building on previous research,it further refines the collaborative governance monitoring indicator system,including the addition of climate change and extreme weather,atmospheric greenhouse gases,and enhanced efficiency of pollution removal technologies.The report includes the following components:(1)an analysis of the interactions between air pollution and climate change;(2)a discussion of governance systems and practices,with an emphasis on policy implementation and local experiences;(3)coverage of structural changes and emission reduction technologies,including energy and industrial transitions,transportation,low-carbon buildings,carbon capture and storage,and power systems;(4)an overview of atmospheric dynamics and emission pathways,examining emission drivers and offering insights for future coordinated governance;and(5)an evaluation of the health impacts and benefits of joint actions.These efforts underscore China's commitment to integrated control,resulting in slowed carbon emission growth,improved air quality,and enhanced health benefits.
基金Supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)coordinated by the Asian Institute of Technology
文摘Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) samples were collected at the Beijing Normal University sampling site in the urban area of Beijing, China in dry and wet seasons during 2001―2004. Concen-trations of 23 elements and 14 ions in particulate samples were determined by ICP-AES and IC, re-spectively. Source apportionment results derived from both Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) models indicate that the major contributors of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing are: soil dust, fossil fuel combustion, vehicle exhausts, secondary particulate, biomass burning and some industrial sources. We have identified both regional common sources, such as vehicular emis-sions, particulate of secondary origin and biomass burning, as well as country-specific problems, such as sand storms and soil dust that should be addressed for effective air quality control.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.29837190,30230310,20077004&20477004)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.8991002,8041003)+3 种基金the special fund for the doctoral s tudy of the Education Ministry of China(20010027017)“100-talent Project of CAS(dust transport)”,LAPCThe Institute of Atmospheric Phys ics,CASthe Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency(SIDA)through the Asian Regional Research Program on Environmental Technology(ARRPET)at the Asian Institute of Technology.
文摘A new element tracer technique has firstly been established to estimate the contributions of mineral aerosols from both inside and outside Beijing.The ratio of Mg/Al in aerosol is a feasible element tracer to distinguish between the sources of inside and outside Beijing.Mineral aerosol,inorganic pollution aerosol mainly as sulfate and nitrate,and organic aerosol are the major components of airborne particulates in Beijing,of which mineral aerosol accounted for 32%―67%of total suspended particles(TSP),10%―70%of fine particles(PM2.5),and as high as 74%and 90%of TSP and PM2.5,respectively,in dust storm.The sources from outside Beijing contributed 62%(38%―86%)of the total mineral aerosols in TSP,69%(52%―90%)in PM10,and 76%(59%―93%)in PM2.5 in spring,and 69%(52%―83%),79%(52%―93%),and 45%(7%―79%)in TSP,PM10,and PM2.5,respectively,in winter,while only~20%in summer and autumn.The sources from outside Beijing contributed as high as 97%during dust storm and were the dominant source of airborne particulates in Beijing.The contributions from outside Beijing in spring and winter are higher than those in summer,indicating clearly that it was related to the various meteorological factors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.29837190,20077004,and 30230310)Bejjing Natural Science Fund(Grant Nos.8991002 and 8041003)+2 种基金supported by the special fund for doctoral study from the Ministry of EducationLAPC,Institute of Atmospheric Physica,CASthe Swedish Intermational Development Cooperation Agency(SIDA)through the Asian Regional Research Program on Environmental Technology(ARRPET)at the Asian Institute of Technology.
文摘The speciation of the elements on the surface of the particles collected during dust storm and non-dust storm in Beijing and Inner Mongolia was studied by XPS.The ma-jor species of iron on the surface were oxides,sulfate,silicate,FeOOH and minor part sorbed on SiO2/Al2O3.Sulfate is the dominant species of sulfur on the surface.SiO2 and Al2O3 are the main components of Si and Al on the surface respectively.One of the most important findings was that the Fe(II)(FeS and FeSO4)produced could account for up to 44.3%and 45.6%of the total Fe on the surface in the aerosol sample collected at that night and next day of the“peak”time of the dust storm occurring on March 20,2002,while Fe2(SO4)3,one of the Fe(III)species on the surface decreased from 67.1%to 49.5%and 48.0%respectively.Both S and Fe en-riched on the surface of aerosol particles.Fe(II)accounted for 1.3%?5.3%of total Fe in bulk aerosol samples during dust storm.These results provided strong evidence to sup-port the hypothesis of the coupling between iron and sulfur in aerosols during the long-range transport,which would have important impact on the global biogeochemical cycle.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.29837190 and 20077004)Beijing Natural Science Fund(Grant No.899 1002).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42105169,72171157,42175182,71904097).
文摘China is striving to build a“Beautiful China”characterized by clean air.The country has committed to further reducing its national mean fine particle(PM_(2.5))concentration by 10%from 2020 to 2025,following the substantial improvements in its air quality during the past decade.Meanwhile,the“Healthy China”mission has pledged to increase the national mean life expectancy by one year during the same period.Yet,to what extent will the“Beautiful China”mission contribute to the“Healthy China”vision by reducing the levels of the detrimental PM_(2.5) is still unclear.Here,by coupling the life table approach and an epidemiological concentration-response model,this study quantifies the potential benefits of achieving China's 2025 air quality target on the national life expectancy.The analysis reveals that the Chinese citizen could expect to extend the average life expectancy by 42.5 days by 2025 due to improved air quality.In addition,if the Chinese government outperforms the planned air quality target,as it usually does,the gains would increase to 65.4 days,~18% of the“Healthy China”life expectancy increment task.Further reductions in PM_(2.5) concentration would lead to accelerated gains in life expectancy both nationally and at the city level,providing strong incentives for the authorities to keep improving air quality.This study reveals the notable benefits on individual life that could be expected from air quality improvement in China and suggests that longer life expectancy is achievable by implementing a health-prioritized air quality management mechanism.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71904097,41921005,91744310 and 42205183)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021NTST21).
文摘Product trade plays an increasing role in relocating production and the associated air pollution impact among sectors and regions.While a comprehensive depiction of atmospheric pollution redistribution through trade chains is missing,which may hinder targeted clean air cooperation among sectors and regions.Here,we combined five state-of-the-art models from physics,economy,and epidemiology to track the anthropogenic fine particle matters(PM_(2.5))related premature mortality along the supply chains within China in 2017.Our results highlight the key sectors that affect PM_(2.5)-related mortality from both production and consumption perspectives.The consumption-based effects from food,light industry,equipment,construction,and services sectors,caused 2e22 times higher deaths than those from a production perspective and totally contributed 63%of the national total.From a cross-boundary perspective,25.7%of China's PM_(2.5)-related deaths were caused by interprovincial trade,with the largest transfer occurring from the central and northern regions to well-developed east coast provinces.Capital investment dominated the cross-boundary effect(56%of the total)by involving substantial equipment and construction products,which greatly rely on product exports from regions with specific resources.This supply chain-based analysis provides a comprehensive quantification and may inform more effective joint-control efforts among associated regions and sectors from a health risk perspective.
