Grid-scale energy storage systems provide effective solutions to address challenges such as supply-load imbalances and voltage violations resulting from the non-coinciding nature of renewable energy generation and pea...Grid-scale energy storage systems provide effective solutions to address challenges such as supply-load imbalances and voltage violations resulting from the non-coinciding nature of renewable energy generation and peak demand incidents.While battery and hydrogen storage are commonly used for peak shaving,ice-based thermal energy storage systems(TESSs)offer a direct way to reduce cooling loads without electrical conversion.This paper presents a multi-objective planning framework that optimizes TESS dispatch,network topology,and photovoltaic(PV)inverter reactive power support to address operational issues in active distribution networks.The objectives of the proposed scheme include minimizing peak demand,voltage deviations,and PV inverter VAr dependency.The mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem is solved using a Pareto-based multi-objective particle swarm optimization(MOPSO)method.The MATLAB-OpenDSS simulations for a modified IEEE-123 bus system show a 7.1%reduction in peak demand,a 13%reduction in voltage deviation,and a 52%drop in PV inverter VAr usage.The obtained solutions confirm minimal operational stress on control devices such as switches and PV inverters.Thus,unlike earlier studies,this work combines all three strategies to offer an effective solution for the operational planning of the active distribution network.展开更多
Green investments(GIs)in the energy industry are crucial for driving a clean energy transition and fostering environmental sustainability.In the digital economy era,insufficient attention has been paid to digital fina...Green investments(GIs)in the energy industry are crucial for driving a clean energy transition and fostering environmental sustainability.In the digital economy era,insufficient attention has been paid to digital finance’s(DF’s)influence on GIs in energy enterprises,potentially underestimating its impact.Our study utilized a two-way fixedeffects model,analyzing data from 108 listed energy firms from 2011 to 2020,to empirically investigate the influence of DF on GIs in China’s energy industry.The research findings are as follows:(1)An increase of one unit in DF can improve the intensity of GIs in the energy industry by 0.03%by alleviating financing constraints,increasing cash flow,and correcting financial mismatches.(2)DF has a significant threshold effect on GIs,with market incentive-and command-and-control-based environmental regulations having thresholds of 16.98 and 0.98,respectively.(3)The GI performance of large state-owned energy enterprises in regions with a higher marketization benefits more from DF.We suggested tailored policy suggestions according to these findings.展开更多
The green credit policy(GCP)is an essential financial policy tool for solving the problem of environmental pollution,and urban energy conservation is an effective way to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality.However,e...The green credit policy(GCP)is an essential financial policy tool for solving the problem of environmental pollution,and urban energy conservation is an effective way to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality.However,existing research has not verified the energy-saving effects of green credit(GC)at the city level.Based on panel data from 283 cities in China,this study aims to investigate whether GC can effectively reduce urban energy intensity(EI),which is an important complement to existing research.In terms of research methods,to better evaluate the effect of the policy and exclude the influence of other relevant factors,this study considers the promulgation of the Green Credit Guideline(GCG)in 2012 as the basic event,uses the difference-in-differences(DID)model to investigate the impact of GC on EI,and discusses the main impact mechanism.The key results are follows.(1)GC can effectively reduce urban EI.(2)Public environmental demand positively regulates the negative correlation between GC and EI.(3)GC reduces EI through three main channels:government support,capital investment,and technological innovation;however,the mechanism of industrial structure has no significant effect.(4)The effect of GC is more significant in areas with large urban scales,low environmental regulation intensity,and high industrial agglomeration.Based on the above results,this study presents puts forward targeted policy recommendations to strengthen the role of GC in urban sustainable development.展开更多
This work addresses challenges and opportunities in the evaluation of solar power plant impacts,with a particular focus on thermal effects of solar plants on the environment and vice-versa.Large-scale solar power plan...This work addresses challenges and opportunities in the evaluation of solar power plant impacts,with a particular focus on thermal effects of solar plants on the environment and vice-versa.Large-scale solar power plants are often sited in arid or desert habitats,which tend to include fauna and flora that are highly sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity.Our understanding of both shortwave(solar)and longwave(terrestrial)radiation processes in solar power plants is complete enough to render the modeling of radiation fluxes with high confidence for most applications.In contrast to radiation,the convective environment in large-scale solar power plants is much more difficult to characterize.Wind direction,wind speed,turbulence intensity,dust concentration,ground condition,panel configuration density,orientation and distribution throughout the solar field,all affect the local environment,the balance between radiation and convection,and in turn,the performance and thermal impact of solar power plants.Because the temperatures of the two sides of photovoltaic(PV)panels depend on detailed convection-radiation balances,the uncertainty associated with convection affects the heat and mass transfer balances as well.Those balances are critically important in estimating the thermal impact of large-scale solar farms on local habitats.Here we discuss outstanding issues related with these transfer processes for utility-scale solar generation and highlight potential pathways to gain useful knowledge about the convective environment directly from solar farms under operating conditions.展开更多
Against the backdrop of active global responses to climate change and the accelerated green and low-carbon energy transition,the co-optimization and innovative mechanism design of multimodal energy systems have become...Against the backdrop of active global responses to climate change and the accelerated green and low-carbon energy transition,the co-optimization and innovative mechanism design of multimodal energy systems have become a significant instrument for propelling the energy revolution and ensuring energy security.Under increasingly stringent carbon emission constraints,how to achieve multi-dimensional improvements in energy utilization efficiency,renewable energy accommodation levels,and system economics-through the intelligent coupling of diverse energy carriers such as electricity,heat,natural gas,and hydrogen,and the effective application of market-based instruments like carbon trading and demand response-constitutes a critical scientific and engineering challenge demanding urgent solutions.展开更多
