Given the unique challenges facing the railway industry, cybersecurity is a crucial issue that must be addressed proactively. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of cybersecurity threats that could impact t...Given the unique challenges facing the railway industry, cybersecurity is a crucial issue that must be addressed proactively. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of cybersecurity threats that could impact the safety and operations of rolling stock, the privacy and security of passengers and employees, and the public in general. The systematic literature review revealed that cyber threats to the railway industry can take many forms, including attacks on operational technology systems, data breaches, theft of sensitive information, and disruptions to train services. The consequences of these threats can be severe, leading to operational disruptions, financial losses, and loss of public trust in the railway system. To address these threats, railway organizations must adopt a proactive approach to security and implement robust cybersecurity measures tailored to the industry’s specific needs and challenges. This includes regular testing of systems for vulnerabilities, incident response plans, and employee training to identify and respond to cyber threats. Ensuring the system remains available, reliable, and maintainable is fundamental given the importance of railways as critical infrastructure and the potential harm that can be caused by cyber threats.展开更多
The biochemical response of Coffea arabica var.Borbon to chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides(COS)was evaluated in one-year-old plants under greenhouse conditions.COS solutions were synthesized through chemical and ...The biochemical response of Coffea arabica var.Borbon to chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides(COS)was evaluated in one-year-old plants under greenhouse conditions.COS solutions were synthesized through chemical and physical hydrolysis using acetic acid,hydrogen peroxide,and microwave irradiation.The obtained COS had an average molecular weight(Mw)of 3549.90±0.33 Daltons(Da),a deacetylation degree(DD)of 76.64±1.12%,and a polymerization degree(PD)of 18.91±0.0018.Solutions of chitosan and COS were applied to C.arabica var.Borbon at concentrations of 0.25,0.5,and 1 wt%.The experimental design was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replications.The biochemical responses assessed included soluble protein content,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),chitinase,β-1,3-glucanase,peroxidase,catalase,and chlorophyll fluorescence.The application of COS demonstrated significant differences(α=0.05)in protein concentration,with the activity ofβ-1,3-glucanase,chitinase,and catalase being 1.5,7.5,and 3.9 times higher,respectively,while showing similar behavior to chitosan in PAL activity,both up to 4.4 times higher than the distilled water control and lower than chitosan in peroxidase activity.Treatments with chitosan yielded a higher photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II(PSII).The application of COS suggests a viable foliar alternative to active plant defense mechanisms without the risk of phytotoxicity.展开更多
Nanotechnology offers promising perspectives for revolutionizing agriculture by enhancing productivity and sustainability.Although the global agricultural nanotechnology market was valued at US$352.4 billion in 2023 a...Nanotechnology offers promising perspectives for revolutionizing agriculture by enhancing productivity and sustainability.Although the global agricultural nanotechnology market was valued at US$352.4 billion in 2023 and is estimated to reach US$868.9 billion by 2031,concerns about adverse environmental effects persist.This review summarizes the latest developments and perspectives of nanotechnology applied to agriculture,highlighting both advancements and potential impacts on soil ecosystems.However,concerns regarding regulatory measures,economic viability,and scalability hinder its widespread adoption.Collaboration among stakeholders is crucial to establishing effective frameworks for the safe and responsible application of nanotechnology in agriculture.Despite these concerns,nanotechnology holds great promise for addressing emerging challenges in agriculture and advancing toward more sustainable and efficient practices.展开更多
A significant portion of losses in the fruit and vegetable sector are caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea,due to its high prevalence in over 1000 crop species.Identifying a technology capable of exclusi...A significant portion of losses in the fruit and vegetable sector are caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea,due to its high prevalence in over 1000 crop species.Identifying a technology capable of exclusively inhibiting its growth and development remains challenging;therefore,various treatments have been proposed to act synergistically in preventing the spread of this pathogen.The objective of this study was to evaluate an ultrasound-assisted treatment combined with chitosan to control the development of B.cinerea.In vitro analyses showed that combining temperature,ultrasound,and chitosan inhibited the fungal radial growth by 80%,reduced sporulation,and decreased germination.Electrolyte leak analysis indicated damage to the B.cinerea cell wall,causing intracellular material to escape into the environment.Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images also revealed severe structural damage,including loss of the cytoplasmic membrane and cell lysis.展开更多
