AIM:To investigate the events associated with the apoptotic effect of p-Coumaric acid,one of the phenolic components of honey,in human colorectal carcinoma(HCT-15)cells.METHODS:3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dipheny...AIM:To investigate the events associated with the apoptotic effect of p-Coumaric acid,one of the phenolic components of honey,in human colorectal carcinoma(HCT-15)cells.METHODS:3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltertazolium-bromide assay was performed to determine the antiproliferative effect of p-Coumaric acid against colon cancer cells.Colony forming assay was conducted to quantify the colony inhibition in HCT15 and HT 29 colon cancer cells after p-Coumaric acid treatment.Propidium Iodide staining of the HCT15 cells using flow cytometry was done to study the changes in the cell cycle of treated cells.Identification of apoptosis was done using scanning electron microscope and photomicrograph evaluation of HCT 15cells after exposing to p-Coumaric acid.Levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)of HCT 15 cells exposed to p-Coumaric acid was evaluated using 2’,7’-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate.Mitochondrial membrane potential of HCT-15 was assessed using rhodamine-123 with the help of flow cytometry.Lipid layer breaks associated with p-Coumaric acid treatment was quantified using the dye merocyanine 540.Apoptosis was confirmed and quantified using flow cytometric analysis of HCT15 cells subjected to p-Coumaric acid treatment after staining with YO-PRO-1.RESULTS:Antiproliferative test showed p-Coumaric acid has an inhibitory effect on HCT 15 and HT 29 cells with an IC50(concentration for 50%inhibition)value of 1400 and 1600μmol/L respectively.Colony forming assay revealed the time-dependent inhibition of HCT 15 and HT 29 cells subjected to p-Coumaric acid treatment.Propidium iodide staining of treated HCT 15cells showed increasing accumulation of apoptotic cells(37.45±1.98 vs 1.07±1.01)at sub-G1phase of the cell cycle after p-Coumaric acid treatment.HCT-15 cells observed with photomicrograph and scanning electron microscope showed the signs of apoptosis like blebbing and shrinkage after p-Coumaric acid exposure.Evaluation of the lipid layer showed increasing lipid layer breaks was associated with the growth inhibition of p-Coumaric acid.A fall in mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing ROS generation was observed in the p-Coumaric acid treated cells.Further apoptosis evaluated by YO-PRO-1 staining also showed the timedependent increase of apoptotic cells after treatment.CONCLUSION:These results depicted that p-Coumaric acid inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through ROS-mitochondrial pathway.展开更多
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States.Recent studies prove that though chemotherapeutic agents are being used for the treatment of colon cancer,they become non-eff...Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States.Recent studies prove that though chemotherapeutic agents are being used for the treatment of colon cancer,they become non-effective when the cancer progresses to an invasive stage.Since consumption of certain dietary agents has been linked with various cancers,fruit juices have been investigated for their consistently protective effect against colon cancer.The unique biochemical composition of fruit juices is responsible for their anticancer properties.In this review,the chemo-preventive effect of fruit juices such as pomegranate and citrus juices against colon cancer are discussed.For this purpose,the bioavailability,in vitro and in vivo effects of these fruit juices on colorectal cancer are highlighted.Moreover,there is a scarcity of studies involving human trials to estimate the preventive nature of these juices against colon cancer.This review will support the need for more preclinical tests with these crude juices and their constituents in different colorectal cancer cell lines and also some epidemiological studies in order to have a better understanding and promote pomegranate and citrus juices as crusaders against colon cancer.