AIM: To compare the trauma experience gained by a trainee at a United Kingdom major trauma centre and a secondary level hospital in South Africa.METHODS: A profile of inpatient trauma cases during a five-week period i...AIM: To compare the trauma experience gained by a trainee at a United Kingdom major trauma centre and a secondary level hospital in South Africa.METHODS: A profile of inpatient trauma cases during a five-week period in Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge and Somerset Hospital, Cape Town was created. This was achieved by recording various parameters for each patient admitted including age, gender, injury, mechanism of injury and postal/area code. This, together with details of the departments themselves, allows a comparison of the amount and variety of orthopaedic trauma cases experienced by an individual trainee in each setting. RESULTS: The trauma profiles differed significantly. Patients in Cape Town were younger and more likely to be male. In the young, injury in Cape Town was more likely to occur due to assault or being struck by a vehicle, whilst patients in Cambridge were more likely to be injured whilst in a vehicle or in high energy falls. In older patients, trauma at both centres was almost exclusively due to mechanical falls. In a given age group, injuries at the two centres were similar, however the majority of patients admitted to Addenbrooke's were elderly, resulting in less variation in the overall injury profile.CONCLUSION: The trauma profile of a major trauma centre in the United Kingdom is less varied than that of a South African secondary centre, with significantly fewer cases per surgeon. This suggests a more variedtraining experience in the developing world with a greater caseload.展开更多
Growing interest in non-covalent interactions involving chalcogen atoms has been ascribed to their importance in crystal engineering, molecular recognition and macromolecular edifices. The present study is dealing wit...Growing interest in non-covalent interactions involving chalcogen atoms has been ascribed to their importance in crystal engineering, molecular recognition and macromolecular edifices. The present study is dealing with chalcogen bonds involving divalent Sulphur, Selenium and Tellurium atoms, acting as sigma-hole donors, in small-molecule compounds using the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) in conjunction with ab initio calculations. Results derived from CSD surveys and computational study revealed that nucleophiles formed complexes with the chalcogen-bond donors R1-X-R2 (X = S, Se or Te). The main forces stabilizing the complexes were chalcogen bonds, enhanced by dispersion interactions. Complexation pattern and energetics show that nucleophile bonding at divalent S, Se and Te atoms is a relatively strong and directed interaction. The bond consists of a charge transfer from a nucleophile atom lone pair to an X-R1 or X-R2 antibonding orbital.展开更多
Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light condi...Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light conditions are considerably smaller in intensity and possess greater components of non-normal incidence.Yet,indoor light-driven,stand-alone devices can offer sustainable advances in next-generation technologies such as the Internet of Things.Here,we present a non-invasive solution to aid in photovoltaic indoor light collection—radially distributed waveguide-encoded lattice(RDWEL)slim films(thickness 1.5 mm).Embedded with a monotonical radial array of cylindrical waveguides(±20°),the RDWEL demonstrates seamless light collection(FoV(fields of view)=74.5°)and imparts enhancements in JSC(short circuit current density)of 44%and 14%for indoor and outdoor lighting conditions,respectively,when coupled to a photovoltaic device and compared to an unstructured but otherwise identical slim film coating.展开更多
The transport properties of liquid mixtures confined within porous media can change significantly from those observed for bulk mixtures due to changes in the liquid structuring within the pore space.Here,pulsed field ...The transport properties of liquid mixtures confined within porous media can change significantly from those observed for bulk mixtures due to changes in the liquid structuring within the pore space.Here,pulsed field gradient NMR was used to measure the diffusion coefficient of ethanol in ethanol-water liquid mixtures confined within silicas with pore diameters of 6 nm and 3 nm as a function of composition.For liquids imbibed within the 6 nm pores,the composition dependence of the ethanol diffusion coefficient closely followed that of the bulk liquid mixture and the absolute diffusion coefficients were reduced by a tortuosity factor of 3,with a minor contribution due to liquid-surface interactions.For liquids imbibed within the 3 nm pores,the diffusion coefficient of ethanol decreased as the composition of ethanol within the pore space increased,and for single-component ethanol imbibition the effective tortuosity was 63.Fast field cycling NMR experiments showed that the diffusion behaviour was not controlled by an increase in ethanol adsorption strength.A geometric analysis of the pore space was consistent with a highly confined system in which most molecules interacted with the pore walls.Under such confinement,the liquid structuring within the bulk pore space did not reflect that of the bulk liquid mixtures,and the observed decrease in diffusion coefficient as ethanol composition increased was consistent with an increase in confinement due to the larger size of the ethanol molecule.展开更多
Nanoconfinement is a promising approach to simultaneously enhance the thermodynamics,kinetics,and cycling stability of hydrogen storage materials.The introduction of supporting scaffolds usually causes a reduction in ...Nanoconfinement is a promising approach to simultaneously enhance the thermodynamics,kinetics,and cycling stability of hydrogen storage materials.The introduction of supporting scaffolds usually causes a reduction in the total hydrogen storage capacity due to“dead weight.”Here,we synthesize an optimized N-doped porous carbon(rN-pC)without heavy metal as supporting scaffold to confine Mg/MgH_(2) nanoparticles(Mg/MgH_(2)@rN-pC).rN-pC with 60 wt%loading capacity of Mg(denoted as 60 Mg@rN-pC)can adsorb and desorb 0.62 wt%H_(2) on the rN-pC scaffold.The nanoconfined MgH_(2) can be chemically dehydrided at 175℃,providing~3.59 wt%H_(2) with fast kinetics(fully dehydrogenated at 300℃ within 15 min).This study presents the first realization of nanoconfined Mg-based system with adsorption-active scaffolds.Besides,the nanoconfined MgH_(2) formation enthalpy is reduced to~68 kJ mol^(−1) H_(2) from~75 kJ mol^(−1) H_(2) for pure MgH_(2).The composite can be also compressed to nanostructured pellets,with volumetric H_(2) density reaching 33.4 g L^(−1) after 500 MPa compression pressure,which surpasses the 24 g L^(−1) volumetric capacity of 350 bar compressed H_(2).Our approach can be implemented to the design of hybrid H_(2) storage materials with enhanced capacity and desorption rate.展开更多
