The search for environmentally friendly approaches in viticulture is increasing,driven by the need to minimize the ecological footprint of conventional methods while ensuring high grape quality and stable yields.Among...The search for environmentally friendly approaches in viticulture is increasing,driven by the need to minimize the ecological footprint of conventional methods while ensuring high grape quality and stable yields.Among the various alternatives explored,essential oils(EOs)have drawn attention due to their natural origin and bioactive properties,including antimicrobial,antifungal,and insect-repellent effects.They are characterized by numerous utilisations,from managing diseases and pests in vineyards to post-harvest applications to preserve and prolong storage duration.This innovative review examines,for the first time,the topic of EOs on viticulture,embracing their multiple uses and considering their potential influence on key quality indicators such as fruit firmness,total soluble solids,and phenolic composition.Research findings indicate that EOs can contribute to suppressing fungal development and pest invasions,thereby reducing post-harvest deterioration.However,their effectiveness is influenced by factors such as chemical composition,mode of application,and environmental conditions.Although EOs align well with the principles and broader sustainability goals of integrated pest management(IPM),several obstacles remain,including issues related to their stability,degradation rate,potential phytotoxic effects,and regulatory constraints.In addition to the undoubtedly advantageous aspect for the vineyard,the final chapter of this review focuses right on these obstacles,emphasizing the need to have long-term post-application scientific data on wine organoleptic quality and thus their presence or absence in the must.展开更多
Flavescence dorée(FD)is a destructive phytoplasma disease of European grapevines.Spontaneous and cultivardependent recovery(REC)may occur in the field in FD-infected vines starting the year following the first sy...Flavescence dorée(FD)is a destructive phytoplasma disease of European grapevines.Spontaneous and cultivardependent recovery(REC)may occur in the field in FD-infected vines starting the year following the first symptoms.However,the biological underpinnings of this process are still largely unexplored.In this study,transcriptome sequencing(RNAseq),whole-genome bisulphite sequencing(WGBS)and metabolite analysis were combined to dissect molecular and metabolic changes associated to FD and REC in leaf veins collected in the field from healthy(H),FD and REC plants of the highly susceptible Vitis vinifera‘Barbera’.Genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis,carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses were overexpressed in FD conditions,whereas transcripts linked to hormone and stilbene metabolisms were upregulated in REC vines.Accumulation patterns of abscisic acid and stilbenoid compounds analysed in the same samples confirmed the RNAseq data.In recovery conditions,we also observed the persistence of some FD-induced expression changes concerning inhibition of photosynthetic processes and stress responses.Several differentially expressed genes tied to those pathways also underwent post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs,as outlined by merging our transcriptomic data set with a previously conducted smallRNAseq analysis.Investigations by WGBS analysis also revealed different DNA methylation marks between REC and H leaves,occurring within the promoters of genes tied to photosynthesis and secondary metabolism.The results allowed us to advance the existence of a“molecular memory”of FDp infection,involving alterations in the DNA methylation status of REC plants potentially related to transcriptional reprogramming events,in turn triggering changes in hormonal and secondary metabolite profiles.展开更多
Despite the availability of whole genome sequences of apple and peach,there has been a considerable gap between genomics and breeding.To bridge the gap,the European Union funded the FruitBreedomics project(March 2011 ...Despite the availability of whole genome sequences of apple and peach,there has been a considerable gap between genomics and breeding.To bridge the gap,the European Union funded the FruitBreedomics project(March 2011 to August 2015)involving 28 research institutes and private companies.Three complementary approaches were pursued:(i)tool and software development,(ii)deciphering genetic control of main horticultural traits taking into account allelic diversity and(iii)developing plant materials,tools and methodologies for breeders.Decisive breakthroughs were made including the making available of ready-to-go DNA diagnostic tests for Marker Assisted Breeding,development of new,dense SNP arrays in apple and peach,new phenotypic methods for some complex traits,software for gene/QTL discovery on breeding germplasm via Pedigree Based Analysis(PBA).This resulted in the discovery of highly predictive molecular markers for traits of horticultural interest via PBA and via Genome Wide Association Studies(GWAS)on several European genebank collections.FruitBreedomics also developed pre-breeding plant materials in which multiple sources of resistance were pyramided and software that can support breeders in their selection activities.Through FruitBreedomics,significant progresses were made in the field of apple and peach breeding,genetics,genomics and bioinformatics of which advantage will be made by breeders,germplasm curators and scientists.A major part of the data collected during the project has been stored in the FruitBreedomics database and has been made available to the public.This review covers the scientific discoveries made in this major endeavour,and perspective in the apple and peach breeding and genomics in Europe and beyond.展开更多