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the inhibitory action of diet-derived phenolic compound gallic acid(GA) against HCT-15 colon cancer cells.METHODS: The antiproliferative effect of GA against colon cancer cells was determined by pe...AIM: To investigate the inhibitory action of diet-derived phenolic compound gallic acid(GA) against HCT-15 colon cancer cells.METHODS: The antiproliferative effect of GA against colon cancer cells was determined by performing thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. The colony forming ability of GA treated colon cancer cells was evaluated using the colony forming assay. The cell cycle changes induced by GA in HCT-15 cells were analyzed by propidium iodide staining. Levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential of HCT-15 exposed to GA was assessed using 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate and rhodamine-123 respectively, with the help of flow cytometry. Morphological changes caused by GA treatment in the colon cancer cells were identified by scanning electron microscope and photomicrograph examination. Apoptosis was confirmed using flow cytometric analysis of GA treated HCT-15 cells after staining with Yo-Pro-1.RESULTS: MTT assay results illustrated that GA has an inhibitory effect on HCT-15 cells with IC50 value of 740 μmol/L. A time-dependent inhibition of colony formation was evident with GA treatment. Cell cycle arrest was evident from the accumulation of GA treated HCT-15 cells at sub-G1 phase(0.98 ± 1.03 vs 58.01 ± 2.05)with increasing exposure time. Flow cytometric analysis of GA treated HCT-15 cells depicted early events associated with apoptosis like lipid layer breakage and fall in mitochondrial membrane potential apart from an increase in the generation of ROS which were in a time dependent manner. SEM and photomicrograph images of the GA-treated cells displayed membrane blebbing and cell shrinking characteristics of apoptosis. Further apoptosis confirmation by Yo-Pro-1 staining also showed the time-dependent increase of apoptotic cells after treatment.CONCLUSION: These results show that GA induced ROS dependent apoptosis and inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells.展开更多
Colon cancer arises due to the conversion of precancerous polyps(benign)found in the inner lining of the colon.Prevention is better than cure,and this is very true with respect to colon cancer.Various epidemiologic st...Colon cancer arises due to the conversion of precancerous polyps(benign)found in the inner lining of the colon.Prevention is better than cure,and this is very true with respect to colon cancer.Various epidemiologic studies have linked colorectal cancer with food intake.Apple and berry juices are widely consumed among various ethnicities because of their nutritious values.In this review article,chemopreventive effects of these fruit juices against colon cancer are discussed.Studies dealing with bioavailability,in vitro and in vivo effects of apple and berry juices are emphasized in this article.A thorough literature survey indicated that various phenolic phytochemicals present in these fruit juices have the innate potential to inhibit colon cancer cell lines.This review proposes the need for more preclinical evidence for the effects of fruit juices against different colon cancer cells,and also strives to facilitate clinical studies using these juices in humans in large trials.The conclusion of the review is that these apple and berry juices will be possible candidates in the campaign against colon cancer.展开更多
This paper presents a new nine⁃degree⁃of⁃freedom parallel mechanism,which can be applied as a flight simulator.The mechanism is composed by Stewart turntable and another three⁃axis turntable.The Stewart platform can r...This paper presents a new nine⁃degree⁃of⁃freedom parallel mechanism,which can be applied as a flight simulator.The mechanism is composed by Stewart turntable and another three⁃axis turntable.The Stewart platform can realize six⁃degree⁃of⁃freedom movement in space,but the working space is limited.After the three⁃axis turntable is installed,the rotation space can be increased to simulate more realistic flight conditions.This paper analyzes the new flight simulator from kinematics and dynamics aspects.In addition,the flight simulator is simulated and analyzed based on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation system.The results obtained from the numerical simulations is planned to be used for the practical manufacturing and applications of the new platform.展开更多
Currently,artificial-membrane lungs consist of thousands of hollow fiber membranes where blood flows around the fibers and gas flows inside the fibers,achieving diffusive gas exchange.At both ends of the fibers,the in...Currently,artificial-membrane lungs consist of thousands of hollow fiber membranes where blood flows around the fibers and gas flows inside the fibers,achieving diffusive gas exchange.At both ends of the fibers,the interspaces between the hollow fiber membranes and the plastic housing are filled with glue to separate the gas from the blood phase.During a uniaxial centrifugation process,the glue forms the“potting.”The shape of the cured potting is then determined by the centrifugation process,limiting design possibilities and