Addressing climate change and facilitating the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources(RESs)have driven the development of hydrogen-coupled integrated energy systems(HIES),which enhance energy sustainabili...Addressing climate change and facilitating the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources(RESs)have driven the development of hydrogen-coupled integrated energy systems(HIES),which enhance energy sustainability through coordinated electricity,thermal,natural gas,and hydrogen utilization.This study proposes a two-stage distributionally robust optimization(DRO)-based scheduling method to improve the economic efficiency and reduce carbon emissions of HIES.The framework incorporates a ladder-type carbon trading mechanism to regulate emissions and implements a demand response(DR)program to adjustflexible multi-energy loads,thereby prioritizing RES consumption.Uncertainties from RES generation and load demand are addressed through an ambiguity set,enabling robust decision-making.The column-and-constraint generation(C&CG)algorithm efficiently solves the two-stage DRO model.Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method reduces operational costs by 3.56%,increases photovoltaic consumption rates by 5.44%,and significantly lowers carbon emissions compared to conventional approaches.Furthermore,the DRO framework achieves a superior balance between conservativeness and robustness over conventional stochastic and robust optimization methods,highlighting its potential to advance cost-effective,low-carbon energy systems while ensuring grid stability under uncertainty.展开更多
Efficient battery charging requires a power conversion system capable of providing precise voltage regulation tailored to the battery’s needs.This study develops a buck converter with a 36 V input for charging a 14 V...Efficient battery charging requires a power conversion system capable of providing precise voltage regulation tailored to the battery’s needs.This study develops a buck converter with a 36 V input for charging a 14 V battery using the Constant Voltage(CV)method.The system is designed to ensure safe and efficient charging while protecting the battery from overcharging and extending its lifespan.In the proposed design,the converter maintains a constant output voltage while the charging current decreases as the battery approaches full capacity.Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)is used as a control strategy to modify the duty cycle of the converter.This keeps the voltage output stable whenever the load changes.The design process involves simulation and experimental validation to evaluate the system’s performance and efficiency.The test results show the significant impact of Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID)control on the stability of the output voltage to meet the requirements for 14 V battery charging and the efficiency of the battery charging process.The output voltage becomes more stable,with reduced oscillation and minimal steadystate error.The State of Charge(SOC)increases more stably,controllably,and efficiently thanks to the PID controller’s ability to adjust the duty cycle in real time based on system feedback.This dynamic adjustment ensures that the output current and voltage remain within the optimal range,which directly improves the battery charging process.In addition,PID control significantly improves the dynamic response of the system,reducing overshoot and settling time while maintaining precise voltage regulation.This speeds up the battery charging process and contributes to better energy efficiency,reduced power loss,and extended battery life.This research provides a reliable and cost-effective solution for applications in electric vehicles,renewable energy systems,and other battery-powered devices.展开更多
The use ofrenewable energyisan important way toachieve sustainable agriculturalandeconomic development.However,there are differences in accessto renewable energy between the Global North and Global South.This study ut...The use ofrenewable energyisan important way toachieve sustainable agriculturalandeconomic development.However,there are differences in accessto renewable energy between the Global North and Global South.This study utilisedan autoregressive distributed lag-error correctionmodel and thedata spanning from 1991to 2021 to comparatively analyse the dynamic relationship amongrenewable energy consumption,the value of agricultural production,gross domestic product(GDP),economic diversificationindex,urban population,the total water extraction for agricultural withdrawal,and trade balancein the Netherlands and South Africa.In the shortrun,renewable energy consumption was increased by the value of agricultural productionbut decreased by GDPin South Africa.In the longrun,renewable energy consumption and GDP increased the value of agricultural production,while the value of agricultural production also increased GDP in South Africa.However,in the Netherlands,there was no short-and long-run relationship betweenrenewable energy consumption and agricultural and economic development.The results revealedthat there was a short-and long-run relationship in South Africa.Moreover,in the Netherlands,the adjustment speed was-1.46 forrenewable energy consumption with an error correction of 0.68 a(8.22 months).In South Africa,the adjustment speedwas-1.28 forrenewable energy consumption with an error correction of 0.78 a(9.38 months).Therefore,compared to South Africa,renewable energy consumptionin the Netherlands takes less time to return to balance after a shock.Thesefindings signify different trajectories on sectoral and economic transition initiatives spurred usingrenewable energy between the Netherlands and South Africa.Policy relating to initiatives such as“agro-energy communities”in Global South countries such as South Africa should be emphasised to promote the use of renewable energy in the agricultural sector.展开更多
Aluminum(Al)exhibits excellent electrical conductivity,mechanical ductility,and good chemical compatibility with high-ionic-conductivity electrolytes.This makes it more suitable as an anode material for all-solid-stat...Aluminum(Al)exhibits excellent electrical conductivity,mechanical ductility,and good chemical compatibility with high-ionic-conductivity electrolytes.This makes it more suitable as an anode material for all-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs)compared to the overly reactive metallic lithium anode and the mechanically weak silicon anode.This study finds that the pre-lithiated Al anode demonstrates outstanding interfacial stability with the Li_6PS_5Cl(LPSCl)electrolyte,maintaining stable cycling for over 1200 h under conditions of deep charge-discharge.This paper combines the pre-lithiated Al anode with a high-nickel cathode,LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2),paired with the highly ionic conductive LPSCl electrolyte,to design an ASSLB with high energy density and stability.Using anode pre-lithiation techniques,along with dual-reinforcement technology between the electrolyte and the cathode active material,the ASSLB achieves stable cycling for 1000 cycles at a 0.2C rate,with a capacity retention rate of up to 82.2%.At a critical negative-to-positive ratio of 1.1,the battery's specific energy reaches up to 375 Wh kg^(-1),and it maintains over 85.9%of its capacity after 100 charge-discharge cycles.This work provides a new approach and an excellent solution for developing low-cost,high-stability all-solid-state batteries.展开更多
We conduct optical-tweezers experiments to investigate the average potential energies of passive plates harmonically trapped in bacterial suspensions.Our results show that the mean potential energies along both the ma...We conduct optical-tweezers experiments to investigate the average potential energies of passive plates harmonically trapped in bacterial suspensions.Our results show that the mean potential energies along both the major and minor axes increase with bacterial concentration but decrease with trap stiffness.Notably,the average potential energy along the major axis consistently exceeds that along the minor axis.This discrepancy from equilibrium systems is primarily attributed to the distinct bacterial flow fields and direct bacterium–plate collisions near the major and minor axes,as evidenced by the higher orientational order around the plate along the major compared to the minor axis,despite identical bacterial densities in these regions.Our findings highlight the critical role of hydrodynamic interactions in determining the potential energy of passive objects immersed in an active bath.展开更多