Space exploration is significant for scientific innovation,resource utilization,and planetary security.Space exploration involves several systems including satellites,space suits,communication systems,and robotics,whi...Space exploration is significant for scientific innovation,resource utilization,and planetary security.Space exploration involves several systems including satellites,space suits,communication systems,and robotics,which have to function under harsh space conditions such as extreme temperatures(−270 to 1650℃),microgravity(10^(-6)g),unhealthy humidity(<20%RH or>60%RH),high atmospheric pressure(~1450 psi),and radiation(4000–5000 mSv).Conventional energy-harvesting technologies(solar cells,fuel cells,and nuclear energy),that are normally used to power these space systems have certain limitations(e.g.,sunlight dependence,weight,degradation,big size,high cost,low capacity,radioactivity,complexity,and low efficiency).The constraints in conventional energy resources have made it imperative to look for non-conventional yet efficient alternatives.A great potential for enhancing efficiency,sustainability,and mission duration in space exploration can be offered by integrating triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)with existing energy sources.Recently,the potential of TENG including energy harvesting(from vibrations/movements in satellites and spacecraft),self-powered sensing,and microgravity,for multiple applications in different space missions has been discussed.This review comprehensively covers the use of TENGs for various space applications,such as planetary exploration missions(Mars environment monitoring),manned space equipment,In-orbit robotic operations/collision monitoring,spacecraft’s design and structural health monitoring,Aeronautical systems,and conventional energy harvesting(solar and nuclear).This review also discusses the use of self-powered TENG sensors for deep space object perception.At the same time,this review compares TENGs with conventional energy harvesting technologies for space systems.Lastly,this review talks about energy harvesting in satellites,TENG-based satellite communication systems,and future practical implementation challenges(with possible solutions).展开更多
The concept of hybrid ships has gained significant attention in recent years,as they offer an effective means of enhancing energy utilization and reducing environmental pollution.However,the navigational environments ...The concept of hybrid ships has gained significant attention in recent years,as they offer an effective means of enhancing energy utilization and reducing environmental pollution.However,the navigational environments of ships are often subject to changes,which in turn affect their energy efficiency in a complex manner.It is therefore evident that enhancing the energy efficiency of hybrid ships is a worthwhile goal.In this study,we take a diesel-electric hybrid ship navigating in inland waterways as the research object,and propose a hierarchical optimization method for ship energy efficiency.The upper-layer control establishes a predictive model for propulsion motor speed and fuel consumption through multivariate time series predictions,and employs the model predictive control(MPC)method to optimize the propulsion motor speed.The lower-layer control utilizes an equivalent fuel consumption minimization method,which is based on improving the equivalence factor.This involves combining the variation of the supercapacitor’s state of charge(SOC)with the propulsion motor speed obtained from the MPC optimization in the upper-layer control.Furthermore,a proportional integral(PI)controller is used to adjust the equivalence factor,in order to adapt the equivalent fuel consumption minimization method to the working conditions.Our results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical optimization method can reduce the energy efficiency operating indicator(EEOI)by approximately 11.54%and the fuel consumption by approximately 9.47%in comparison to the pre-optimization scenario.展开更多
Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide,emphasizing the urgent need for reliable and interpretable predictive models to support early diagnosis and timely intervention.However,existing Deep Learni...Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide,emphasizing the urgent need for reliable and interpretable predictive models to support early diagnosis and timely intervention.However,existing Deep Learning(DL)approaches often face several limitations,including inefficient feature extraction,class imbalance,suboptimal classification performance,and limited interpretability,which collectively hinder their deployment in clinical settings.To address these challenges,we propose a novel DL framework for heart disease prediction that integrates a comprehensive preprocessing pipeline with an advanced classification architecture.The preprocessing stage involves label encoding and feature scaling.To address the issue of class imbalance inherent in the personal key indicators of the heart disease dataset,the localized random affine shadowsampling technique is employed,which enhances minority class representation while minimizing overfitting.At the core of the framework lies the Deep Residual Network(DeepResNet),which employs hierarchical residual transformations to facilitate efficient feature extraction and capture complex,non-linear relationships in the data.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms existing techniques,achieving improvements of 3.26%in accuracy,3.16%in area under the receiver operating characteristics,1.09%in recall,and 1.07%in F1-score.Furthermore,robustness is validated using 10-fold crossvalidation,confirming the model’s generalizability across diverse data distributions.Moreover,model interpretability is ensured through the integration of Shapley additive explanations and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations,offering valuable insights into the contribution of individual features to model predictions.Overall,the proposed DL framework presents a robust,interpretable,and clinically applicable solution for heart disease prediction.展开更多