leading to unfavorable stagnation zones associated with blood clotting.In this study,a new multiaxial centrifugation process was developed,expanding the possible shapes of the potting and allowing for completely new module designs with potentially superior blood flow guidance within the potting margins.Two-phase simulations of the process in conceptual artificial lungs were performed to explore the possibilities of a biaxial centrifugation process and determine suitable parameter sets.A corresponding biaxial centrifugation setup was built to prove feasibility and experimentally validate four conceptual designs,resulting in good agreement with the simulations.In summary,this study shows the feasibility of a multiaxial centrifugation process allowing greater variety in potting shapes,eliminating inefficient stagnation zones and more favorable blood flow conditions in artificial lungs.展开更多
Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading global cause of mortality,underscoring the urgent need for intelligent diagnostic tools to enhance early detection,prediction,diagnosis,prevention,treatment,and recovery.This d...Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading global cause of mortality,underscoring the urgent need for intelligent diagnostic tools to enhance early detection,prediction,diagnosis,prevention,treatment,and recovery.This demand has spurred the advancement of wearable and flexible technologies,revolutionizing continuous,noninvasive,and remote heart sound(HS)monitoring—a vital avenue for assessing heart activity.The conventional stethoscope,used to listen to HSs,has limitations in terms of its physical structure,as it is inflexible and bulky,which restricts its prospective applications.Recently,mechanoacoustic sensors have made remarkable advancements,evolving from primitive forms to soft,flexible,and wearable designs.This article provides an in-depth review of the latest scientific and technological advancements by addressing various topics,including different types of sensors,sensing materials,design principles,denoising techniques,and clinical applications of flexible and wearable HS sensors.This transformative potential lies in the capacity for ongoing,remote,and personalized monitoring,promising enhanced patient outcomes,amplified remote monitoring capabilities,and timely diagnoses.Last,the article highlights current challenges and prospects for the future,suggesting techniques to advance HS sensing technologies for exciting real‐time applications.展开更多
In recent years,tissue engineering has emerged as a cutting‐edge approach forthe treatment of spinal cord injury(SCI)owing to its remarkable capabilities.Itcan create living tissues with robust vitality,achieve maxim...In recent years,tissue engineering has emerged as a cutting‐edge approach forthe treatment of spinal cord injury(SCI)owing to its remarkable capabilities.Itcan create living tissues with robust vitality,achieve maximal tissue repairwith minimal cell usage,and facilitate seamless reconstruction with un-matched plasticity,all while addressing immune rejection issues.Among theseadvancements,one‐dimensional(1D)materials have garnered significantattention.Their morphology closely resembles the extracellular matrix envi-ronment,thereby fostering the elongation of dendrites and axons on neuronsand greatly enhancing the prospects for SCI repair.With a keen focus on thelatest advancements in the application of 1D nanomaterials in nerve tissueengineering for spinal nerve repair,this review delves into several key aspects.Firstly,it explores the“bottom‐up”approach to synthesizing 1D nano-materials.Secondly,it examines the mechanisms by which these nano-materials influence neural tissue engineering.Thirdly,it presents variouscutting‐edge strategies aimed at optimizing the morphology and perfor-mance of 1D materials,thereby enhancing the efficiency of nerve tissue injuryrepair.Lastly,it discusses the current challenges and future prospects facing this fascinating field.We aspire that this comprehensive review will provide aprofound understanding of the development of 1D materials in neural tissueengineering and inspire a wider audience with its potential.展开更多