Plastic contamination has become a major environmental concern and impacts human health,and yet this is still a topic that remains largely understudied.Effects of macro-and microplastics on soil physical,chemical,and ...Plastic contamination has become a major environmental concern and impacts human health,and yet this is still a topic that remains largely understudied.Effects of macro-and microplastics on soil physical,chemical,and biological properties,including soil biota,are considered adverse for soils.Due to their small size and porous surface,microplastics can also be a new environmental concern because of their ability to act as carriers of contaminants or diseases.展开更多
To improve crop yields,global food production needs sustainable agronomic tools like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR).Region-adapted PGPR strains are crucial to increasing peanut production.Argentina is the ...To improve crop yields,global food production needs sustainable agronomic tools like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR).Region-adapted PGPR strains are crucial to increasing peanut production.Argentina is the seventh-largest peanut producer,and Cordoba is the main region with 250,000 ha(75%of the total sowing area).This study aimed to isolate,identify,and characterize the biocontrol and growth promotion capacity of PGPR strains belonging to the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera.The strains were tested against Sclerotinia minor,Sclerotium rolfsii,Fusarium verticillioides,and Aspergillus flavus for biocontrol assays.For growth promotion,pot trials used two peanut cultivars,ASEM 400 INTA and Granoleico,under 40%and 60%field capacity under two water regimes.The isolated strains were Bacillus velezensis,B.subtilis,B.tequilensis,B.safensis,B.altitudinis,and Pseudomonas psychrophila.These strains demonstrated in-vitro phosphorus solubilization,nitrogen fixation,ammonification,nitrification,enzyme releasing,phytohormones production,and high biocontrol capacity of over 75%.SC6 and RI3(both B.velezensis)and P10(P.psychrophila)exhibited outstanding performance.They significantly promoted peanut root biomass by more than 50%and leaf area by 30%,with increased chlorophyll content index and leaf relative water content,particularly under water stress conditions(40%field capacity).According to the results,RI3,SC6,and P10 could be classified as PGPR,which supports the results obtained in other field studies with these same microorganisms.Future investigations should prioritize the development of industrial formulations to assess their effectiveness in alternative crops and to incorporate them into other agricultural practices.展开更多
The use of organic fertilizers can be an opportunity to increase crop yield and improve soil fertility in semi-arid regions,since soils from these regions usually have unfavourable conditions for plant growth.This res...The use of organic fertilizers can be an opportunity to increase crop yield and improve soil fertility in semi-arid regions,since soils from these regions usually have unfavourable conditions for plant growth.This research investigates the effects of organic and mineral fertilization on the impact of soil properties(pH,electrical conductivity and organic matter),availability of macro-(N,P and K),micro-nutrients(Fe,Mn,Cu and Zn)and the accumulation of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cr)in soil and potato tubers grown under semiarid conditions.A field experiment was conducted in Raqqa Governorate(Syria)using a randomized complete block design with six treatments:control,mineral fertilizer,fermented cow manure,municipal compost,sewage sludge and olive oil solid waste.At harvest,soil and plant samples were analyzed to assess nutrient dynamics in the soil and potato tubers,including metal uptake.The results showed that the highest yields were obtained with mineral fertilizer(22.87 t ha^(−1))and sewage sludge(22.15 t ha^(−1)).Organic amendments significantly improved soil organic matter,total nitrogen,and the bioavailability of phosphorus,potassium,and micronutrients after harvest.Compost and sewage sludge notably enhanced the soil and plant contents of Mn and Cu.However,these amendments also increased the amounts of Pb and Cd in soils and their uptake by plants,with Cd contents exceeding the Codex Alimentarius limit for potatoes(>0.1 mg kg^(−1)).These findings highlight the potential of treated organic waste as a valuable nutrient input for potato cultivation,especially in resource-limited areas.However,continuous monitoring is required due to the risk of heavy metal accumulation.Integrating organic fertilizers with mineral sources appears to be an effective strategy for improving crop productivity,soil health,and environmental sustainability.展开更多
Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints stil...Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints still impose heavy losses—downy mildewcan reduce yields by≈75%in humid regions and gray mold by 20–50%—sustaining the need for resistant cultivars.Producer selection,interspecific crossing,and formal improvement programs have generated~10,000 varieties,although only a few dozen dominate global acreage.Conventional breeding has delivered fungus-resistant“PIWI”cultivars that retain≥85%of the V.vinifera genome;in Austria,national PIWI varieties are gaining acceptance for combined resistance to downy and powdery mildew and strong enological quality,while in Brazil,using‘BRS Isis’as a male parent produced a high proportion of seedless progeny.Over the past two decades,mapping studies have identified>30 resistance loci to Plasmopara viticola(Rpv)and 15 to Erysiphe necator(Ren/Run),enabling MAS and locus pyramiding;widely deployed loci include Rpv1,Rpv3 haplotypes,Rpv10,Rpv12,Run1,Ren1,Ren3,and Ren9.Gene editing further expands options:CRISPR knockout of VvMLO3 confers powdery-mildew resistance,whereas VvPR4b knockout increases susceptibility to P.viticola,highlighting both opportunity and gene-specific risk.To date,no consolidated program-or country-level percentages exist for MAS/CRISPR adoption in grape.Instead,proxy indicators—MAS screening throughput,the number of programs employing MAS,and CRISPR’s laboratory/pilot status with no commercial releases—suggest broad operational MAS and early-stage CRISPR implementation;for example,Germany reported>23 disease-resistant grapevine varieties developed with MAS and the loci above by 2022.Finally,this review analyzes the future of grapevine breeding,with a particular emphasis on the adoption of novel approaches to multi-omics,AI in breeding models,and sustainability for improving breeding schemes.An interdisciplinary effort will be required to find future solutions,as viticulture has entered a precision breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by the industry and the fight for long-term sustainability of grape production.展开更多
Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)play an important role in plant survival and adaptation.They contribute to defense against pests and pathogens,tolerance to abiotic stress,and the mediation of essential ecological inte...Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)play an important role in plant survival and adaptation.They contribute to defense against pests and pathogens,tolerance to abiotic stress,and the mediation of essential ecological interactions such as pollination and attraction of dispersal agents.The complex mixture of VOCs produced by an organism,known as volatilome,varies across species,populations,and individuals,making VOCs a major factor in crop diversification and adaptation.In this context,characterizing the volatilome of crop genotypes can provide insight into their ecological associations and potential relationships with agronomic traits.In this study,the volatilome of 15 closely related‘Hass’-type avocado variant genotypes was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS).These genotypes had been previously characterized by agromorphological attributes such as early bearing,dwarf growth habit,and/or high productivity according to IPGRI descriptors.A total of 65 volatile compounds were identified,18 of which—four in leaves and 14 in flowers—had not been previously reported in Persea americana.Chemical profiling allowed classification of the genotypes into eight foliar and floral chemotypes.Most dwarf genotypes,except for F4A7,exhibited distinct chemical profiles compared to the‘Hass’cultivar and the other variants.Correlation analyses indicated that certain compounds,including phytol(r=0.6112)and decane(r=0.6822),were positively associated with yield.Phytol,2-[(8z,11z)-heptadeca-8,11-dienyl]furan,tricosane,2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene,and decane also showed moderate associations with fruit quality traits such as size and weight,with r values ranging from 0.6585 to 0.5799.In contrast,palmitic acid,β-caryophyllene,humulene,andα-farnesene exhibited negative correlations with yield,with an average r-value of–0.5960.Furthermore,the results indicated the presence of tissue-specific compounds,with 36 volatiles detected exclusively in the floral tissue of the analyzed genotypes.These findings advance our understanding of the avocado volatilome and suggest that volatilome profiles could be used as an additional selection criterion for identifying high-performing genotypes.展开更多
Solar chimneys are renewable energy systems designed to enhance natural ventilation,improving thermal comfort in buildings.As passive systems,solar chimneys contribute to energy efficiency in a sustainable and environ...Solar chimneys are renewable energy systems designed to enhance natural ventilation,improving thermal comfort in buildings.As passive systems,solar chimneys contribute to energy efficiency in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way.The effectiveness of a solar chimney depends on its design and orientation relative to the cardinal directions,both of which are critical for optimal performance.This article presents a supervised learning approach using artificial neural networks to forecast the performance indicators of solar chimneys.Thedataset includes information from 2784 solar chimney configurations,which encompasses various factors such as chimney height,channel thickness,glass thickness,paint,wall material,measurement date,and orientation.The case study examines the four cardinal orientations and weather data from Mexico City,covering the period from 01 January to 31 December 2024.The main results indicate that the proposed artificial neural network models achieved higher coefficient of determination values(0.905-0.990)than the baseline method across performance indicators of the solar chimney system,demonstrating greater accuracy and improved generalization.The proposed approach highlights the potential of using artificial neural networks as a decision-making tool in the design stage of solar chimneys in sustainable architecture.展开更多
Trees,mammals,and microbes relate to soil carbon(C)cycle.Trees capture C,and mammals consume plants and other animals,both contributing to organic remains that are then degraded by soil microbes.This organic C can be ...Trees,mammals,and microbes relate to soil carbon(C)cycle.Trees capture C,and mammals consume plants and other animals,both contributing to organic remains that are then degraded by soil microbes.This organic C can be stored in soils or released into the atmosphere through microbial mineralization.Yet,the simultaneous effects of mammals and trees on C consumption by soil microbes have not been investigated.For 30 sampling sites in a mixed forest-savanna environment in southern Guyana,we jointly analyzed observational data of mammal and tree communities along with soil organic matter(SOM)composition(using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with attenuated total reflectance,energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,and