A large body of evidence has highlighted the role of non-coding RNAs in neurodevelopment and neuroinflammation.This evidence has led to increasing speculation that non-coding RNAs may be involved in the pathophysiolog...A large body of evidence has highlighted the role of non-coding RNAs in neurodevelopment and neuroinflammation.This evidence has led to increasing speculation that non-coding RNAs may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hydrocephalus,one of the most common neurological conditions worldwide.In this review,we first outline the basic concepts and incidence of hydrocephalus along with the limitations of existing treatments for this condition.Then,we outline the definition,classification,and biological role of non-coding RNAs.Subsequently,we analyze the roles of non-coding RNAs in the formation of hydrocephalus in detail.Specifically,we have focused on the potential significance of non-coding RNAs in the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus,including glymphatic pathways,neuroinflammatory processes,and neurological dysplasia,on the basis of the existing evidence.Lastly,we review the potential of non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of hydrocephalus and for the creation of innovative treatments.展开更多
Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between adherence to the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a large Spanish prospective cohort.Methods:We analyz...Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between adherence to the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a large Spanish prospective cohort.Methods:We analyzed data from 14,288 participants of the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra(SUN)Project,followed for a mean of 12.8 years(mean baseline age=38.3 years;60.1%women).Data were collected at baseline and through biennial follow-up questionnaires(up to 10 waves,depending on year of entry).The participants self-reported 24-h movement behaviors at baseline and were categorized based on the number of guidelines met(0-3).Behaviors were assessed at baseline only;changes in adherence during follow-up were not accounted for.Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)for all-cause and cause-specific mortality,adjusting for sociodemographic,lifestyle,and clinical covariates.Results:Meeting a greater number of 24-Hour Movement Guidelines at baseline was associated with a progressively lower risk of all-cause mortality.Compared with those meeting none,the multivariable-adjusted HRs were 0.52(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.33-0.82)for meeting 1 guideline,0.47(95%CI:0.30-0.73)for meeting 2 guidelines,and 0.44(95%CI:0.28-0.71)for meeting all 3 guidelines.Only adherence to the physical activity guidelines was independently associated with a significantly lower mortality risk(HR=0.70;95%CI:0.55-0.89).A reduced risk was also observed for cancer and other-cause mortality among those meeting 2 or more guidelines.Conclusion:Adherence to the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines at baseline,particularly physical activity,was associated with a lower risk of mortality.Promoting an integrated approach to movement behaviors may be an effective strategy for improving population health and longevity.展开更多
INTRODUCTION This paper is a case study of the progress on environmental and development fronts in this critical area of Cambridge,Massachusetts.Portions of the riverine system to the north(Little River and Alewife Re...INTRODUCTION This paper is a case study of the progress on environmental and development fronts in this critical area of Cambridge,Massachusetts.Portions of the riverine system to the north(Little River and Alewife Reservation)have been restored and include public amenities,and the park to the east(Danehy Park)has been realized.The degraded industrial land uses that had comprised the bulk of the land use have made a transition to a dynamic,mixed-used neighborhood.展开更多
药用芳香植物(medicinal and aromatic plants,MAPs)是全球医疗保健系统的重要基础,其国际贸易规模庞大、物种数量众多、经济价值显著,已有超过1,300种药用芳香植物被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(Convention on International...药用芳香植物(medicinal and aromatic plants,MAPs)是全球医疗保健系统的重要基础,其国际贸易规模庞大、物种数量众多、经济价值显著,已有超过1,300种药用芳香植物被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,CITES)(蒋志刚,2004;Roe,2008;UNODC,2016)。有效监管这些野生植物及其衍生产品的国际贸易,对于生物多样性保护以及资源的可持续利用具有至关重要的作用(CITES Secretariat,2022;何拓等,2024)。展开更多
The interaction between metabolic dysfunction and inflammation is central to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Obesity-related conditions like type 2 d...The interaction between metabolic dysfunction and inflammation is central to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Obesity-related conditions like type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exacerbate this relationship.Peripheral lipid accumulation,particularly in the liver,initiates a cascade of inflammatory processes that extend to the brain,influencing critical metabolic regulatory regions.Ceramide and palmitate,key lipid components,along with lipid transporters lipocalin-2 and apolipoprotein E,contribute to neuroinflammation by disrupting blood–brain barrier integrity and promoting gliosis.Peripheral insulin resistance further exacerbates brain insulin resistance and neuroinflammation.Preclinical interventions targeting peripheral lipid metabolism and insulin signaling pathways have shown promise in reducing neuroinflammation in animal models.However,translating these findings to clinical practice requires further investigation into human subjects.In conclusion,metabolic dysfunction,peripheral inflammation,and insulin resistance are integral to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Understanding these complex mechanisms holds potential for identifying novel therapeutic targets and improving outcomes for neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
[Objective]Surface water flooding is caused by heavy rainfall,which has been the main type of flooding in many cities across the world.Real urban environments are highly complex,and there are numerous parameters influ...[Objective]Surface water flooding is caused by heavy rainfall,which has been the main type of flooding in many cities across the world.Real urban environments are highly complex,and there are numerous parameters influencing the rainfall-runoff processes,such as road width,orientation and building coverage.The main objective is to perform a parametric study concerning the rainfall-runoff processes in complex urban environments,in order to gain a better understanding of the impact of urban characteristics on the surface runoff.[Methods]Realistic urban layouts are generated by means of procedural modelling software,which parameterises the urban configurations using 11 independent variables,including the averaged street length,street orientation,street curvature,major street width,minor street width,park coverage,etc.A shock-capturing TVD MacCormack shallow water equations solver is used to undertake a large number of computational simulations regarding the rainfall-runoff processes over realistic urban layouts.The dominating urban parameters that influence the time of concentration is unveiled,which characterises the timescale of the flood formation.