This past year, 2024, is on track to be the warmest year, joining 2023 as the two hottest years on record. With the exceptional heat, weather and climate extremes were common across the world. In particular, 2024 has ...This past year, 2024, is on track to be the warmest year, joining 2023 as the two hottest years on record. With the exceptional heat, weather and climate extremes were common across the world. In particular, 2024 has seen a remarkable run of extreme precipitation events and resulting impacts. Here, we provide an overview of the most notable extreme events of the year, including extreme precipitation and floods, tropical cyclones, and droughts. The characteristics and impacts of these extreme events are summarized, followed by discussion on the physical drivers and the role of global warming.Finally, we also discuss the future prospects in extreme event studies, including impact-based perspectives, challenges in attribution of precipitation extremes, and the existing gap to minimize impacts from climate extremes.展开更多
To investigate the dominant species and interspecific association in the phytoplankton community of the Feiyun River basin in Zhejiang Province,East China,the main stream and the Shanxi Zhaoshandu Reservoir in the dow...To investigate the dominant species and interspecific association in the phytoplankton community of the Feiyun River basin in Zhejiang Province,East China,the main stream and the Shanxi Zhaoshandu Reservoir in the downstream were chosen as the study area,for which 22 sampling sites were designated.Sampling was conducted in September 2021,January,May,and July 2022.Phytoplankton species were identified from both quantitative samples and in-vivo observations.Phytoplankton was quantified by direct counting.Results show that there were 98 species belonging to 6 phyla and 78 genera.In addition,to clarify the niches of the dominant phytoplankton species and their interspecific association,the dominance index was calculated,and a comprehensive analysis was conducted including niche width,niche overlap value,ecological response rate,overall association,chi-square test,and the stability.The phytoplankton community exhibited characteristics of a Cyanobacteria-Chlorophyta-Diatom type community,showing higher diversity in spring and lower diversity in summer.Among 11 dominants phytoplankton species from 3 phyla,both frequency and dominance degree varied seasonally,of which Microcystis sp.was the dominant species in Spring,Autumn,and Winter.The niche widths of the dominant species ranged from 0.234 to 0.933,and were categorized into three groups.The niche overlap values of the 11 dominant species ranged from 0.359 to 0.959,exhibiting significant seasonal differences-highest in winter followed by autumn,spring,and summer in turn.The overall correlation among dominant species in all four seasons revealed a non-significant negative association,resulting in an unstable community structure.A significant portion(84.2%)of species pairs displayed positive associations,suggesting a successional pattern where Diatoms dominated while other dominant species shared resources and space.Despite this pattern,stability measurements indicated that the dominant species community remained unstable.Therefore,careful monitoring is recommended for potential water environment issues arising from abnormal proliferation of dominant species in the watershed during winter.This research built a theoretical foundation with a data support to the early warning of eutrophication and provided a reference for water resources management in similar watersheds along the eastern coast of China.展开更多
The reliable application of field deployable fluorescent dissolved organic matter(fDOM)probes is hindered by several influencing factors which need to be compensated.This manuscript describes the corrections of temper...The reliable application of field deployable fluorescent dissolved organic matter(fDOM)probes is hindered by several influencing factors which need to be compensated.This manuscript describes the corrections of temperature,pH,turbidity and inner filter effect on fluorescence signal of a commercial fDOM probe(fDOMs).For this,Australian waters with wide ranging qualities were selected,e.g.dissolved organic carbon(DOC)ranging from∼1 to∼30 mg/L,specific UV absorbance at 254 nm from∼1 to∼6 L/m/mg and turbidity from∼1 to∼350 FNU.Laboratory-based model calibration experiments(MCEs)were performed.A model template was developed and used for the development of the correction models.For each factor,data generated through MCEs were used to determine model coefficient(α)values by fitting the generated model to the experimental data.Four discrete factor models were generated by determination of a factor-specificαvalue.Theαvalues derived for each water of the MCEs subset were consistent for each factor model.This indicated generic nature of the fourαvalues across wide-ranging water qualities.High correlation between fDOMs and DOC were achieved after applying the four-factor compensation models to new data(r,0.96,p<0.05).Also,average biases(and%)between DOC predicted through fDOMs and actual DOC were decreased by applying the four-factor compensationmodel(from3.54(60.9%)to 1.28(16.7%)mg/L DOC).These correction models were incorporated into a Mi-crosoft EXCEL-based software termed EXOf-Correct for ready-to-use applications.展开更多