The chemical properties and biological activities of soils were studied in the vicinity of the medieval settlement Podkumskoe-3 in the Kislovodsk basin(Northern Caucasus, Russia). Between the 5 th and 8 th centuries t...The chemical properties and biological activities of soils were studied in the vicinity of the medieval settlement Podkumskoe-3 in the Kislovodsk basin(Northern Caucasus, Russia). Between the 5 th and 8 th centuries this area was ploughed regularly, but it was then abandoned up to the present day. It has been established that past human activity leads to soil undergoing significant transformations in terms of microbial communities and enzyme activity, and that such changes are maintained over long periods. Long-term manuring in the middle of the first millennium AD led to an increase in organic carbon content and the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen. Soils of ancient abandoned fields are associated with increases in microbial biomass, number of saprotrophic bacteria, urease activity, and fungal mycelium biomass. The observed changes in the microbiological and biochemical properties of soil were conditioned by secondary anthropogenically induced succession after the abandonment of arable lands.展开更多
Grapevine may be affected simultaneously by several pathogens whose complex interplay is largely unknown.We studied the effects of infection by two grapevine viruses on powdery mildew and downy mildew development and ...Grapevine may be affected simultaneously by several pathogens whose complex interplay is largely unknown.We studied the effects of infection by two grapevine viruses on powdery mildew and downy mildew development and the molecular modifications induced in grapevines by their multiple interactions.Grapevine fanleaf virus(GFLV)and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus(GRSPaV)were transmitted by in vitro-grafting to Vitis vinifera cv Nebbiolo and Chardonnay virus-free plantlets regenerated by somatic embryogenesis.Grapevines were then artificially inoculated in the greenhouse with either Plasmopara viticola or Erysiphe necator spores.GFLV-infected plants showed a reduction in severity of the diseases caused by powdery and downy mildews in comparison to virus-free plants.GFLV induced the overexpression of stilbene synthase genes,pathogenesis-related proteins,and influenced the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in grapevine.These transcriptional changes suggest improved innate plant immunity,which makes the GFLV-infected grapevines less susceptible to other biotic attacks.This,however,cannot be extrapolated to GRSPaV as it was unable to promote protection against the fungal/oomycete pathogens.In these multiple interactions,the grapevine genotype seemed to have a crucial role:in‘Nebbiolo’,the virus-induced molecular changes were different from those observed in‘Chardonnay’,suggesting that different metabolic pathways may be involved in protection against fungal/oomycete pathogens.These results indicate that complex interactions do exist between grapevine and its different pathogens and represent the first study on a topic that still is largely unexplored.展开更多
文摘The search for environmentally friendly approaches in viticulture is increasing,driven by the need to minimize the ecological footprint of conventional methods while ensuring high grape quality and stable yields.Among the various alternatives explored,essential oils(EOs)have drawn attention due to their natural origin and bioactive properties,including antimicrobial,antifungal,and insect-repellent effects.They are characterized by numerous utilisations,from managing diseases and pests in vineyards to post-harvest applications to preserve and prolong storage duration.This innovative review examines,for the first time,the topic of EOs on viticulture,embracing their multiple uses and considering their potential influence on key quality indicators such as fruit firmness,total soluble solids,and phenolic composition.Research findings indicate that EOs can contribute to suppressing fungal development and pest invasions,thereby reducing post-harvest deterioration.However,their effectiveness is influenced by factors such as chemical composition,mode of application,and environmental conditions.Although EOs align well with the principles and broader sustainability goals of integrated pest management(IPM),several obstacles remain,including issues related to their stability,degradation rate,potential phytotoxic effects,and regulatory constraints.In addition to the undoubtedly advantageous aspect for the vineyard,the final chapter of this review focuses right on these obstacles,emphasizing the need to have long-term post-application scientific data on wine organoleptic quality and thus their presence or absence in the must.
基金support by the“INTEFLAVI project:un approccio integrato alla lotta contro la Flavescenza dorata della vite”,jointly funded by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Cuneo(CRC),Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Asti(CRA)and Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Torino(CRT).
文摘Flavescence dorée(FD)is a destructive phytoplasma disease of European grapevines.Spontaneous and cultivardependent recovery(REC)may occur in the field in FD-infected vines starting the year following the first symptoms.However,the biological underpinnings of this process are still largely unexplored.In this study,transcriptome sequencing(RNAseq),whole-genome bisulphite sequencing(WGBS)and metabolite analysis were combined to dissect molecular and metabolic changes associated to FD and REC in leaf veins collected in the field from healthy(H),FD and REC plants of the highly susceptible Vitis vinifera‘Barbera’.Genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis,carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses were overexpressed in FD conditions,whereas transcripts linked to hormone and stilbene metabolisms were upregulated in REC vines.Accumulation patterns of abscisic acid and stilbenoid compounds analysed in the same samples confirmed the RNAseq data.In recovery conditions,we also observed the persistence of some FD-induced expression changes concerning inhibition of photosynthetic processes and stress responses.Several differentially expressed genes tied to those pathways also underwent post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs,as outlined by merging our transcriptomic data set with a previously conducted smallRNAseq analysis.Investigations by WGBS analysis also revealed different DNA methylation marks between REC and H leaves,occurring within the promoters of genes tied to photosynthesis and secondary metabolism.The results allowed us to advance the existence of a“molecular memory”of FDp infection,involving alterations in the DNA methylation status of REC plants potentially related to transcriptional reprogramming events,in turn triggering changes in hormonal and secondary metabolite profiles.