[Results]In order to generalise the research outcomes,the obtained hydrographs at the outlet of the catchment are normalised so that they are independent of the catchment area,slope or rainfall intensity.The dimensionless time of concentration is thus only the functions of 12 independent parameters,including 11 parameters that governing the urban layouts and the Manning roughness coefficient of the ground.A sensitivity analysis,based on the multiple linear regression method,is performed on the 2,994 simulation cases to quantify the influence of each parameter.[Conclusion]The results show that the ground roughness and the building coverage ratio are the two most important factors that influence the urban flood formation.Their influences on the dimensionless timescale of the urban catchments’response to rainfall are quantified by empirical formulae.The research findings can provide useful guidelines for the design of future flood-resilient urban environments and the improvement of existing drainage systems in cities.展开更多
Peripheral immunity forms the foundation of tumor immunity,while tumor immunity represents a more refined adaptation of peripheral immune responses.The tumor microenvironment(TME),a localized niche surrounding tumor c...Peripheral immunity forms the foundation of tumor immunity,while tumor immunity represents a more refined adaptation of peripheral immune responses.The tumor microenvironment(TME),a localized niche surrounding tumor cells,is inherently immunosuppressive(1,2).Effective tumor therapy necessitates the dismantling of this microenvironment,aiming to eradicate tumors from the host system.展开更多
The principal breast cancer treatment approach has long been surgical removal of the primary breast lesions and regional lymph nodes,particularly the axillary lymph nodes.However,the advent of minimally invasive diagn...The principal breast cancer treatment approach has long been surgical removal of the primary breast lesions and regional lymph nodes,particularly the axillary lymph nodes.However,the advent of minimally invasive diagnostic techniques,such as sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB),has markedly diminished the extent of surgery required for regional lymph nodes.展开更多
Arising from the increasing demand for electric vehicles(EVs),Ni-rich LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM,x+y+z=1,x≥0.8)cathode with greatly increased energy density are being researched and commercialized for lithium-ion ...Arising from the increasing demand for electric vehicles(EVs),Ni-rich LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM,x+y+z=1,x≥0.8)cathode with greatly increased energy density are being researched and commercialized for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,parasitic crack formation during the discharge–charge cycling process remains as a major degradation mechanism.Cracking leads to increase in the specific surface area,loss of electrical contact between the primary particles,and facilitates liquid electrolyte infiltration into the cathode active material,accelerating capacity fading and decrease in lifetime.In contrast,Ni-rich NCM when used as a single crystal exhibits superior cycling performances due to its rigid mechanical property that resists cracking during long charge–discharge process even under harsh conditions.In this paper,we present comparative investigation between single crystal Ni-rich LiNi_(0.92)Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.04)O_(2)(SC)and polycrystalline Ni-rich LiNi_(0.92)Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.04)O_(2)(PC).The relatively improved cycling performances of SC are attributed to smaller anisotropic volume change,higher reversibility of phase transition,and resistance to crack formation.The superior properties of SC are demonstrated by in situ characterization and battery tests.Consequently,it is inferred from the results obtained that optimization of preparation conditions can be regarded as a key approach to obtain well crystallized and superior electrochemical performances.展开更多
Production of green hydrogen through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources has garnered increasing attention as an attractive strategy for the storage of clean and sustainable energy.Among various ele...Production of green hydrogen through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources has garnered increasing attention as an attractive strategy for the storage of clean and sustainable energy.Among various electrolysis technologies,the emerging anion exchange membrane water electrolyser(AEMWE)exhibits the most potential for green hydrogen production,offering a potentially costeffective and sustainable approach that combines the advantages of high current density and fast start from proton exchange membrane water electrolyser(PEMWE)and low-cost catalyst from traditional alkaline water electrolyser(AWE)systems.Due to its relatively recent emergence over the past decade,a series of efforts are dedicated to improving the electrochemical reaction performance to accelerate the development and commercialization of AEMWE technology.A catalytic electrode comprising a gas diffusion layer(GDL)and a catalyst layer(CL)is usually called a gas diffusion electrode(GDE)that serves as a fundamental component within AEMWE,and also plays a core role in enhancing mass transfer during the electrolysis process.Inside the GDEs,bubbles nucleate and grow within the CL and then are transported through the GDL before eventually detaching to enter the electrolyte in the flow field.The transfer processes of water,gas bubbles,charges,and ions are intricately influenced by bubbles.This phenomenon is referred to as bubble-associated mass transfer.Like water management in fuel cells,effective bubble management is crucial in electrolysers,as its failure can result in various overpotential losses,such as activation losses,ohmic losses,and mass transfer losses,ultimately degrading the AEMWE performance.Despite significant advancements in the development of new materials and techniques in AEMWE,there is an urgent need for a comprehensive discussion focused on GDEs,with a particular emphasis on bubbleassociated mass transfer phenomena.This review aims to highlight recent findings regarding mass transfer in GDEs,particularly the impacts of bubble accumulation;and presents the latest advancements in designing CLs and GDLs to mitigate bubble-related issues.It is worth noting that a series of innovative bubble-free-GDE designs for water electrolysis are also emphasized in this review.This review is expected to be a valuable reference for gaining a deeper understanding of bubble-related mass transfer,especially the complex bubble behavior associated with GDEs,and for developing innovative practical strategies to advance AEMWE for green hydrogen production.展开更多