Millions of dollars are being spent on gully rehabilitation to help reduce excess fine sediment delivery to the Great Barrier Reef(GBR).There is an urgent need for(i)prioritisation of active gullies for rehabilitation...Millions of dollars are being spent on gully rehabilitation to help reduce excess fine sediment delivery to the Great Barrier Reef(GBR).There is an urgent need for(i)prioritisation of active gullies for rehabilitation and(ii)the development of methodologies to inform the effectiveness of remediation.In this study we analyse DEMs of Difference derived from 0.5 m resolution 2-3 year interval multi-temporal LiDAR data collected pre and post rehabilitation at three variable gully morphologies in the Burdekin catchment.Our analysis indicates that the highest annual average fine sediment erosion rates for the untreated control gullies occur at the linear gully(53.38 t ha^(-1)y^(-1))followed by linear-alluvial gully(34.24 t ha^(-1)y^(-1))and least at the alluvial gully(14.41 t ha^(-1)y^(-1)).The proportional loss or export of fine sediment from the gullies in their un-treated condition ranges from∼68 to 90%of what is eroded,and when the gullies are treated the proportion of fine sediment that is retained in the gully proportional to what is eroded increases to∼60%at all sites.Without pre-treatment baseline erosion rates,and additional post treatment LiDAR captures,it is difficult to quantify the treatment effectiveness.Our results offer insights in the erosion mechanisms within different geomorphic gully morphologies and rehabilitation effects in these erosional landforms.This study provides crucial knowledge of gully dynamics that can be coupled with other lines of evidence for better prioritisation of rehabilitation in the GBR catchments.展开更多
Daley et al.(2023a)argue that at least 10-15 years apart Digital Elevation Model(DEM)derived DEMs of Difference(DoD)surveys are needed to detect reliable geomorphic change within the gullied landscapes of the Great Ba...Daley et al.(2023a)argue that at least 10-15 years apart Digital Elevation Model(DEM)derived DEMs of Difference(DoD)surveys are needed to detect reliable geomorphic change within the gullied landscapes of the Great Barrier Reef,Australia.We acknowledge that the reliability of observed geomorphic change increases as more subtle geomorphic processes are detected with longer monitoring periods.As further good quality long-term legacy datasets become available,we encourage utilising these to improve confidence in targeting erosion rehabilitation.However,our approach to consistently apply 2-3 year DoDs to contrasting gully morphologies enabled capture of more intense geomorphic processes acting over shorter timeframes and provided valuable and timely information on(i)contrasting erosional mechanisms and erosion rates between variable gully morphologies,and(ii)rehabilitation efforts un-dertaken.In this paper,we take the opportunity to concisely address all the concerns raised by Daley et al.(2023a).展开更多
In synthetic biology,microbial chassis including yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are iteratively engineered with increasing complexity and scale.Wet-lab genetic engineering tools are developed and optimised to facilita...In synthetic biology,microbial chassis including yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are iteratively engineered with increasing complexity and scale.Wet-lab genetic engineering tools are developed and optimised to facilitate strain construction but are often incompatible with each other due to shared regulatory elements,such as the galactose-inducible(GAL)promoter in S.cerevisiae.Here,we prototyped the cyanamide-induced ^(I−)SceI expression,which triggered double-strand DNA breaks(DSBs)for selectable marker removal.We further combined cyanamide-induced ^(I−)SceI-mediated DSB and maltose-induced MazF-mediated negative selection for plasmid-free in situ promoter substitution,which simplified the molecular cloning procedure for promoter characterisation.We then characterised three tetracycline-inducible promoters showing differential strength,a non-leakyβ-estradiol-inducible promoter,cyanamide-inducible DDI2 promoter,bidirectional MAL32/MAL31 promoters,and five pairs of bidirectional GAL1/GAL10 promoters.Overall,alternative regulatory controls for genome engineering tools can be developed to facilitate genomic engineering for synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications.展开更多