A major challenge for n-i-p structured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells(TSCs)is the use of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMe TAD),a commonly used hole transport la...A major challenge for n-i-p structured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells(TSCs)is the use of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMe TAD),a commonly used hole transport layer,which induces significant optical losses and consequently reduces device current.Herein,we propose an ultra-thin(10 nm)vacuum thermal evaporation(VTE)-deposited spiro-OMe TAD,coupled with a 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction,to simultaneously enhance the optical and electrical properties of n-i-p perovskite/silicon TSCs.Our results demonstrate that the 10-nm-thick spiro-OMe TAD layer significantly improves optical performance,achieving a 92.2% reduction in parasitic absorption and an 18.4%decrease in reflection losses.Additionally,the incorporation of the 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction facilitates improved molecular arrangement and enhanced surface uniformity of the ultrathin spiro-OMe TAD,leading to higher tolerance to interface defects and more efficient hole extraction.Consequently,n-i-p perovskite/silicon TSCs featuring ultrathin spiro-OMe TAD exhibit remarkable efficiencies of 29.73%(0.135 cm^(2))and 28.77%(28.25% certified efficiency,1.012 cm^(2)),along with improved stability.展开更多
Metal halide perovskites(MHPs)with striking electrical and optical properties have appeared at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photocatalytic redox reactions but still suffer from some intrinsic drawbacks...Metal halide perovskites(MHPs)with striking electrical and optical properties have appeared at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photocatalytic redox reactions but still suffer from some intrinsic drawbacks such as inferior stability,severe charge-carrier recombination,and limited active sites.Heterojunctions have recently been widely constructed to improve light absorption,passivate surface for enhanced stability,and promote charge-carrier dynamics of MHPs.However,little attention has been paid to the review of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions.Here,recent advances of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are highlighted.The structure,synthesis,and photophysical properties of MHPs-based heterojunctions are first introduced,including basic principles,categories(such as Schottky junction,type-I,type-II,Z-scheme,and S-scheme junction),and synthesis strategies.MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are then reviewed in four categories:H2evolution,CO_(2)reduction,pollutant degradation,and organic synthesis.The challenges and prospects in solar-light-driven redox reactions with MHPs-based heterojunctions in the future are finally discussed.展开更多
A comprehensive full-sieve-hole grading correction method was used to adjust aggregate gradings.The fatigue properties of recycled concrete aggregate(RCA)asphalt mixtures were investigated using an improved indirect t...A comprehensive full-sieve-hole grading correction method was used to adjust aggregate gradings.The fatigue properties of recycled concrete aggregate(RCA)asphalt mixtures were investigated using an improved indirect tensile fatigue test under temperature-humidity coupling based on 20-year meteorological data of Beijing,and the degeneration mechanism was further explored by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy.The experimental results indicate that replacing 5-20 mm coarse limestone aggregate(LA)with RCA at a 50% substitution volume can mitigate the impact of RCA variations on the asphalt mixture proportioning design.All RCA asphalt mixtures have lower initial fatigue properties than the LA asphalt mixture.However,under temperature-humidity coupling,the long-term fatigue property of an RCA asphalt mixture with a low proportion of recycled brick exceeds that of the LA asphalt mixture,and the fatigue life decline rate of the RCA asphalt mixture during 10-year service decreases by approximately 25%.This is due to the penetration of the asphalt mortar into the RCA through the pores and cracks on the RCA surface.It forms an interfacial transition zone composed of asphalt mortar and cement mortar and further reduces the mixture damage caused by the water and freeze-thaw conditions.展开更多
The promotion of the energy security condition is one of the main aim of the cooperation between ASEAN and EU within the Plan of Action 2018-2022.The implementation of a regional integrated energy market among Southea...The promotion of the energy security condition is one of the main aim of the cooperation between ASEAN and EU within the Plan of Action 2018-2022.The implementation of a regional integrated energy market among Southeast Asian countries will be the main driver to realize the ASEAN Economic Community,providing regular energy supplies(without disruptions)in order to meet the growing energy demand which will support the expected economic growth in the ASEAN region.We can observe that ASEAN and EU share the same approach in terms of diversification of the energy mix and the development of a regional energy grid,mainly fuelled with renewable sources(RES):as a matter of fact,the project to create an ASEAN Power Grid follows the EU attempt to create an EU-Mediterranean electricity ring,developing regional interconnections and producing"clean electricity"through RES(mainly solar and wind).Moreover,ASEAN initiatives to increase energy interconnectivity through the implementation of the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline and Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG)regasification terminals are conceived as a way to reduce their dependence on coal(using gas as a transit fuel)as well the promotion of clean coal technologies.The aim of this paper is to analyse the potential evolution of this ASEAN-EU cooperation in the energy field and how sharing best practices and promoting a bilateral dialogue will support ASEAN countries to enhance a long-term renewable energy cooperation.ASEAN has set a target of securing 23 percent of its primary energy from renewable sources by 2025 and the EU initiatives and policies on RES(which accounts for 17 percent of energy consumed and 30 percent of the energy mix necessary to produce electricity)will be an interesting framework to work together on the achievement of the common goal of combating climate change.展开更多
This paper analyzes Chinese household CO_2 emissions in 1994-2012 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) structure decomposition model, and discusses the relationship between household CO_2 emissions and ec...This paper analyzes Chinese household CO_2 emissions in 1994-2012 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) structure decomposition model, and discusses the relationship between household CO_2 emissions and economic growth based on a decoupling indicator.The results show that in 1994-2012, household CO_2 emissions grew in general and displayed an accelerated growth trend during the early 21 st century. Economic growth leading to an increase in energy consumption is the main driving factor of CO_2 emission growth(an increase of 1.078 Gt CO_2) with cumulative contribution rate of 55.92%, while the decline in energy intensity is the main cause of CO_2 emission growth inhibition(0.723 Gt CO_2 emission reduction) with cumulative contribution rate of 38.27%. Meanwhile, household CO_2 emissions are in a weak state of decoupling in general. The change in CO_2 emissions caused by population and economic growth shows a weak decoupling and expansive decoupling state, respectively. The CO_2 emission change caused by energy intensity is in a state of strong decoupling, and the change caused by energy consumption structure ?uctuates between a weak and a strong decoupling state.展开更多