Aortic valve stenosis(AS)is a frequent and potentially severe disease of the heart.Accurate assessment of AS is a critical factor in determining prognosis and treatment.This paper describes the advantages and limitati...Aortic valve stenosis(AS)is a frequent and potentially severe disease of the heart.Accurate assessment of AS is a critical factor in determining prognosis and treatment.This paper describes the advantages and limitations of AS assessment from a biomechanical engineering perspective,by contrasting the non-invasive AS diagnostic methods of echocardiography(Echo),computed tomography(CT),magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),computational analysis(CA)including the invasive technique of cardiac catheterization.The findings illustrated that current methods of AS evaluation,with assumptions of an ideal fluid,geometry and governing equations may not apply well to the aortic valve pathology and could increase the uncertainty of the degree of stenosis and valve area.This review suggests an alternative method using CA,which could potentially overcome the pitfalls of other AS assessments that incorporate geometry,pressure recovery and aorta wall compliance,based on the accurate conversion of AS imaging to the numerical modelling.Further,this review highlights the importance of CA boundary conditions,and the role of verification and validation to produce reliable computational results.展开更多
基金Supported by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,Malaysia for providing Visiting Research Fellowship
文摘AIM:To investigate the events associated with the apoptotic effect of p-Coumaric acid,one of the phenolic components of honey,in human colorectal carcinoma(HCT-15)cells.METHODS:3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltertazolium-bromide assay was performed to determine the antiproliferative effect of p-Coumaric acid against colon cancer cells.Colony forming assay was conducted to quantify the colony inhibition in HCT15 and HT 29 colon cancer cells after p-Coumaric acid treatment.Propidium Iodide staining of the HCT15 cells using flow cytometry was done to study the changes in the cell cycle of treated cells.Identification of apoptosis was done using scanning electron microscope and photomicrograph evaluation of HCT 15cells after exposing to p-Coumaric acid.Levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)of HCT 15 cells exposed to p-Coumaric acid was evaluated using 2’,7’-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate.Mitochondrial membrane potential of HCT-15 was assessed using rhodamine-123 with the help of flow cytometry.Lipid layer breaks associated with p-Coumaric acid treatment was quantified using the dye merocyanine 540.Apoptosis was confirmed and quantified using flow cytometric analysis of HCT15 cells subjected to p-Coumaric acid treatment after staining with YO-PRO-1.RESULTS:Antiproliferative test showed p-Coumaric acid has an inhibitory effect on HCT 15 and HT 29 cells with an IC50(concentration for 50%inhibition)value of 1400 and 1600μmol/L respectively.Colony forming assay revealed the time-dependent inhibition of HCT 15 and HT 29 cells subjected to p-Coumaric acid treatment.Propidium iodide staining of treated HCT 15cells showed increasing accumulation of apoptotic cells(37.45±1.98 vs 1.07±1.01)at sub-G1phase of the cell cycle after p-Coumaric acid treatment.HCT-15 cells observed with photomicrograph and scanning electron microscope showed the signs of apoptosis like blebbing and shrinkage after p-Coumaric acid exposure.Evaluation of the lipid layer showed increasing lipid layer breaks was associated with the growth inhibition of p-Coumaric acid.A fall in mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing ROS generation was observed in the p-Coumaric acid treated cells.Further apoptosis evaluated by YO-PRO-1 staining also showed the timedependent increase of apoptotic cells after treatment.CONCLUSION:These results depicted that p-Coumaric acid inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through ROS-mitochondrial pathway.
文摘Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States.Recent studies prove that though chemotherapeutic agents are being used for the treatment of colon cancer,they become non-effective when the cancer progresses to an invasive stage.Since consumption of certain dietary agents has been linked with various cancers,fruit juices have been investigated for their consistently protective effect against colon cancer.The unique biochemical composition of fruit juices is responsible for their anticancer properties.In this review,the chemo-preventive effect of fruit juices such as pomegranate and citrus juices against colon cancer are discussed.For this purpose,the bioavailability,in vitro and in vivo effects of these fruit juices on colorectal cancer are highlighted.Moreover,there is a scarcity of studies involving human trials to estimate the preventive nature of these juices against colon cancer.This review will support the need for more preclinical tests with these crude juices and their constituents in different colorectal cancer cell lines and also some epidemiological studies in order to have a better understanding and promote pomegranate and citrus juices as crusaders against colon cancer.