基金This work has been funded under the EU seventh Framework Programme by the FruitBreedomics project No.265582:Integrated Approach for increasing breeding efficiency in fruit tree crops(http://www.fruitbreedomics.com/).
文摘Despite the availability of whole genome sequences of apple and peach,there has been a considerable gap between genomics and breeding.To bridge the gap,the European Union funded the FruitBreedomics project(March 2011 to August 2015)involving 28 research institutes and private companies.Three complementary approaches were pursued:(i)tool and software development,(ii)deciphering genetic control of main horticultural traits taking into account allelic diversity and(iii)developing plant materials,tools and methodologies for breeders.Decisive breakthroughs were made including the making available of ready-to-go DNA diagnostic tests for Marker Assisted Breeding,development of new,dense SNP arrays in apple and peach,new phenotypic methods for some complex traits,software for gene/QTL discovery on breeding germplasm via Pedigree Based Analysis(PBA).This resulted in the discovery of highly predictive molecular markers for traits of horticultural interest via PBA and via Genome Wide Association Studies(GWAS)on several European genebank collections.FruitBreedomics also developed pre-breeding plant materials in which multiple sources of resistance were pyramided and software that can support breeders in their selection activities.Through FruitBreedomics,significant progresses were made in the field of apple and peach breeding,genetics,genomics and bioinformatics of which advantage will be made by breeders,germplasm curators and scientists.A major part of the data collected during the project has been stored in the FruitBreedomics database and has been made available to the public.This review covers the scientific discoveries made in this major endeavour,and perspective in the apple and peach breeding and genomics in Europe and beyond.
基金funded by the Russian Science Foundation(Grant No.17-78-10207)
文摘The chemical properties and biological activities of soils were studied in the vicinity of the medieval settlement Podkumskoe-3 in the Kislovodsk basin(Northern Caucasus, Russia). Between the 5 th and 8 th centuries this area was ploughed regularly, but it was then abandoned up to the present day. It has been established that past human activity leads to soil undergoing significant transformations in terms of microbial communities and enzyme activity, and that such changes are maintained over long periods. Long-term manuring in the middle of the first millennium AD led to an increase in organic carbon content and the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen. Soils of ancient abandoned fields are associated with increases in microbial biomass, number of saprotrophic bacteria, urease activity, and fungal mycelium biomass. The observed changes in the microbiological and biochemical properties of soil were conditioned by secondary anthropogenically induced succession after the abandonment of arable lands.
基金supported by the SAFEGRAPE project(Sustainable grapevine protection against fungal pathogens)funded by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Cuneo.
文摘Grapevine may be affected simultaneously by several pathogens whose complex interplay is largely unknown.We studied the effects of infection by two grapevine viruses on powdery mildew and downy mildew development and the molecular modifications induced in grapevines by their multiple interactions.Grapevine fanleaf virus(GFLV)and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus(GRSPaV)were transmitted by in vitro-grafting to Vitis vinifera cv Nebbiolo and Chardonnay virus-free plantlets regenerated by somatic embryogenesis.Grapevines were then artificially inoculated in the greenhouse with either Plasmopara viticola or Erysiphe necator spores.GFLV-infected plants showed a reduction in severity of the diseases caused by powdery and downy mildews in comparison to virus-free plants.GFLV induced the overexpression of stilbene synthase genes,pathogenesis-related proteins,and influenced the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in grapevine.These transcriptional changes suggest improved innate plant immunity,which makes the GFLV-infected grapevines less susceptible to other biotic attacks.This,however,cannot be extrapolated to GRSPaV as it was unable to promote protection against the fungal/oomycete pathogens.In these multiple interactions,the grapevine genotype seemed to have a crucial role:in‘Nebbiolo’,the virus-induced molecular changes were different from those observed in‘Chardonnay’,suggesting that different metabolic pathways may be involved in protection against fungal/oomycete pathogens.These results indicate that complex interactions do exist between grapevine and its different pathogens and represent the first study on a topic that still is largely unexplored.