The renewable portfolio standard has been promoted in parallel with the reform of the electricity market,and the flexibility requirement of the power system has rapidly increased.To promote renewable energy consumptio...The renewable portfolio standard has been promoted in parallel with the reform of the electricity market,and the flexibility requirement of the power system has rapidly increased.To promote renewable energy consumption and improve power system flexibility,a bi-level optimal operation model of the electricity market is proposed.A probabilistic model of the flexibility requirement is established,considering the correlation between wind power,photovoltaic power,and load.A bi-level optimization model is established for the multi-markets;the upper and lower models represent the intra-provincial market and inter-provincial market models,respectively.To efficiently solve the model,it is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming model using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker condition and Lagrangian duality theory.The economy and flexibility of the model are verified using a provincial power grid as an example.展开更多
Use of metallic Li anode raises serious concerns on the safety and operational performance of Li-S batteries due to uncontrolled hazard of Li dendrite formation, which is difficultly eliminated as long as the metallic...Use of metallic Li anode raises serious concerns on the safety and operational performance of Li-S batteries due to uncontrolled hazard of Li dendrite formation, which is difficultly eliminated as long as the metallic Li exists in the cells. Pairing lithium sulfide (Li2S) cathode with currently available metallic Lifree high-capacity anodes offers an alternative solution to this challenge. However, the performance of Li2S cathode is primarily restricted by high activation barrier upon initial charge, low active mass utilization and sluggish redox kinetics. Herein, a MXene-induced multifunctional collaborative interface is proposed to afford superb activity towards redox solid-liquid/liquid-liquid phase transformation, strong chemisorption, high conductivity and fast ionic/charge transport in high Li2S loading cathode. Applying collaborative interface effectively reduces initial voltage barrier of Li2S activation and regulates the kinetic behavior of redox polysulfide conversion. Therefore, stable operation of additive-free Li2S cathode with high areal capacities at high Li2S loading up to 9 mg cm^-2 can be achieved with less sacrifice of high capacity and rate capability in Li-S batteries. Rechargeable metallic Li-free batteries are successfully constructed by pairing this high-performance Li2S cathode with high-capacity metal oxide anodes, which delivers superior energy density to current Li-ion batteries.展开更多
As China's energy intensity fluctuated in recent years, it is necessary to examine whether this fluctuation happened at a regional level. This paper establishes a decomposition model by using the structural decomp...As China's energy intensity fluctuated in recent years, it is necessary to examine whether this fluctuation happened at a regional level. This paper establishes a decomposition model by using the structural decomposition analysis (SDA) method at a regional level. Then this model is employed to empirically analyze the changes of Beijing's energy intensity. The conclusions are as follows: during 2002-2010, except petroleum, the energy intensity decreased and the changes were mostly attributed to the technology changes, while the final use variation actually increased the energy intensity; comparing different periods of 2002-2010, the decline rates of energy intensity for coal and hydropower were decreasing, resulting from the production technology being more energy-intensive than before; the energy intensity changes of petroleum firstly increased substantially and then decreased moderately.展开更多
Galloping based piezoelectric energy harvester is a kind of micro-environmental energy harvesting device based on flowinduced vibrations.A novel tristable galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester is constructed ...Galloping based piezoelectric energy harvester is a kind of micro-environmental energy harvesting device based on flowinduced vibrations.A novel tristable galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester is constructed by introducing a nonlinear magnetic force on the traditional galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester.Based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and Kirchhoff’s law,the corresponding aero-electromechanical model is proposed and validated by a series of wind tunnel experiments.The parametric study is performed to analyse the response of the tristable galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester.Numerical results show that comparing with the galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester,the mechanism of the tristable galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester is more complex.With the increase of a wind speed,the vibration of the bluff body passes through three branches:intra-well oscillations,chaotic oscillations,and inter-well oscillations.The threshold wind speed of the presented harvester for efficiently harvesting energy is 1.0 m/s,which is decreased by 33% compared with the galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester.The maximum output power of the presented harvester is 0.73 mW at 7.0 m/s wind speed,which is increased by 35.3%.Compared with the traditional galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester,the presented tristable galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester has a better energy harvesting performance from flow-induced vibrations.展开更多
Rechargeable zinc-ion micro-batteries(ZIMBs)are promising candidates for powering various microelectronic devices,although they typically exhibit low areal energy of∼0.1 mWh cm^(−2).In this study,we reported the desi...Rechargeable zinc-ion micro-batteries(ZIMBs)are promising candidates for powering various microelectronic devices,although they typically exhibit low areal energy of∼0.1 mWh cm^(−2).In this study,we reported the design and assembly of zinc micro-batteries through an ink extrusion-based printing approach.In the process,a three-axis printer was adopted,allowing for the fabrication of microelectrodes with large areal loading and diverse morphologies.Vanadium oxide anchored with carbon nanotubes was employed as the cathode material,zinc powder was used as the anode material,and a polyacrylamide gel containing ethylene glycol was selected as the electrolyte.The printed micro-batteries demonstrate an areal capacity of 0.51 mAh cm^(−2) and an energy density of 0.37 mWh cm^(−2) at a charge-discharge current of 0.2 mA,outperforming state-of-the-art zinc counterparts.This work provides a simple yet efficient solution to the development of high-energy micro-batteries.展开更多
基金supported by the US Appalachian Regional Commission(ARC)under Grant MU-21579-23。
文摘Grid-scale energy storage systems provide effective solutions to address challenges such as supply-load imbalances and voltage violations resulting from the non-coinciding nature of renewable energy generation and peak demand incidents.While battery and hydrogen storage are commonly used for peak shaving,ice-based thermal energy storage systems(TESSs)offer a direct way to reduce cooling loads without electrical conversion.This paper presents a multi-objective planning framework that optimizes TESS dispatch,network topology,and photovoltaic(PV)inverter reactive power support to address operational issues in active distribution networks.The objectives of the proposed scheme include minimizing peak demand,voltage deviations,and PV inverter VAr dependency.The mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem is solved using a Pareto-based multi-objective particle swarm optimization(MOPSO)method.The MATLAB-OpenDSS simulations for a modified IEEE-123 bus system show a 7.1%reduction in peak demand,a 13%reduction in voltage deviation,and a 52%drop in PV inverter VAr usage.The obtained solutions confirm minimal operational stress on control devices such as switches and PV inverters.Thus,unlike earlier studies,this work combines all three strategies to offer an effective solution for the operational planning of the active distribution network.