基金Supported by the Research University Grant scheme with the Grant Vot No.Q.J130000.2509.10H13(partly)
文摘AIM: To investigate the inhibitory action of diet-derived phenolic compound gallic acid(GA) against HCT-15 colon cancer cells.METHODS: The antiproliferative effect of GA against colon cancer cells was determined by performing thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. The colony forming ability of GA treated colon cancer cells was evaluated using the colony forming assay. The cell cycle changes induced by GA in HCT-15 cells were analyzed by propidium iodide staining. Levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential of HCT-15 exposed to GA was assessed using 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate and rhodamine-123 respectively, with the help of flow cytometry. Morphological changes caused by GA treatment in the colon cancer cells were identified by scanning electron microscope and photomicrograph examination. Apoptosis was confirmed using flow cytometric analysis of GA treated HCT-15 cells after staining with Yo-Pro-1.RESULTS: MTT assay results illustrated that GA has an inhibitory effect on HCT-15 cells with IC50 value of 740 μmol/L. A time-dependent inhibition of colony formation was evident with GA treatment. Cell cycle arrest was evident from the accumulation of GA treated HCT-15 cells at sub-G1 phase(0.98 ± 1.03 vs 58.01 ± 2.05)with increasing exposure time. Flow cytometric analysis of GA treated HCT-15 cells depicted early events associated with apoptosis like lipid layer breakage and fall in mitochondrial membrane potential apart from an increase in the generation of ROS which were in a time dependent manner. SEM and photomicrograph images of the GA-treated cells displayed membrane blebbing and cell shrinking characteristics of apoptosis. Further apoptosis confirmation by Yo-Pro-1 staining also showed the time-dependent increase of apoptotic cells after treatment.CONCLUSION: These results show that GA induced ROS dependent apoptosis and inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells.
基金Supported by(in part)Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia with the Grant Vot,No.R.J130000.7809.4F444 and the Ref No.PY/2014/03167Part of the grant with the Vot,No.04H93,Ministry of Education was also used for this study
文摘Colon cancer arises due to the conversion of precancerous polyps(benign)found in the inner lining of the colon.Prevention is better than cure,and this is very true with respect to colon cancer.Various epidemiologic studies have linked colorectal cancer with food intake.Apple and berry juices are widely consumed among various ethnicities because of their nutritious values.In this review article,chemopreventive effects of these fruit juices against colon cancer are discussed.Studies dealing with bioavailability,in vitro and in vivo effects of apple and berry juices are emphasized in this article.A thorough literature survey indicated that various phenolic phytochemicals present in these fruit juices have the innate potential to inhibit colon cancer cell lines.This review proposes the need for more preclinical evidence for the effects of fruit juices against different colon cancer cells,and also strives to facilitate clinical studies using these juices in humans in large trials.The conclusion of the review is that these apple and berry juices will be possible candidates in the campaign against colon cancer.
文摘This paper presents a new nine⁃degree⁃of⁃freedom parallel mechanism,which can be applied as a flight simulator.The mechanism is composed by Stewart turntable and another three⁃axis turntable.The Stewart platform can realize six⁃degree⁃of⁃freedom movement in space,but the working space is limited.After the three⁃axis turntable is installed,the rotation space can be increased to simulate more realistic flight conditions.This paper analyzes the new flight simulator from kinematics and dynamics aspects.In addition,the flight simulator is simulated and analyzed based on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation system.The results obtained from the numerical simulations is planned to be used for the practical manufacturing and applications of the new platform.
文摘Currently,artificial-membrane lungs consist of thousands of hollow fiber membranes where blood flows around the fibers and gas flows inside the fibers,achieving diffusive gas exchange.At both ends of the fibers,the interspaces between the hollow fiber membranes and the plastic housing are filled with glue to separate the gas from the blood phase.During a uniaxial centrifugation process,the glue forms the“potting.”The shape of the cured potting is then determined by the centrifugation process,limiting design possibilities and leading to unfavorable stagnation zones associated with blood clotting.In this study,a new multiaxial centrifugation process was developed,expanding the possible shapes of the potting and allowing for completely new module designs with potentially superior blood flow guidance within the potting margins.Two-phase simulations of the process in conceptual artificial lungs were performed to explore the possibilities of a biaxial centrifugation process and determine suitable parameter sets.A corresponding biaxial centrifugation setup was built to prove feasibility and experimentally validate four conceptual designs,resulting in good agreement with the simulations.In summary,this study shows the feasibility of a multiaxial centrifugation process allowing greater variety in potting shapes,eliminating inefficient stagnation zones and more favorable blood flow conditions in artificial lungs.
基金supported by the City University of Hong Kong and funded by the Research Grants Council(RGC)partly supported by the InnoHK Project on Project 1.2-Novel Drug Delivery Systems to Achieve Precision Medicine for Acute CVD Patients(a closed-loop CVD control system)at the Hong Kong Center for Cerebrocardiovascular Health Engineering(COCHE).City University of Hong Kong(9610430,7006082,9678292,7020073,9609332,9609333),funded by the Research Grants Council(RGC)+2 种基金Innovation and Technology Commission(ITC)(9667220)-Research Talent Hub(RTH)1-5University Grant Committee(UGC)Innovation and Technology Fund(ITF).