CNH elemental analyzer)and soil microbial C consumption(using Biolog EcoPlates).It was found that higher mammal functional richness(FRic)and functional evenness(FEve)were related to reduced overall C consumption by soil microbes(for FRic:regression coefficient(β)=-0.010,standard error(SE)=0.005,P=0.034;for FEve:β=-0.012,SE=0.005,P=0.010)with the coefficient of determination(R^(2))value of 0.359,explaining 36%of the variance in average well color development values,whereas a higher tree richness was associated with a reduced diversity of C sources consumed by soil microbial communities(β=-0.353,SE=0.172,P=0.041)with the R2 value of 0.290,explaining 29%of the variance in Shannon diversity index values.Our results indicate that mammal and tree communities have complementary effects on soil microbial C consumption,improving our understanding of the functioning of C cycle in the high-diversity Amazon biome.These findings are crucial in elucidating the intricate connections between above-and belowground biodiversity that influence the accumulation and stabilization of soil organic C.展开更多
A series of 17-yr equilibrium simulations using the NCAR COM3 (T42resolution) were performed to investigate the regional scale impacts of land cover change andincreasing CO_2 over China. Simulations with natural and c...A series of 17-yr equilibrium simulations using the NCAR COM3 (T42resolution) were performed to investigate the regional scale impacts of land cover change andincreasing CO_2 over China. Simulations with natural and current land cover at CO_2 levels of 280,355, 430, and 505 ppmv were conducted. Results show statistically significant changes in majorclimate fields (e.g. temperature and surface wind speed) on a 15-yr average following land coverchange. We also found increases in the maximum temperature and in the diurnal temperature range dueto land cover change. Increases in CO_2 affect both the maximum and minimum temperature so thatchanges in the diurnal range are small. Both land cover change and CO_2 change also impact thefrequency distribution of precipitation with increasing CO_2 tending to lead to more intenseprecipitation and land cover change leading to less intense precipitation―indeed, the impact ofland cover change typically had the opposite effect versus the impacts of CO_2. Our results providesupport for the inclusion of future land cover change scenarios in long-term transitory climatemodelling experiments of the 21st Century. Our results also support the inclusion of land surfacemodels that can represent future land cover changes resulting from an ecological response to naturalclimate variability or increasing CO_2. Overall, we show that land cover change can have asignificant impact on the regional scale climate of China, and that regionally, this impact is of asimilar magnitude to increases in CO_2 of up to about 430 ppmv. This means that that the impact ofland cover change must be accounted for in detection and attribution studies over China.展开更多
We determined mercury retention on calcined and ground mussel shell, in presence and absence of phosphate, using batch and stirred flow chamber experiments. In batch experiments the calcined shell exhibited higher Hg ...We determined mercury retention on calcined and ground mussel shell, in presence and absence of phosphate, using batch and stirred flow chamber experiments. In batch experiments the calcined shell exhibited higher Hg adsorption, with good fitting to Freundlich equation （R^2： 0.925-0.978）; the presence of phosphate increased Hg adsorption; mercury desorption was 13% or lower, diminishing up to 2% under the presence of phosphates. In stirred flow chamber experiments calcined shell retained more Hg than ground shells （6300 vs. 4000-5200 μmol/kg）; Hg retention increased an additional 40% on calcined shell and up to an additional 70% on ground shells when phosphates were present; mercury desorption was quite similar in all shell types （20%-34%）, increasing up to 49%-60% in ground shells when phosphates were present. The higher Hg adsorption on calcined shell would be related to its calcite and dolomite concentrations; mercury-phosphate interactions would cause the increase in Hg retention when phosphates are present. Data on Hg desorption suggest that Hg retention was not easily reversible after batch experiments, increasing in the stirred flow chamber due to convective flow. Calcined and ground mussel shells could be recycled removing Hg from water, with the presence of phosphates in solution improving efficacy.展开更多
文摘Given the unique challenges facing the railway industry, cybersecurity is a crucial issue that must be addressed proactively. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of cybersecurity threats that could impact the safety and operations of rolling stock, the privacy and security of passengers and employees, and the public in general. The systematic literature review revealed that cyber threats to the railway industry can take many forms, including attacks on operational technology systems, data breaches, theft of sensitive information, and disruptions to train services. The consequences of these threats can be severe, leading to operational disruptions, financial losses, and loss of public trust in the railway system. To address these threats, railway organizations must adopt a proactive approach to security and implement robust cybersecurity measures tailored to the industry’s specific needs and challenges. This includes regular testing of systems for vulnerabilities, incident response plans, and employee training to identify and respond to cyber threats. Ensuring the system remains available, reliable, and maintainable is fundamental given the importance of railways as critical infrastructure and the potential harm that can be caused by cyber threats.