基金supported by the Key Projects of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research,Ministry of Education,(Grant No.:22JZD008).
文摘Green investments(GIs)in the energy industry are crucial for driving a clean energy transition and fostering environmental sustainability.In the digital economy era,insufficient attention has been paid to digital finance’s(DF’s)influence on GIs in energy enterprises,potentially underestimating its impact.Our study utilized a two-way fixedeffects model,analyzing data from 108 listed energy firms from 2011 to 2020,to empirically investigate the influence of DF on GIs in China’s energy industry.The research findings are as follows:(1)An increase of one unit in DF can improve the intensity of GIs in the energy industry by 0.03%by alleviating financing constraints,increasing cash flow,and correcting financial mismatches.(2)DF has a significant threshold effect on GIs,with market incentive-and command-and-control-based environmental regulations having thresholds of 16.98 and 0.98,respectively.(3)The GI performance of large state-owned energy enterprises in regions with a higher marketization benefits more from DF.We suggested tailored policy suggestions according to these findings.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program,No 72133003)Key Projects of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research,Ministry of Education,(Grant No.:22JZD008).
文摘The green credit policy(GCP)is an essential financial policy tool for solving the problem of environmental pollution,and urban energy conservation is an effective way to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality.However,existing research has not verified the energy-saving effects of green credit(GC)at the city level.Based on panel data from 283 cities in China,this study aims to investigate whether GC can effectively reduce urban energy intensity(EI),which is an important complement to existing research.In terms of research methods,to better evaluate the effect of the policy and exclude the influence of other relevant factors,this study considers the promulgation of the Green Credit Guideline(GCG)in 2012 as the basic event,uses the difference-in-differences(DID)model to investigate the impact of GC on EI,and discusses the main impact mechanism.The key results are follows.(1)GC can effectively reduce urban EI.(2)Public environmental demand positively regulates the negative correlation between GC and EI.(3)GC reduces EI through three main channels:government support,capital investment,and technological innovation;however,the mechanism of industrial structure has no significant effect.(4)The effect of GC is more significant in areas with large urban scales,low environmental regulation intensity,and high industrial agglomeration.Based on the above results,this study presents puts forward targeted policy recommendations to strengthen the role of GC in urban sustainable development.
基金Partial funding from the John Dove Isaacs Endowed Chair for Natural Philosophy in Engineering at UC San Diego。
文摘This work addresses challenges and opportunities in the evaluation of solar power plant impacts,with a particular focus on thermal effects of solar plants on the environment and vice-versa.Large-scale solar power plants are often sited in arid or desert habitats,which tend to include fauna and flora that are highly sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity.Our understanding of both shortwave(solar)and longwave(terrestrial)radiation processes in solar power plants is complete enough to render the modeling of radiation fluxes with high confidence for most applications.In contrast to radiation,the convective environment in large-scale solar power plants is much more difficult to characterize.Wind direction,wind speed,turbulence intensity,dust concentration,ground condition,panel configuration density,orientation and distribution throughout the solar field,all affect the local environment,the balance between radiation and convection,and in turn,the performance and thermal impact of solar power plants.Because the temperatures of the two sides of photovoltaic(PV)panels depend on detailed convection-radiation balances,the uncertainty associated with convection affects the heat and mass transfer balances as well.Those balances are critically important in estimating the thermal impact of large-scale solar farms on local habitats.Here we discuss outstanding issues related with these transfer processes for utility-scale solar generation and highlight potential pathways to gain useful knowledge about the convective environment directly from solar farms under operating conditions.
文摘Against the backdrop of active global responses to climate change and the accelerated green and low-carbon energy transition,the co-optimization and innovative mechanism design of multimodal energy systems have become a significant instrument for propelling the energy revolution and ensuring energy security.Under increasingly stringent carbon emission constraints,how to achieve multi-dimensional improvements in energy utilization efficiency,renewable energy accommodation levels,and system economics-through the intelligent coupling of diverse energy carriers such as electricity,heat,natural gas,and hydrogen,and the effective application of market-based instruments like carbon trading and demand response-constitutes a critical scientific and engineering challenge demanding urgent solutions.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFE0115600).