文摘Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading global cause of mortality,underscoring the urgent need for intelligent diagnostic tools to enhance early detection,prediction,diagnosis,prevention,treatment,and recovery.This demand has spurred the advancement of wearable and flexible technologies,revolutionizing continuous,noninvasive,and remote heart sound(HS)monitoring—a vital avenue for assessing heart activity.The conventional stethoscope,used to listen to HSs,has limitations in terms of its physical structure,as it is inflexible and bulky,which restricts its prospective applications.Recently,mechanoacoustic sensors have made remarkable advancements,evolving from primitive forms to soft,flexible,and wearable designs.This article provides an in-depth review of the latest scientific and technological advancements by addressing various topics,including different types of sensors,sensing materials,design principles,denoising techniques,and clinical applications of flexible and wearable HS sensors.This transformative potential lies in the capacity for ongoing,remote,and personalized monitoring,promising enhanced patient outcomes,amplified remote monitoring capabilities,and timely diagnoses.Last,the article highlights current challenges and prospects for the future,suggesting techniques to advance HS sensing technologies for exciting real‐time applications.
基金Major basic research project of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:ZR2022ZD20National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2023YFB3210400+2 种基金STI2030-Major Projects,Grant/Award Number:2021ZD0201600City-School Integration Development Strategic Projectof Jinan,Grant/Award Number:INSX2021015National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/AwardNumber:32371294。
文摘In recent years,tissue engineering has emerged as a cutting‐edge approach forthe treatment of spinal cord injury(SCI)owing to its remarkable capabilities.Itcan create living tissues with robust vitality,achieve maximal tissue repairwith minimal cell usage,and facilitate seamless reconstruction with un-matched plasticity,all while addressing immune rejection issues.Among theseadvancements,one‐dimensional(1D)materials have garnered significantattention.Their morphology closely resembles the extracellular matrix envi-ronment,thereby fostering the elongation of dendrites and axons on neuronsand greatly enhancing the prospects for SCI repair.With a keen focus on thelatest advancements in the application of 1D nanomaterials in nerve tissueengineering for spinal nerve repair,this review delves into several key aspects.Firstly,it explores the“bottom‐up”approach to synthesizing 1D nano-materials.Secondly,it examines the mechanisms by which these nano-materials influence neural tissue engineering.Thirdly,it presents variouscutting‐edge strategies aimed at optimizing the morphology and perfor-mance of 1D materials,thereby enhancing the efficiency of nerve tissue injuryrepair.Lastly,it discusses the current challenges and future prospects facing this fascinating field.We aspire that this comprehensive review will provide aprofound understanding of the development of 1D materials in neural tissueengineering and inspire a wider audience with its potential.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.11772093,11972118,61821002)ARC(FT140101152)+1 种基金The authors would like to thank the support from The Prince Charles Hospital Foundation(NI2018-20)The Princess Alexandra Research Foundation(PARF).
文摘Aortic valve stenosis(AS)is a frequent and potentially severe disease of the heart.Accurate assessment of AS is a critical factor in determining prognosis and treatment.This paper describes the advantages and limitations of AS assessment from a biomechanical engineering perspective,by contrasting the non-invasive AS diagnostic methods of echocardiography(Echo),computed tomography(CT),magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),computational analysis(CA)including the invasive technique of cardiac catheterization.The findings illustrated that current methods of AS evaluation,with assumptions of an ideal fluid,geometry and governing equations may not apply well to the aortic valve pathology and could increase the uncertainty of the degree of stenosis and valve area.This review suggests an alternative method using CA,which could potentially overcome the pitfalls of other AS assessments that incorporate geometry,pressure recovery and aorta wall compliance,based on the accurate conversion of AS imaging to the numerical modelling.Further,this review highlights the importance of CA boundary conditions,and the role of verification and validation to produce reliable computational results.