文摘AIM: To compare the trauma experience gained by a trainee at a United Kingdom major trauma centre and a secondary level hospital in South Africa.METHODS: A profile of inpatient trauma cases during a five-week period in Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge and Somerset Hospital, Cape Town was created. This was achieved by recording various parameters for each patient admitted including age, gender, injury, mechanism of injury and postal/area code. This, together with details of the departments themselves, allows a comparison of the amount and variety of orthopaedic trauma cases experienced by an individual trainee in each setting. RESULTS: The trauma profiles differed significantly. Patients in Cape Town were younger and more likely to be male. In the young, injury in Cape Town was more likely to occur due to assault or being struck by a vehicle, whilst patients in Cambridge were more likely to be injured whilst in a vehicle or in high energy falls. In older patients, trauma at both centres was almost exclusively due to mechanical falls. In a given age group, injuries at the two centres were similar, however the majority of patients admitted to Addenbrooke's were elderly, resulting in less variation in the overall injury profile.CONCLUSION: The trauma profile of a major trauma centre in the United Kingdom is less varied than that of a South African secondary centre, with significantly fewer cases per surgeon. This suggests a more variedtraining experience in the developing world with a greater caseload.
文摘Growing interest in non-covalent interactions involving chalcogen atoms has been ascribed to their importance in crystal engineering, molecular recognition and macromolecular edifices. The present study is dealing with chalcogen bonds involving divalent Sulphur, Selenium and Tellurium atoms, acting as sigma-hole donors, in small-molecule compounds using the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) in conjunction with ab initio calculations. Results derived from CSD surveys and computational study revealed that nucleophiles formed complexes with the chalcogen-bond donors R1-X-R2 (X = S, Se or Te). The main forces stabilizing the complexes were chalcogen bonds, enhanced by dispersion interactions. Complexation pattern and energetics show that nucleophile bonding at divalent S, Se and Te atoms is a relatively strong and directed interaction. The bond consists of a charge transfer from a nucleophile atom lone pair to an X-R1 or X-R2 antibonding orbital.
基金supported by the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme(Grant Agreement No.818762)the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(Grant No.EP/V048953/1)and the Isaac Newton Trust(grant 22.39(m))。
文摘Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light conditions are considerably smaller in intensity and possess greater components of non-normal incidence.Yet,indoor light-driven,stand-alone devices can offer sustainable advances in next-generation technologies such as the Internet of Things.Here,we present a non-invasive solution to aid in photovoltaic indoor light collection—radially distributed waveguide-encoded lattice(RDWEL)slim films(thickness 1.5 mm).Embedded with a monotonical radial array of cylindrical waveguides(±20°),the RDWEL demonstrates seamless light collection(FoV(fields of view)=74.5°)and imparts enhancements in JSC(short circuit current density)of 44%and 14%for indoor and outdoor lighting conditions,respectively,when coupled to a photovoltaic device and compared to an unstructured but otherwise identical slim film coating.
文摘The transport properties of liquid mixtures confined within porous media can change significantly from those observed for bulk mixtures due to changes in the liquid structuring within the pore space.Here,pulsed field gradient NMR was used to measure the diffusion coefficient of ethanol in ethanol-water liquid mixtures confined within silicas with pore diameters of 6 nm and 3 nm as a function of composition.For liquids imbibed within the 6 nm pores,the composition dependence of the ethanol diffusion coefficient closely followed that of the bulk liquid mixture and the absolute diffusion coefficients were reduced by a tortuosity factor of 3,with a minor contribution due to liquid-surface interactions.For liquids imbibed within the 3 nm pores,the diffusion coefficient of ethanol decreased as the composition of ethanol within the pore space increased,and for single-component ethanol imbibition the effective tortuosity was 63.Fast field cycling NMR experiments showed that the diffusion behaviour was not controlled by an increase in ethanol adsorption strength.A geometric analysis of the pore space was consistent with a highly confined system in which most molecules interacted with the pore walls.Under such confinement,the liquid structuring within the bulk pore space did not reflect that of the bulk liquid mixtures,and the observed decrease in diffusion coefficient as ethanol composition increased was consistent with an increase in confinement due to the larger size of the ethanol molecule.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3803700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52171186)+1 种基金Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2023QNRC001)support from“Zhiyuan Honor Program”for doctoral students,Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
文摘Nanoconfinement is a promising approach to simultaneously enhance the thermodynamics,kinetics,and cycling stability of hydrogen storage materials.The introduction of supporting scaffolds usually causes a reduction in the total hydrogen storage capacity due to“dead weight.”Here,we synthesize an optimized N-doped porous carbon(rN-pC)without heavy metal as supporting scaffold to confine Mg/MgH_(2) nanoparticles(Mg/MgH_(2)@rN-pC).rN-pC with 60 wt%loading capacity of Mg(denoted as 60 Mg@rN-pC)can adsorb and desorb 0.62 wt%H_(2) on the rN-pC scaffold.The nanoconfined MgH_(2) can be chemically dehydrided at 175℃,providing~3.59 wt%H_(2) with fast kinetics(fully dehydrogenated at 300℃ within 15 min).This study presents the first realization of nanoconfined Mg-based system with adsorption-active scaffolds.Besides,the nanoconfined MgH_(2) formation enthalpy is reduced to~68 kJ mol^(−1) H_(2) from~75 kJ mol^(−1) H_(2) for pure MgH_(2).The composite can be also compressed to nanostructured pellets,with volumetric H_(2) density reaching 33.4 g L^(−1) after 500 MPa compression pressure,which surpasses the 24 g L^(−1) volumetric capacity of 350 bar compressed H_(2).Our approach can be implemented to the design of hybrid H_(2) storage materials with enhanced capacity and desorption rate.