文摘Addressing climate change and facilitating the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources(RESs)have driven the development of hydrogen-coupled integrated energy systems(HIES),which enhance energy sustainability through coordinated electricity,thermal,natural gas,and hydrogen utilization.This study proposes a two-stage distributionally robust optimization(DRO)-based scheduling method to improve the economic efficiency and reduce carbon emissions of HIES.The framework incorporates a ladder-type carbon trading mechanism to regulate emissions and implements a demand response(DR)program to adjustflexible multi-energy loads,thereby prioritizing RES consumption.Uncertainties from RES generation and load demand are addressed through an ambiguity set,enabling robust decision-making.The column-and-constraint generation(C&CG)algorithm efficiently solves the two-stage DRO model.Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method reduces operational costs by 3.56%,increases photovoltaic consumption rates by 5.44%,and significantly lowers carbon emissions compared to conventional approaches.Furthermore,the DRO framework achieves a superior balance between conservativeness and robustness over conventional stochastic and robust optimization methods,highlighting its potential to advance cost-effective,low-carbon energy systems while ensuring grid stability under uncertainty.
文摘Efficient battery charging requires a power conversion system capable of providing precise voltage regulation tailored to the battery’s needs.This study develops a buck converter with a 36 V input for charging a 14 V battery using the Constant Voltage(CV)method.The system is designed to ensure safe and efficient charging while protecting the battery from overcharging and extending its lifespan.In the proposed design,the converter maintains a constant output voltage while the charging current decreases as the battery approaches full capacity.Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)is used as a control strategy to modify the duty cycle of the converter.This keeps the voltage output stable whenever the load changes.The design process involves simulation and experimental validation to evaluate the system’s performance and efficiency.The test results show the significant impact of Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID)control on the stability of the output voltage to meet the requirements for 14 V battery charging and the efficiency of the battery charging process.The output voltage becomes more stable,with reduced oscillation and minimal steadystate error.The State of Charge(SOC)increases more stably,controllably,and efficiently thanks to the PID controller’s ability to adjust the duty cycle in real time based on system feedback.This dynamic adjustment ensures that the output current and voltage remain within the optimal range,which directly improves the battery charging process.In addition,PID control significantly improves the dynamic response of the system,reducing overshoot and settling time while maintaining precise voltage regulation.This speeds up the battery charging process and contributes to better energy efficiency,reduced power loss,and extended battery life.This research provides a reliable and cost-effective solution for applications in electric vehicles,renewable energy systems,and other battery-powered devices.
基金research supported wholly by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africathe Dutch Research Council (NWO) Project (UID 129352)
文摘The use ofrenewable energyisan important way toachieve sustainable agriculturalandeconomic development.However,there are differences in accessto renewable energy between the Global North and Global South.This study utilisedan autoregressive distributed lag-error correctionmodel and thedata spanning from 1991to 2021 to comparatively analyse the dynamic relationship amongrenewable energy consumption,the value of agricultural production,gross domestic product(GDP),economic diversificationindex,urban population,the total water extraction for agricultural withdrawal,and trade balancein the Netherlands and South Africa.In the shortrun,renewable energy consumption was increased by the value of agricultural productionbut decreased by GDPin South Africa.In the longrun,renewable energy consumption and GDP increased the value of agricultural production,while the value of agricultural production also increased GDP in South Africa.However,in the Netherlands,there was no short-and long-run relationship betweenrenewable energy consumption and agricultural and economic development.The results revealedthat there was a short-and long-run relationship in South Africa.Moreover,in the Netherlands,the adjustment speed was-1.46 forrenewable energy consumption with an error correction of 0.68 a(8.22 months).In South Africa,the adjustment speedwas-1.28 forrenewable energy consumption with an error correction of 0.78 a(9.38 months).Therefore,compared to South Africa,renewable energy consumptionin the Netherlands takes less time to return to balance after a shock.Thesefindings signify different trajectories on sectoral and economic transition initiatives spurred usingrenewable energy between the Netherlands and South Africa.Policy relating to initiatives such as“agro-energy communities”in Global South countries such as South Africa should be emphasised to promote the use of renewable energy in the agricultural sector.
基金the technical support for Nano-X from Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and NanoBionics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SINANO)supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3800300)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179059,22239002,92372201)the science and technology innovation fund for emission peak and carbon neutrality of Jiangsu province(BK20231512,BK20220034)the Key R&D project funded by department of science and technology of Jiangsu Province(BE2020003)。
文摘Aluminum(Al)exhibits excellent electrical conductivity,mechanical ductility,and good chemical compatibility with high-ionic-conductivity electrolytes.This makes it more suitable as an anode material for all-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs)compared to the overly reactive metallic lithium anode and the mechanically weak silicon anode.This study finds that the pre-lithiated Al anode demonstrates outstanding interfacial stability with the Li_6PS_5Cl(LPSCl)electrolyte,maintaining stable cycling for over 1200 h under conditions of deep charge-discharge.This paper combines the pre-lithiated Al anode with a high-nickel cathode,LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2),paired with the highly ionic conductive LPSCl electrolyte,to design an ASSLB with high energy density and stability.Using anode pre-lithiation techniques,along with dual-reinforcement technology between the electrolyte and the cathode active material,the ASSLB achieves stable cycling for 1000 cycles at a 0.2C rate,with a capacity retention rate of up to 82.2%.At a critical negative-to-positive ratio of 1.1,the battery's specific energy reaches up to 375 Wh kg^(-1),and it maintains over 85.9%of its capacity after 100 charge-discharge cycles.This work provides a new approach and an excellent solution for developing low-cost,high-stability all-solid-state batteries.
基金supports of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12304245,12374205,12475031,and 12364029)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(Grant Nos.2462023YJRC031 and 2462024BJRC010)+4 种基金the National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering(Grant No.PRE/DX-2407)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2024YQ017)the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by BAST(Grant No.BYESS2023300)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young ScholarsThis work was also supported by Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics(Grant Nos.2023BNLCMPKF014 and 2024BNLCMPKF009).