文摘The biochemical response of Coffea arabica var.Borbon to chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides(COS)was evaluated in one-year-old plants under greenhouse conditions.COS solutions were synthesized through chemical and physical hydrolysis using acetic acid,hydrogen peroxide,and microwave irradiation.The obtained COS had an average molecular weight(Mw)of 3549.90±0.33 Daltons(Da),a deacetylation degree(DD)of 76.64±1.12%,and a polymerization degree(PD)of 18.91±0.0018.Solutions of chitosan and COS were applied to C.arabica var.Borbon at concentrations of 0.25,0.5,and 1 wt%.The experimental design was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replications.The biochemical responses assessed included soluble protein content,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),chitinase,β-1,3-glucanase,peroxidase,catalase,and chlorophyll fluorescence.The application of COS demonstrated significant differences(α=0.05)in protein concentration,with the activity ofβ-1,3-glucanase,chitinase,and catalase being 1.5,7.5,and 3.9 times higher,respectively,while showing similar behavior to chitosan in PAL activity,both up to 4.4 times higher than the distilled water control and lower than chitosan in peroxidase activity.Treatments with chitosan yielded a higher photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II(PSII).The application of COS suggests a viable foliar alternative to active plant defense mechanisms without the risk of phytotoxicity.
基金funded by the Envi Nagro Project(No.PID 2021-124497OA-I00)supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation,Agency and the European Regional Development Fund of Spain(No.MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER,UE)The financial support of the Regional Ministry of Culture,Education,and University(Xunta de Galicia),Galicia,Spain is also recognized through the contract(No.ED431C 2021/46-GRC)granted to the research group BV1 of the University of Vigo,Spain+2 种基金PPR and ARS have postdoctoral contract Juan de la Cierva Incorporación(Nos.IJC 2020-044426-I/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and IJC2020-044197-I/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain,the European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR,and the University of Vigo,Spaina postdoctoral fellowship(No.ED481B-2022-081)financed by Xunta de Galicia,Spaina postdoctoral contract Ramón y Cajal(No.RYC2022-036752-I)funded by the Ministry of Science,Innovation,and Universities of Spain,the European Union,and the University of Vigo,Spain。
文摘Nanotechnology offers promising perspectives for revolutionizing agriculture by enhancing productivity and sustainability.Although the global agricultural nanotechnology market was valued at US$352.4 billion in 2023 and is estimated to reach US$868.9 billion by 2031,concerns about adverse environmental effects persist.This review summarizes the latest developments and perspectives of nanotechnology applied to agriculture,highlighting both advancements and potential impacts on soil ecosystems.However,concerns regarding regulatory measures,economic viability,and scalability hinder its widespread adoption.Collaboration among stakeholders is crucial to establishing effective frameworks for the safe and responsible application of nanotechnology in agriculture.Despite these concerns,nanotechnology holds great promise for addressing emerging challenges in agriculture and advancing toward more sustainable and efficient practices.
文摘A significant portion of losses in the fruit and vegetable sector are caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea,due to its high prevalence in over 1000 crop species.Identifying a technology capable of exclusively inhibiting its growth and development remains challenging;therefore,various treatments have been proposed to act synergistically in preventing the spread of this pathogen.The objective of this study was to evaluate an ultrasound-assisted treatment combined with chitosan to control the development of B.cinerea.In vitro analyses showed that combining temperature,ultrasound,and chitosan inhibited the fungal radial growth by 80%,reduced sporulation,and decreased germination.Electrolyte leak analysis indicated damage to the B.cinerea cell wall,causing intracellular material to escape into the environment.Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images also revealed severe structural damage,including loss of the cytoplasmic membrane and cell lysis.