In this review,advances in the understanding of the controlling factors and physical mechanisms of tropical cyclogenesis(TCG)are summarized from recent(2018–2022)research on TCG,as presented in the Tenth Internationa...In this review,advances in the understanding of the controlling factors and physical mechanisms of tropical cyclogenesis(TCG)are summarized from recent(2018–2022)research on TCG,as presented in the Tenth International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones(IWTC-10).Observational,theoretical,and numerical modeling studies published in recent years have advanced our knowledge on the influence of large-scale environmental factors on TCG.Furthermore,studies have shown clearly that appropriate convective coupling with tropical equatorial waves enhances the development chances of TCG.More recently,illuminating research has been carried out on analyzing the mechanisms by which oscillations and teleconnections(El Ni˜no Southern Oscillation(ENSO)in particular)modulate TCG globally,in association with changes in the sea surface temperature(SST).In addition to this,recent research has diligently addressed different aspects of TCG.Multiple studies have reported the applicability of unified theories and physical mechanisms of TCG in different ocean basins.Recently,research has been carried out on TCG under different flow pattern regimes,dry air intrusion,importance of marsupial pouch,genesis of Medicanes,wind shear,convection and vertical structure.Furthermore,studies have discussed the possibility of near equatorial TCG provided that there is enough supply of background vertical vorticity and relatively low vertical wind shear.Progress has been made to understand the role of climate change on global and regional TCG.However,there are still significant gaps which need to be addressed in order to better understand TCG prediction.展开更多
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.42422502 and 42275038)the China Meteorological Administration Climate Change Special Program (Grant No.QBZ202306)funded by the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China project under the International Science Partnerships Fund (ISPF)。
文摘This past year, 2024, is on track to be the warmest year, joining 2023 as the two hottest years on record. With the exceptional heat, weather and climate extremes were common across the world. In particular, 2024 has seen a remarkable run of extreme precipitation events and resulting impacts. Here, we provide an overview of the most notable extreme events of the year, including extreme precipitation and floods, tropical cyclones, and droughts. The characteristics and impacts of these extreme events are summarized, followed by discussion on the physical drivers and the role of global warming.Finally, we also discuss the future prospects in extreme event studies, including impact-based perspectives, challenges in attribution of precipitation extremes, and the existing gap to minimize impacts from climate extremes.
基金Supported by the National Key Scientific Research Project(No.2018YFC1508200)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX 23_0714)+1 种基金the China Scholarship Council(No.202206710066)the Construction Project of Wenzhou Hydrology High quality Development Pilot Zone(No.WZSW-GZLFZXXQ-202105)。
文摘To investigate the dominant species and interspecific association in the phytoplankton community of the Feiyun River basin in Zhejiang Province,East China,the main stream and the Shanxi Zhaoshandu Reservoir in the downstream were chosen as the study area,for which 22 sampling sites were designated.Sampling was conducted in September 2021,January,May,and July 2022.Phytoplankton species were identified from both quantitative samples and in-vivo observations.Phytoplankton was quantified by direct counting.Results show that there were 98 species belonging to 6 phyla and 78 genera.In addition,to clarify the niches of the dominant phytoplankton species and their interspecific association,the dominance index was calculated,and a comprehensive analysis was conducted including niche width,niche overlap value,ecological response rate,overall association,chi-square test,and the stability.The phytoplankton community exhibited characteristics of a Cyanobacteria-Chlorophyta-Diatom type community,showing higher diversity in spring and lower diversity in summer.Among 11 dominants phytoplankton species from 3 phyla,both frequency and dominance degree varied seasonally,of which Microcystis sp.was the dominant species in Spring,Autumn,and Winter.The niche widths of the dominant species ranged from 0.234 to 0.933,and were categorized into three groups.The niche overlap values of the 11 dominant species ranged from 0.359 to 0.959,exhibiting significant seasonal differences-highest in winter followed by autumn,spring,and summer in turn.The overall correlation among dominant species in all four seasons revealed a non-significant negative association,resulting in an unstable community structure.A significant portion(84.2%)of species pairs displayed positive associations,suggesting a successional pattern where Diatoms dominated while other dominant species shared resources and space.Despite this pattern,stability measurements indicated that the dominant species community remained unstable.Therefore,careful monitoring is recommended for potential water environment issues arising from abnormal proliferation of dominant species in the watershed during winter.This research built a theoretical foundation with a data support to the early warning of eutrophication and provided a reference for water resources management in similar watersheds along the eastern coast of China.