文摘We conduct optical-tweezers experiments to investigate the average potential energies of passive plates harmonically trapped in bacterial suspensions.Our results show that the mean potential energies along both the major and minor axes increase with bacterial concentration but decrease with trap stiffness.Notably,the average potential energy along the major axis consistently exceeds that along the minor axis.This discrepancy from equilibrium systems is primarily attributed to the distinct bacterial flow fields and direct bacterium–plate collisions near the major and minor axes,as evidenced by the higher orientational order around the plate along the major compared to the minor axis,despite identical bacterial densities in these regions.Our findings highlight the critical role of hydrodynamic interactions in determining the potential energy of passive objects immersed in an active bath.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFB3817304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61874177)+4 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LQN25F040009)Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2024J226)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.GZB20230787,2024M753344)Baima Lake Laboratory Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LBMHD24E020002)Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo(Grant No.2023Z151)。
文摘A major challenge for n-i-p structured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells(TSCs)is the use of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMe TAD),a commonly used hole transport layer,which induces significant optical losses and consequently reduces device current.Herein,we propose an ultra-thin(10 nm)vacuum thermal evaporation(VTE)-deposited spiro-OMe TAD,coupled with a 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction,to simultaneously enhance the optical and electrical properties of n-i-p perovskite/silicon TSCs.Our results demonstrate that the 10-nm-thick spiro-OMe TAD layer significantly improves optical performance,achieving a 92.2% reduction in parasitic absorption and an 18.4%decrease in reflection losses.Additionally,the incorporation of the 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction facilitates improved molecular arrangement and enhanced surface uniformity of the ultrathin spiro-OMe TAD,leading to higher tolerance to interface defects and more efficient hole extraction.Consequently,n-i-p perovskite/silicon TSCs featuring ultrathin spiro-OMe TAD exhibit remarkable efficiencies of 29.73%(0.135 cm^(2))and 28.77%(28.25% certified efficiency,1.012 cm^(2)),along with improved stability.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22302155)the Fundamental Research Funds of the Center Universities(No.D5000240188)the research program of ZJUT(YJY-ZS-20240001)。
文摘Metal halide perovskites(MHPs)with striking electrical and optical properties have appeared at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photocatalytic redox reactions but still suffer from some intrinsic drawbacks such as inferior stability,severe charge-carrier recombination,and limited active sites.Heterojunctions have recently been widely constructed to improve light absorption,passivate surface for enhanced stability,and promote charge-carrier dynamics of MHPs.However,little attention has been paid to the review of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions.Here,recent advances of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are highlighted.The structure,synthesis,and photophysical properties of MHPs-based heterojunctions are first introduced,including basic principles,categories(such as Schottky junction,type-I,type-II,Z-scheme,and S-scheme junction),and synthesis strategies.MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are then reviewed in four categories:H2evolution,CO_(2)reduction,pollutant degradation,and organic synthesis.The challenges and prospects in solar-light-driven redox reactions with MHPs-based heterojunctions in the future are finally discussed.
基金Funded by"Green Construction and Maintenance of Road Engineering"the Belt and Road Joint Laboratory,International(Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)Science and Technology Cooperation Project(No.Z251100007125040)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC3803403)+3 种基金the Project of Construction and Support for High-level Innovative Teams of Beijing Municipal Institutions(No.BPHR20220109)the Cultivation Project Funds for Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture(No.X24013)the BUCEA Doctor Graduate Scientific Research Ability Improvement Project(No.DG2024016)the China Scholarship Council(No.202408110091)。
文摘A comprehensive full-sieve-hole grading correction method was used to adjust aggregate gradings.The fatigue properties of recycled concrete aggregate(RCA)asphalt mixtures were investigated using an improved indirect tensile fatigue test under temperature-humidity coupling based on 20-year meteorological data of Beijing,and the degeneration mechanism was further explored by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy.The experimental results indicate that replacing 5-20 mm coarse limestone aggregate(LA)with RCA at a 50% substitution volume can mitigate the impact of RCA variations on the asphalt mixture proportioning design.All RCA asphalt mixtures have lower initial fatigue properties than the LA asphalt mixture.However,under temperature-humidity coupling,the long-term fatigue property of an RCA asphalt mixture with a low proportion of recycled brick exceeds that of the LA asphalt mixture,and the fatigue life decline rate of the RCA asphalt mixture during 10-year service decreases by approximately 25%.This is due to the penetration of the asphalt mortar into the RCA through the pores and cracks on the RCA surface.It forms an interfacial transition zone composed of asphalt mortar and cement mortar and further reduces the mixture damage caused by the water and freeze-thaw conditions.