基金funded by the research project Env Agro(No.XG-IDI24-05/04)of Universidade de Vigo(Spain)and Universidade do Minho(Portugal)the financial support of the Consellería de Cultura,Educación e Universidade,Xunta de Galicia(Spain)through the contract(No.ED431C2021/46-GCR)granted to the research group BV1 of Universidade de Vigo+3 种基金a postdoctoral fellowship(No.ED481B-2022081)funded by Xunta de Galiciaa pre-doctoral Formación de Profesorado Universitario contract(No.FPU19/03758)funded by the Ministry of Universities(Spanish Government)supported by a JdCi research contract(No.IJC2020044197-I)funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union EU/PRTREuropean Cooperation in Science and Technology(COST)Action CA20101 Plastics Monitoring Detection Remediation Recovery—PRIORITY,supported by COST(www.cost.eu)。
文摘Plastic contamination has become a major environmental concern and impacts human health,and yet this is still a topic that remains largely understudied.Effects of macro-and microplastics on soil physical,chemical,and biological properties,including soil biota,are considered adverse for soils.Due to their small size and porous surface,microplastics can also be a new environmental concern because of their ability to act as carriers of contaminants or diseases.
基金the Universidad Nacional de Co rdoba,Argentina,and the Secretaría de Cienciay Tecnología (UNC,SECyT) for the financial support of the CONSOLIDAR 2018–2022 project‘EFECTO DE LOS MICROORGANISMOS PROMOTORES DEL CRECIMIENTO SOBRE LA ECOFISIOLOGíA Y EL CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES EN EL CULTIVO DE MANí.'the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET) for the doctoral fellowshipthe University of Córdoba (Spain) for the support provided through the “Plan Propio de Investigación” 2020–2024。
文摘To improve crop yields,global food production needs sustainable agronomic tools like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR).Region-adapted PGPR strains are crucial to increasing peanut production.Argentina is the seventh-largest peanut producer,and Cordoba is the main region with 250,000 ha(75%of the total sowing area).This study aimed to isolate,identify,and characterize the biocontrol and growth promotion capacity of PGPR strains belonging to the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera.The strains were tested against Sclerotinia minor,Sclerotium rolfsii,Fusarium verticillioides,and Aspergillus flavus for biocontrol assays.For growth promotion,pot trials used two peanut cultivars,ASEM 400 INTA and Granoleico,under 40%and 60%field capacity under two water regimes.The isolated strains were Bacillus velezensis,B.subtilis,B.tequilensis,B.safensis,B.altitudinis,and Pseudomonas psychrophila.These strains demonstrated in-vitro phosphorus solubilization,nitrogen fixation,ammonification,nitrification,enzyme releasing,phytohormones production,and high biocontrol capacity of over 75%.SC6 and RI3(both B.velezensis)and P10(P.psychrophila)exhibited outstanding performance.They significantly promoted peanut root biomass by more than 50%and leaf area by 30%,with increased chlorophyll content index and leaf relative water content,particularly under water stress conditions(40%field capacity).According to the results,RI3,SC6,and P10 could be classified as PGPR,which supports the results obtained in other field studies with these same microorganisms.Future investigations should prioritize the development of industrial formulations to assess their effectiveness in alternative crops and to incorporate them into other agricultural practices.
基金ARS would like to acknowledge their JdCi research contract(IJC2020-044197-I)funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union EU/PRTR。
文摘The use of organic fertilizers can be an opportunity to increase crop yield and improve soil fertility in semi-arid regions,since soils from these regions usually have unfavourable conditions for plant growth.This research investigates the effects of organic and mineral fertilization on the impact of soil properties(pH,electrical conductivity and organic matter),availability of macro-(N,P and K),micro-nutrients(Fe,Mn,Cu and Zn)and the accumulation of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cr)in soil and potato tubers grown under semiarid conditions.A field experiment was conducted in Raqqa Governorate(Syria)using a randomized complete block design with six treatments:control,mineral fertilizer,fermented cow manure,municipal compost,sewage sludge and olive oil solid waste.At harvest,soil and plant samples were analyzed to assess nutrient dynamics in the soil and potato tubers,including metal uptake.The results showed that the highest yields were obtained with mineral fertilizer(22.87 t ha^(−1))and sewage sludge(22.15 t ha^(−1)).Organic amendments significantly improved soil organic matter,total nitrogen,and the bioavailability of phosphorus,potassium,and micronutrients after harvest.Compost and sewage sludge notably enhanced the soil and plant contents of Mn and Cu.However,these amendments also increased the amounts of Pb and Cd in soils and their uptake by plants,with Cd contents exceeding the Codex Alimentarius limit for potatoes(>0.1 mg kg^(−1)).These findings highlight the potential of treated organic waste as a valuable nutrient input for potato cultivation,especially in resource-limited areas.However,continuous monitoring is required due to the risk of heavy metal accumulation.Integrating organic fertilizers with mineral sources appears to be an effective strategy for improving crop productivity,soil health,and environmental sustainability.