基金supported by Swedish Research Council(Vetenskapsradet,2023-04962).
文摘Space exploration is significant for scientific innovation,resource utilization,and planetary security.Space exploration involves several systems including satellites,space suits,communication systems,and robotics,which have to function under harsh space conditions such as extreme temperatures(−270 to 1650℃),microgravity(10^(-6)g),unhealthy humidity(<20%RH or>60%RH),high atmospheric pressure(~1450 psi),and radiation(4000–5000 mSv).Conventional energy-harvesting technologies(solar cells,fuel cells,and nuclear energy),that are normally used to power these space systems have certain limitations(e.g.,sunlight dependence,weight,degradation,big size,high cost,low capacity,radioactivity,complexity,and low efficiency).The constraints in conventional energy resources have made it imperative to look for non-conventional yet efficient alternatives.A great potential for enhancing efficiency,sustainability,and mission duration in space exploration can be offered by integrating triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)with existing energy sources.Recently,the potential of TENG including energy harvesting(from vibrations/movements in satellites and spacecraft),self-powered sensing,and microgravity,for multiple applications in different space missions has been discussed.This review comprehensively covers the use of TENGs for various space applications,such as planetary exploration missions(Mars environment monitoring),manned space equipment,In-orbit robotic operations/collision monitoring,spacecraft’s design and structural health monitoring,Aeronautical systems,and conventional energy harvesting(solar and nuclear).This review also discusses the use of self-powered TENG sensors for deep space object perception.At the same time,this review compares TENGs with conventional energy harvesting technologies for space systems.Lastly,this review talks about energy harvesting in satellites,TENG-based satellite communication systems,and future practical implementation challenges(with possible solutions).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52571367)and the Commissions Project of China(No.CBG4N21).
文摘The concept of hybrid ships has gained significant attention in recent years,as they offer an effective means of enhancing energy utilization and reducing environmental pollution.However,the navigational environments of ships are often subject to changes,which in turn affect their energy efficiency in a complex manner.It is therefore evident that enhancing the energy efficiency of hybrid ships is a worthwhile goal.In this study,we take a diesel-electric hybrid ship navigating in inland waterways as the research object,and propose a hierarchical optimization method for ship energy efficiency.The upper-layer control establishes a predictive model for propulsion motor speed and fuel consumption through multivariate time series predictions,and employs the model predictive control(MPC)method to optimize the propulsion motor speed.The lower-layer control utilizes an equivalent fuel consumption minimization method,which is based on improving the equivalence factor.This involves combining the variation of the supercapacitor’s state of charge(SOC)with the propulsion motor speed obtained from the MPC optimization in the upper-layer control.Furthermore,a proportional integral(PI)controller is used to adjust the equivalence factor,in order to adapt the equivalent fuel consumption minimization method to the working conditions.Our results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical optimization method can reduce the energy efficiency operating indicator(EEOI)by approximately 11.54%and the fuel consumption by approximately 9.47%in comparison to the pre-optimization scenario.
基金funded by Ongoing Research Funding Program for Project number(ORF-2025-648),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide,emphasizing the urgent need for reliable and interpretable predictive models to support early diagnosis and timely intervention.However,existing Deep Learning(DL)approaches often face several limitations,including inefficient feature extraction,class imbalance,suboptimal classification performance,and limited interpretability,which collectively hinder their deployment in clinical settings.To address these challenges,we propose a novel DL framework for heart disease prediction that integrates a comprehensive preprocessing pipeline with an advanced classification architecture.The preprocessing stage involves label encoding and feature scaling.To address the issue of class imbalance inherent in the personal key indicators of the heart disease dataset,the localized random affine shadowsampling technique is employed,which enhances minority class representation while minimizing overfitting.At the core of the framework lies the Deep Residual Network(DeepResNet),which employs hierarchical residual transformations to facilitate efficient feature extraction and capture complex,non-linear relationships in the data.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms existing techniques,achieving improvements of 3.26%in accuracy,3.16%in area under the receiver operating characteristics,1.09%in recall,and 1.07%in F1-score.Furthermore,robustness is validated using 10-fold crossvalidation,confirming the model’s generalizability across diverse data distributions.Moreover,model interpretability is ensured through the integration of Shapley additive explanations and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations,offering valuable insights into the contribution of individual features to model predictions.Overall,the proposed DL framework presents a robust,interpretable,and clinically applicable solution for heart disease prediction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82171347,82371362the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,No.2022JJ30971the Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission of China,No.202204040024(all to GX).