基金an Australian Research Council Linkage Project,grant number LP160100217.
文摘The reliable application of field deployable fluorescent dissolved organic matter(fDOM)probes is hindered by several influencing factors which need to be compensated.This manuscript describes the corrections of temperature,pH,turbidity and inner filter effect on fluorescence signal of a commercial fDOM probe(fDOMs).For this,Australian waters with wide ranging qualities were selected,e.g.dissolved organic carbon(DOC)ranging from∼1 to∼30 mg/L,specific UV absorbance at 254 nm from∼1 to∼6 L/m/mg and turbidity from∼1 to∼350 FNU.Laboratory-based model calibration experiments(MCEs)were performed.A model template was developed and used for the development of the correction models.For each factor,data generated through MCEs were used to determine model coefficient(α)values by fitting the generated model to the experimental data.Four discrete factor models were generated by determination of a factor-specificαvalue.Theαvalues derived for each water of the MCEs subset were consistent for each factor model.This indicated generic nature of the fourαvalues across wide-ranging water qualities.High correlation between fDOMs and DOC were achieved after applying the four-factor compensation models to new data(r,0.96,p<0.05).Also,average biases(and%)between DOC predicted through fDOMs and actual DOC were decreased by applying the four-factor compensationmodel(from3.54(60.9%)to 1.28(16.7%)mg/L DOC).These correction models were incorporated into a Mi-crosoft EXCEL-based software termed EXOf-Correct for ready-to-use applications.
基金We would like to acknowledge the Australian Government Reef Trust GBR LiDAR Project(Environmental Research and Analysis Project SON2615371)the Australian Governments National Environmental Science Program(NESP)Tropical Water Quality Hub Projects(Projects 2.1.4 and 5.9)+1 种基金the Queensland Government funded Landholders Driving Change(LDC)Program(LRP17-003 and LME17-009)CSIRO for providing funding for this study.Thankyou also to NQ Dry Tropics staff and associated contractors for managing and delivering the rehabilitation projects,to Peter Zund(QDES)and Seonaid Philip(CSIRO)for their support obtaining soil descriptions and samples,and to Shawn Darr and the Queensland Government for access to the gully density mapping data(Fig.1).We would also like to thank the property owners for allowing access to their properties and involvement in the projects-Darren Watts and Family,Warren Woodhouse and Christian and Melissa Cormack.We thank the editor and reviewers for review comments which have significantly improved this paper.
文摘Millions of dollars are being spent on gully rehabilitation to help reduce excess fine sediment delivery to the Great Barrier Reef(GBR).There is an urgent need for(i)prioritisation of active gullies for rehabilitation and(ii)the development of methodologies to inform the effectiveness of remediation.In this study we analyse DEMs of Difference derived from 0.5 m resolution 2-3 year interval multi-temporal LiDAR data collected pre and post rehabilitation at three variable gully morphologies in the Burdekin catchment.Our analysis indicates that the highest annual average fine sediment erosion rates for the untreated control gullies occur at the linear gully(53.38 t ha^(-1)y^(-1))followed by linear-alluvial gully(34.24 t ha^(-1)y^(-1))and least at the alluvial gully(14.41 t ha^(-1)y^(-1)).The proportional loss or export of fine sediment from the gullies in their un-treated condition ranges from∼68 to 90%of what is eroded,and when the gullies are treated the proportion of fine sediment that is retained in the gully proportional to what is eroded increases to∼60%at all sites.Without pre-treatment baseline erosion rates,and additional post treatment LiDAR captures,it is difficult to quantify the treatment effectiveness.Our results offer insights in the erosion mechanisms within different geomorphic gully morphologies and rehabilitation effects in these erosional landforms.This study provides crucial knowledge of gully dynamics that can be coupled with other lines of evidence for better prioritisation of rehabilitation in the GBR catchments.