文摘Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints still impose heavy losses—downy mildewcan reduce yields by≈75%in humid regions and gray mold by 20–50%—sustaining the need for resistant cultivars.Producer selection,interspecific crossing,and formal improvement programs have generated~10,000 varieties,although only a few dozen dominate global acreage.Conventional breeding has delivered fungus-resistant“PIWI”cultivars that retain≥85%of the V.vinifera genome;in Austria,national PIWI varieties are gaining acceptance for combined resistance to downy and powdery mildew and strong enological quality,while in Brazil,using‘BRS Isis’as a male parent produced a high proportion of seedless progeny.Over the past two decades,mapping studies have identified>30 resistance loci to Plasmopara viticola(Rpv)and 15 to Erysiphe necator(Ren/Run),enabling MAS and locus pyramiding;widely deployed loci include Rpv1,Rpv3 haplotypes,Rpv10,Rpv12,Run1,Ren1,Ren3,and Ren9.Gene editing further expands options:CRISPR knockout of VvMLO3 confers powdery-mildew resistance,whereas VvPR4b knockout increases susceptibility to P.viticola,highlighting both opportunity and gene-specific risk.To date,no consolidated program-or country-level percentages exist for MAS/CRISPR adoption in grape.Instead,proxy indicators—MAS screening throughput,the number of programs employing MAS,and CRISPR’s laboratory/pilot status with no commercial releases—suggest broad operational MAS and early-stage CRISPR implementation;for example,Germany reported>23 disease-resistant grapevine varieties developed with MAS and the loci above by 2022.Finally,this review analyzes the future of grapevine breeding,with a particular emphasis on the adoption of novel approaches to multi-omics,AI in breeding models,and sustainability for improving breeding schemes.An interdisciplinary effort will be required to find future solutions,as viticulture has entered a precision breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by the industry and the fight for long-term sustainability of grape production.
基金funded by the Coordinación de la Investigación Científica(UMSNH),with financial support number 18199,and by the SECIHTI grant number 832390.
文摘Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)play an important role in plant survival and adaptation.They contribute to defense against pests and pathogens,tolerance to abiotic stress,and the mediation of essential ecological interactions such as pollination and attraction of dispersal agents.The complex mixture of VOCs produced by an organism,known as volatilome,varies across species,populations,and individuals,making VOCs a major factor in crop diversification and adaptation.In this context,characterizing the volatilome of crop genotypes can provide insight into their ecological associations and potential relationships with agronomic traits.In this study,the volatilome of 15 closely related‘Hass’-type avocado variant genotypes was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS).These genotypes had been previously characterized by agromorphological attributes such as early bearing,dwarf growth habit,and/or high productivity according to IPGRI descriptors.A total of 65 volatile compounds were identified,18 of which—four in leaves and 14 in flowers—had not been previously reported in Persea americana.Chemical profiling allowed classification of the genotypes into eight foliar and floral chemotypes.Most dwarf genotypes,except for F4A7,exhibited distinct chemical profiles compared to the‘Hass’cultivar and the other variants.Correlation analyses indicated that certain compounds,including phytol(r=0.6112)and decane(r=0.6822),were positively associated with yield.Phytol,2-[(8z,11z)-heptadeca-8,11-dienyl]furan,tricosane,2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene,and decane also showed moderate associations with fruit quality traits such as size and weight,with r values ranging from 0.6585 to 0.5799.In contrast,palmitic acid,β-caryophyllene,humulene,andα-farnesene exhibited negative correlations with yield,with an average r-value of–0.5960.Furthermore,the results indicated the presence of tissue-specific compounds,with 36 volatiles detected exclusively in the floral tissue of the analyzed genotypes.These findings advance our understanding of the avocado volatilome and suggest that volatilome profiles could be used as an additional selection criterion for identifying high-performing genotypes.
文摘Solar chimneys are renewable energy systems designed to enhance natural ventilation,improving thermal comfort in buildings.As passive systems,solar chimneys contribute to energy efficiency in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way.The effectiveness of a solar chimney depends on its design and orientation relative to the cardinal directions,both of which are critical for optimal performance.This article presents a supervised learning approach using artificial neural networks to forecast the performance indicators of solar chimneys.Thedataset includes information from 2784 solar chimney configurations,which encompasses various factors such as chimney height,channel thickness,glass thickness,paint,wall material,measurement date,and orientation.The case study examines the four cardinal orientations and weather data from Mexico City,covering the period from 01 January to 31 December 2024.The main results indicate that the proposed artificial neural network models achieved higher coefficient of determination values(0.905-0.990)than the baseline method across performance indicators of the solar chimney system,demonstrating greater accuracy and improved generalization.The proposed approach highlights the potential of using artificial neural networks as a decision-making tool in the design stage of solar chimneys in sustainable architecture.