文摘The promotion of the energy security condition is one of the main aim of the cooperation between ASEAN and EU within the Plan of Action 2018-2022.The implementation of a regional integrated energy market among Southeast Asian countries will be the main driver to realize the ASEAN Economic Community,providing regular energy supplies(without disruptions)in order to meet the growing energy demand which will support the expected economic growth in the ASEAN region.We can observe that ASEAN and EU share the same approach in terms of diversification of the energy mix and the development of a regional energy grid,mainly fuelled with renewable sources(RES):as a matter of fact,the project to create an ASEAN Power Grid follows the EU attempt to create an EU-Mediterranean electricity ring,developing regional interconnections and producing"clean electricity"through RES(mainly solar and wind).Moreover,ASEAN initiatives to increase energy interconnectivity through the implementation of the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline and Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG)regasification terminals are conceived as a way to reduce their dependence on coal(using gas as a transit fuel)as well the promotion of clean coal technologies.The aim of this paper is to analyse the potential evolution of this ASEAN-EU cooperation in the energy field and how sharing best practices and promoting a bilateral dialogue will support ASEAN countries to enhance a long-term renewable energy cooperation.ASEAN has set a target of securing 23 percent of its primary energy from renewable sources by 2025 and the EU initiatives and policies on RES(which accounts for 17 percent of energy consumed and 30 percent of the energy mix necessary to produce electricity)will be an interesting framework to work together on the achievement of the common goal of combating climate change.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 71573015, 71303019, 71173206, and 71521002
文摘This paper analyzes Chinese household CO_2 emissions in 1994-2012 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) structure decomposition model, and discusses the relationship between household CO_2 emissions and economic growth based on a decoupling indicator.The results show that in 1994-2012, household CO_2 emissions grew in general and displayed an accelerated growth trend during the early 21 st century. Economic growth leading to an increase in energy consumption is the main driving factor of CO_2 emission growth(an increase of 1.078 Gt CO_2) with cumulative contribution rate of 55.92%, while the decline in energy intensity is the main cause of CO_2 emission growth inhibition(0.723 Gt CO_2 emission reduction) with cumulative contribution rate of 38.27%. Meanwhile, household CO_2 emissions are in a weak state of decoupling in general. The change in CO_2 emissions caused by population and economic growth shows a weak decoupling and expansive decoupling state, respectively. The CO_2 emission change caused by energy intensity is in a state of strong decoupling, and the change caused by energy consumption structure ?uctuates between a weak and a strong decoupling state.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0702200)Science and Technology Project of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Corporation(52062518000Q)。
文摘The renewable portfolio standard has been promoted in parallel with the reform of the electricity market,and the flexibility requirement of the power system has rapidly increased.To promote renewable energy consumption and improve power system flexibility,a bi-level optimal operation model of the electricity market is proposed.A probabilistic model of the flexibility requirement is established,considering the correlation between wind power,photovoltaic power,and load.A bi-level optimization model is established for the multi-markets;the upper and lower models represent the intra-provincial market and inter-provincial market models,respectively.To efficiently solve the model,it is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming model using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker condition and Lagrangian duality theory.The economy and flexibility of the model are verified using a provincial power grid as an example.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, No. 51522203, 51772040)Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation (No. 151047)+2 种基金the Recruitment Program of Global Youth ExpertsXinghai Scholarship of Dalian University of Technologythe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. DUT18LAB19)
文摘Use of metallic Li anode raises serious concerns on the safety and operational performance of Li-S batteries due to uncontrolled hazard of Li dendrite formation, which is difficultly eliminated as long as the metallic Li exists in the cells. Pairing lithium sulfide (Li2S) cathode with currently available metallic Lifree high-capacity anodes offers an alternative solution to this challenge. However, the performance of Li2S cathode is primarily restricted by high activation barrier upon initial charge, low active mass utilization and sluggish redox kinetics. Herein, a MXene-induced multifunctional collaborative interface is proposed to afford superb activity towards redox solid-liquid/liquid-liquid phase transformation, strong chemisorption, high conductivity and fast ionic/charge transport in high Li2S loading cathode. Applying collaborative interface effectively reduces initial voltage barrier of Li2S activation and regulates the kinetic behavior of redox polysulfide conversion. Therefore, stable operation of additive-free Li2S cathode with high areal capacities at high Li2S loading up to 9 mg cm^-2 can be achieved with less sacrifice of high capacity and rate capability in Li-S batteries. Rechargeable metallic Li-free batteries are successfully constructed by pairing this high-performance Li2S cathode with high-capacity metal oxide anodes, which delivers superior energy density to current Li-ion batteries.
基金Supported by Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDA05150600)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71273027 and No. 70903066)Beijing Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science (No. 11JGC105)
文摘As China's energy intensity fluctuated in recent years, it is necessary to examine whether this fluctuation happened at a regional level. This paper establishes a decomposition model by using the structural decomposition analysis (SDA) method at a regional level. Then this model is employed to empirically analyze the changes of Beijing's energy intensity. The conclusions are as follows: during 2002-2010, except petroleum, the energy intensity decreased and the changes were mostly attributed to the technology changes, while the final use variation actually increased the energy intensity; comparing different periods of 2002-2010, the decline rates of energy intensity for coal and hydropower were decreasing, resulting from the production technology being more energy-intensive than before; the energy intensity changes of petroleum firstly increased substantially and then decreased moderately.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 51606171,51977196,and 11802237)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant 2019M652565).
文摘Galloping based piezoelectric energy harvester is a kind of micro-environmental energy harvesting device based on flowinduced vibrations.A novel tristable galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester is constructed by introducing a nonlinear magnetic force on the traditional galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester.Based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and Kirchhoff’s law,the corresponding aero-electromechanical model is proposed and validated by a series of wind tunnel experiments.The parametric study is performed to analyse the response of the tristable galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester.Numerical results show that comparing with the galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester,the mechanism of the tristable galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester is more complex.With the increase of a wind speed,the vibration of the bluff body passes through three branches:intra-well oscillations,chaotic oscillations,and inter-well oscillations.The threshold wind speed of the presented harvester for efficiently harvesting energy is 1.0 m/s,which is decreased by 33% compared with the galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester.The maximum output power of the presented harvester is 0.73 mW at 7.0 m/s wind speed,which is increased by 35.3%.Compared with the traditional galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester,the presented tristable galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester has a better energy harvesting performance from flow-induced vibrations.
基金supported by grants from the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52372213,52172219,51872192,and 52025028)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20180002)the Priority Aca-demic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Rechargeable zinc-ion micro-batteries(ZIMBs)are promising candidates for powering various microelectronic devices,although they typically exhibit low areal energy of∼0.1 mWh cm^(−2).In this study,we reported the design and assembly of zinc micro-batteries through an ink extrusion-based printing approach.In the process,a three-axis printer was adopted,allowing for the fabrication of microelectrodes with large areal loading and diverse morphologies.Vanadium oxide anchored with carbon nanotubes was employed as the cathode material,zinc powder was used as the anode material,and a polyacrylamide gel containing ethylene glycol was selected as the electrolyte.The printed micro-batteries demonstrate an areal capacity of 0.51 mAh cm^(−2) and an energy density of 0.37 mWh cm^(−2) at a charge-discharge current of 0.2 mA,outperforming state-of-the-art zinc counterparts.This work provides a simple yet efficient solution to the development of high-energy micro-batteries.