文摘Daley et al.(2023a)argue that at least 10-15 years apart Digital Elevation Model(DEM)derived DEMs of Difference(DoD)surveys are needed to detect reliable geomorphic change within the gullied landscapes of the Great Barrier Reef,Australia.We acknowledge that the reliability of observed geomorphic change increases as more subtle geomorphic processes are detected with longer monitoring periods.As further good quality long-term legacy datasets become available,we encourage utilising these to improve confidence in targeting erosion rehabilitation.However,our approach to consistently apply 2-3 year DoDs to contrasting gully morphologies enabled capture of more intense geomorphic processes acting over shorter timeframes and provided valuable and timely information on(i)contrasting erosional mechanisms and erosion rates between variable gully morphologies,and(ii)rehabilitation efforts un-dertaken.In this paper,we take the opportunity to concisely address all the concerns raised by Daley et al.(2023a).
基金supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council Centres of Excellence funding scheme(project CE200100029).
文摘In synthetic biology,microbial chassis including yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are iteratively engineered with increasing complexity and scale.Wet-lab genetic engineering tools are developed and optimised to facilitate strain construction but are often incompatible with each other due to shared regulatory elements,such as the galactose-inducible(GAL)promoter in S.cerevisiae.Here,we prototyped the cyanamide-induced ^(I−)SceI expression,which triggered double-strand DNA breaks(DSBs)for selectable marker removal.We further combined cyanamide-induced ^(I−)SceI-mediated DSB and maltose-induced MazF-mediated negative selection for plasmid-free in situ promoter substitution,which simplified the molecular cloning procedure for promoter characterisation.We then characterised three tetracycline-inducible promoters showing differential strength,a non-leakyβ-estradiol-inducible promoter,cyanamide-inducible DDI2 promoter,bidirectional MAL32/MAL31 promoters,and five pairs of bidirectional GAL1/GAL10 promoters.Overall,alternative regulatory controls for genome engineering tools can be developed to facilitate genomic engineering for synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications.
文摘In this review,advances in the understanding of the controlling factors and physical mechanisms of tropical cyclogenesis(TCG)are summarized from recent(2018–2022)research on TCG,as presented in the Tenth International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones(IWTC-10).Observational,theoretical,and numerical modeling studies published in recent years have advanced our knowledge on the influence of large-scale environmental factors on TCG.Furthermore,studies have shown clearly that appropriate convective coupling with tropical equatorial waves enhances the development chances of TCG.More recently,illuminating research has been carried out on analyzing the mechanisms by which oscillations and teleconnections(El Ni˜no Southern Oscillation(ENSO)in particular)modulate TCG globally,in association with changes in the sea surface temperature(SST).In addition to this,recent research has diligently addressed different aspects of TCG.Multiple studies have reported the applicability of unified theories and physical mechanisms of TCG in different ocean basins.Recently,research has been carried out on TCG under different flow pattern regimes,dry air intrusion,importance of marsupial pouch,genesis of Medicanes,wind shear,convection and vertical structure.Furthermore,studies have discussed the possibility of near equatorial TCG provided that there is enough supply of background vertical vorticity and relatively low vertical wind shear.Progress has been made to understand the role of climate change on global and regional TCG.However,there are still significant gaps which need to be addressed in order to better understand TCG prediction.