文摘A large body of evidence has highlighted the role of non-coding RNAs in neurodevelopment and neuroinflammation.This evidence has led to increasing speculation that non-coding RNAs may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hydrocephalus,one of the most common neurological conditions worldwide.In this review,we first outline the basic concepts and incidence of hydrocephalus along with the limitations of existing treatments for this condition.Then,we outline the definition,classification,and biological role of non-coding RNAs.Subsequently,we analyze the roles of non-coding RNAs in the formation of hydrocephalus in detail.Specifically,we have focused on the potential significance of non-coding RNAs in the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus,including glymphatic pathways,neuroinflammatory processes,and neurological dysplasia,on the basis of the existing evidence.Lastly,we review the potential of non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of hydrocephalus and for the creation of innovative treatments.
文摘Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between adherence to the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a large Spanish prospective cohort.Methods:We analyzed data from 14,288 participants of the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra(SUN)Project,followed for a mean of 12.8 years(mean baseline age=38.3 years;60.1%women).Data were collected at baseline and through biennial follow-up questionnaires(up to 10 waves,depending on year of entry).The participants self-reported 24-h movement behaviors at baseline and were categorized based on the number of guidelines met(0-3).Behaviors were assessed at baseline only;changes in adherence during follow-up were not accounted for.Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)for all-cause and cause-specific mortality,adjusting for sociodemographic,lifestyle,and clinical covariates.Results:Meeting a greater number of 24-Hour Movement Guidelines at baseline was associated with a progressively lower risk of all-cause mortality.Compared with those meeting none,the multivariable-adjusted HRs were 0.52(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.33-0.82)for meeting 1 guideline,0.47(95%CI:0.30-0.73)for meeting 2 guidelines,and 0.44(95%CI:0.28-0.71)for meeting all 3 guidelines.Only adherence to the physical activity guidelines was independently associated with a significantly lower mortality risk(HR=0.70;95%CI:0.55-0.89).A reduced risk was also observed for cancer and other-cause mortality among those meeting 2 or more guidelines.Conclusion:Adherence to the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines at baseline,particularly physical activity,was associated with a lower risk of mortality.Promoting an integrated approach to movement behaviors may be an effective strategy for improving population health and longevity.
文摘INTRODUCTION This paper is a case study of the progress on environmental and development fronts in this critical area of Cambridge,Massachusetts.Portions of the riverine system to the north(Little River and Alewife Reservation)have been restored and include public amenities,and the park to the east(Danehy Park)has been realized.The degraded industrial land uses that had comprised the bulk of the land use have made a transition to a dynamic,mixed-used neighborhood.
文摘药用芳香植物(medicinal and aromatic plants,MAPs)是全球医疗保健系统的重要基础,其国际贸易规模庞大、物种数量众多、经济价值显著,已有超过1,300种药用芳香植物被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,CITES)(蒋志刚,2004;Roe,2008;UNODC,2016)。有效监管这些野生植物及其衍生产品的国际贸易,对于生物多样性保护以及资源的可持续利用具有至关重要的作用(CITES Secretariat,2022;何拓等,2024)。
基金supported by a Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship (021229-00001) from Nanyang Technological University,Singapore (to JZ)a Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Dean’s Postdoctoral Fellowship (021207-00001) from NTU Singaporea Mistletoe Research Fellowship (022522-00001) from the Momental Foundaton,USA (to CHL)
文摘The interaction between metabolic dysfunction and inflammation is central to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Obesity-related conditions like type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exacerbate this relationship.Peripheral lipid accumulation,particularly in the liver,initiates a cascade of inflammatory processes that extend to the brain,influencing critical metabolic regulatory regions.Ceramide and palmitate,key lipid components,along with lipid transporters lipocalin-2 and apolipoprotein E,contribute to neuroinflammation by disrupting blood–brain barrier integrity and promoting gliosis.Peripheral insulin resistance further exacerbates brain insulin resistance and neuroinflammation.Preclinical interventions targeting peripheral lipid metabolism and insulin signaling pathways have shown promise in reducing neuroinflammation in animal models.However,translating these findings to clinical practice requires further investigation into human subjects.In conclusion,metabolic dysfunction,peripheral inflammation,and insulin resistance are integral to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Understanding these complex mechanisms holds potential for identifying novel therapeutic targets and improving outcomes for neurodegenerative diseases.
文摘[Objective]Surface water flooding is caused by heavy rainfall,which has been the main type of flooding in many cities across the world.Real urban environments are highly complex,and there are numerous parameters influencing the rainfall-runoff processes,such as road width,orientation and building coverage.The main objective is to perform a parametric study concerning the rainfall-runoff processes in complex urban environments,in order to gain a better understanding of the impact of urban characteristics on the surface runoff.[Methods]Realistic urban layouts are generated by means of procedural modelling software,which parameterises the urban configurations using 11 independent variables,including the averaged street length,street orientation,street curvature,major street width,minor street width,park coverage,etc.A shock-capturing TVD MacCormack shallow water equations solver is used to undertake a large number of computational simulations regarding the rainfall-runoff processes over realistic urban layouts.The dominating urban parameters that influence the time of concentration is unveiled,which characterises the timescale of the flood formation.[Results]In order to generalise the research outcomes,the obtained hydrographs at the outlet of the catchment are normalised so that they are independent of the catchment area,slope or rainfall intensity.The dimensionless time of concentration is thus only the functions of 12 independent parameters,including 11 parameters that governing the urban layouts and the Manning roughness coefficient of the ground.A sensitivity analysis,based on the multiple linear regression method,is performed on the 2,994 simulation cases to quantify the influence of each parameter.[Conclusion]The results show that the ground roughness and the building coverage ratio are the two most important factors that influence the urban flood formation.Their influences on the dimensionless timescale of the urban catchments’response to rainfall are quantified by empirical formulae.The research findings can provide useful guidelines for the design of future flood-resilient urban environments and the improvement of existing drainage systems in cities.