文摘Trees,mammals,and microbes relate to soil carbon(C)cycle.Trees capture C,and mammals consume plants and other animals,both contributing to organic remains that are then degraded by soil microbes.This organic C can be stored in soils or released into the atmosphere through microbial mineralization.Yet,the simultaneous effects of mammals and trees on C consumption by soil microbes have not been investigated.For 30 sampling sites in a mixed forest-savanna environment in southern Guyana,we jointly analyzed observational data of mammal and tree communities along with soil organic matter(SOM)composition(using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with attenuated total reflectance,energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,and CNH elemental analyzer)and soil microbial C consumption(using Biolog EcoPlates).It was found that higher mammal functional richness(FRic)and functional evenness(FEve)were related to reduced overall C consumption by soil microbes(for FRic:regression coefficient(β)=-0.010,standard error(SE)=0.005,P=0.034;for FEve:β=-0.012,SE=0.005,P=0.010)with the coefficient of determination(R^(2))value of 0.359,explaining 36%of the variance in average well color development values,whereas a higher tree richness was associated with a reduced diversity of C sources consumed by soil microbial communities(β=-0.353,SE=0.172,P=0.041)with the R2 value of 0.290,explaining 29%of the variance in Shannon diversity index values.Our results indicate that mammal and tree communities have complementary effects on soil microbial C consumption,improving our understanding of the functioning of C cycle in the high-diversity Amazon biome.These findings are crucial in elucidating the intricate connections between above-and belowground biodiversity that influence the accumulation and stabilization of soil organic C.
文摘A series of 17-yr equilibrium simulations using the NCAR COM3 (T42resolution) were performed to investigate the regional scale impacts of land cover change andincreasing CO_2 over China. Simulations with natural and current land cover at CO_2 levels of 280,355, 430, and 505 ppmv were conducted. Results show statistically significant changes in majorclimate fields (e.g. temperature and surface wind speed) on a 15-yr average following land coverchange. We also found increases in the maximum temperature and in the diurnal temperature range dueto land cover change. Increases in CO_2 affect both the maximum and minimum temperature so thatchanges in the diurnal range are small. Both land cover change and CO_2 change also impact thefrequency distribution of precipitation with increasing CO_2 tending to lead to more intenseprecipitation and land cover change leading to less intense precipitation―indeed, the impact ofland cover change typically had the opposite effect versus the impacts of CO_2. Our results providesupport for the inclusion of future land cover change scenarios in long-term transitory climatemodelling experiments of the 21st Century. Our results also support the inclusion of land surfacemodels that can represent future land cover changes resulting from an ecological response to naturalclimate variability or increasing CO_2. Overall, we show that land cover change can have asignificant impact on the regional scale climate of China, and that regionally, this impact is of asimilar magnitude to increases in CO_2 of up to about 430 ppmv. This means that that the impact ofland cover change must be accounted for in detection and attribution studies over China.
基金funded by the INCITE program of the Galician Council of Innovation and Industry(Spain)(Ref.08PXIB383190PR)
文摘We determined mercury retention on calcined and ground mussel shell, in presence and absence of phosphate, using batch and stirred flow chamber experiments. In batch experiments the calcined shell exhibited higher Hg adsorption, with good fitting to Freundlich equation （R^2： 0.925-0.978）; the presence of phosphate increased Hg adsorption; mercury desorption was 13% or lower, diminishing up to 2% under the presence of phosphates. In stirred flow chamber experiments calcined shell retained more Hg than ground shells （6300 vs. 4000-5200 μmol/kg）; Hg retention increased an additional 40% on calcined shell and up to an additional 70% on ground shells when phosphates were present; mercury desorption was quite similar in all shell types （20%-34%）, increasing up to 49%-60% in ground shells when phosphates were present. The higher Hg adsorption on calcined shell would be related to its calcite and dolomite concentrations; mercury-phosphate interactions would cause the increase in Hg retention when phosphates are present. Data on Hg desorption suggest that Hg retention was not easily reversible after batch experiments, increasing in the stirred flow chamber due to convective flow. Calcined and ground mussel shells could be recycled removing Hg from water, with the presence of phosphates in solution improving efficacy.