文摘Peripheral immunity forms the foundation of tumor immunity,while tumor immunity represents a more refined adaptation of peripheral immune responses.The tumor microenvironment(TME),a localized niche surrounding tumor cells,is inherently immunosuppressive(1,2).Effective tumor therapy necessitates the dismantling of this microenvironment,aiming to eradicate tumors from the host system.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81672638 and W2421095)National Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2024LMB011)Collaborative Academic Innovation Project of Shandong Cancer Hospital(Grant No.GF003)。
文摘The principal breast cancer treatment approach has long been surgical removal of the primary breast lesions and regional lymph nodes,particularly the axillary lymph nodes.However,the advent of minimally invasive diagnostic techniques,such as sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB),has markedly diminished the extent of surgery required for regional lymph nodes.
基金supported by the Technology Innovation Program(RS-2023-00256202Development of MLCB design and manufacturing process technology for board mounting)funded By the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)+2 种基金supported by the Technology Innovation Program(or Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program-Public-private joint investment semiconductor R&D program(K-CHIPS)to foster high-quality human resources)(RS-2023-00237003,High selectivity etching technology using cryoetch)funded By the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)supported by 2022 Research Grant from Kangwon National University(No.202203080001)supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(RS-2023-00280367).
文摘Arising from the increasing demand for electric vehicles(EVs),Ni-rich LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM,x+y+z=1,x≥0.8)cathode with greatly increased energy density are being researched and commercialized for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,parasitic crack formation during the discharge–charge cycling process remains as a major degradation mechanism.Cracking leads to increase in the specific surface area,loss of electrical contact between the primary particles,and facilitates liquid electrolyte infiltration into the cathode active material,accelerating capacity fading and decrease in lifetime.In contrast,Ni-rich NCM when used as a single crystal exhibits superior cycling performances due to its rigid mechanical property that resists cracking during long charge–discharge process even under harsh conditions.In this paper,we present comparative investigation between single crystal Ni-rich LiNi_(0.92)Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.04)O_(2)(SC)and polycrystalline Ni-rich LiNi_(0.92)Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.04)O_(2)(PC).The relatively improved cycling performances of SC are attributed to smaller anisotropic volume change,higher reversibility of phase transition,and resistance to crack formation.The superior properties of SC are demonstrated by in situ characterization and battery tests.Consequently,it is inferred from the results obtained that optimization of preparation conditions can be regarded as a key approach to obtain well crystallized and superior electrochemical performances.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52006029)the Promotion Foundation for Young Science and Technology Talents in Jilin Province(Grant No.QT202113)+2 种基金the Special Foundation of Industrial Innovation in Jilin Province(Grant No.2019C056-2)the Special Foundation for Outstanding Young Talents Training in Jilin(Grant No.20200104107)the UK EPSRC(EP/W03784X/1)。
文摘Production of green hydrogen through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources has garnered increasing attention as an attractive strategy for the storage of clean and sustainable energy.Among various electrolysis technologies,the emerging anion exchange membrane water electrolyser(AEMWE)exhibits the most potential for green hydrogen production,offering a potentially costeffective and sustainable approach that combines the advantages of high current density and fast start from proton exchange membrane water electrolyser(PEMWE)and low-cost catalyst from traditional alkaline water electrolyser(AWE)systems.Due to its relatively recent emergence over the past decade,a series of efforts are dedicated to improving the electrochemical reaction performance to accelerate the development and commercialization of AEMWE technology.A catalytic electrode comprising a gas diffusion layer(GDL)and a catalyst layer(CL)is usually called a gas diffusion electrode(GDE)that serves as a fundamental component within AEMWE,and also plays a core role in enhancing mass transfer during the electrolysis process.Inside the GDEs,bubbles nucleate and grow within the CL and then are transported through the GDL before eventually detaching to enter the electrolyte in the flow field.The transfer processes of water,gas bubbles,charges,and ions are intricately influenced by bubbles.This phenomenon is referred to as bubble-associated mass transfer.Like water management in fuel cells,effective bubble management is crucial in electrolysers,as its failure can result in various overpotential losses,such as activation losses,ohmic losses,and mass transfer losses,ultimately degrading the AEMWE performance.Despite significant advancements in the development of new materials and techniques in AEMWE,there is an urgent need for a comprehensive discussion focused on GDEs,with a particular emphasis on bubbleassociated mass transfer phenomena.This review aims to highlight recent findings regarding mass transfer in GDEs,particularly the impacts of bubble accumulation;and presents the latest advancements in designing CLs and GDLs to mitigate bubble-related issues.It is worth noting that a series of innovative bubble-free-GDE designs for water electrolysis are also emphasized in this review.This review is expected to be a valuable reference for gaining a deeper understanding of bubble-related mass transfer,especially the complex bubble behavior associated with GDEs,and for developing innovative practical strategies to advance AEMWE for green hydrogen production.
