In Africa, the number of undernourished people is increasing at an alarming rate. However, fruits play an important role in humans, especially as a source of vitamins and minerals. In Senegal, there is research on the...In Africa, the number of undernourished people is increasing at an alarming rate. However, fruits play an important role in humans, especially as a source of vitamins and minerals. In Senegal, there is research on the nut, but no attention given to the cashew apple. The present study contributes to the evaluation of the physicochemical and biochemical properties of cashew apple juice from the eco-geographical area of Casamance, in southern Senegal. The plant material consists of cashew apples collected in June 2021 from 120 cashew trees. Three batches were constituted for this purpose, taking into account the colour of the apples (red, yellow, and orange). AFNOR standardised methods were used for the physicochemical and biochemical characterisation of cashew apple juice. The dry extract, dry matter, and ash content of the red, yellow, and orange varieties ranged from 14 to 14.70 °Brix;12.96% to 14.17%, and 0.24 to 0.35 g/100g respectively. The multivariate analysis of variance by permutation allowed us to identify two groups of cashew apples. The first group, consisting of orange cashew apples, had the best nutritional quality and was very rich in total minerals (0.35 g/100g) and reducing sugars (18.69 mg/100g). The second group, made up of red and yellow apples, is particularly rich in protein (0.52 g/100ml) and antioxidants (43.28% in IP). Antioxidant power is positively correlated with total phenolic content (r = 0.99). Cashew co-products have a high nutritional value and a considerable economic issue.展开更多
Abstract: Distribution and diversity of rhizobial strains associated with Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. in relation to seed provenances in soils from arid (Dahra) and semiarid (Goudiry) zones of Senegal were investigated...Abstract: Distribution and diversity of rhizobial strains associated with Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. in relation to seed provenances in soils from arid (Dahra) and semiarid (Goudiry) zones of Senegal were investigated. PCR-RFLP performed on 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS) of nodule crude extracts revealed a high genetic diversity of rhizobial strains, which was higher in the semiarid region than in the arid region. The distribution of rhizobial populations was influenced by soil physical and chemical characteristics, and by A. senegal provenances as shown by the analysis of correspondence. In contrast, the phenotypic diversity of rhizobial strains was not correlated with the soil origin. The phylogenetic tree (performed by the maximum likelihood algorithm) of IGS 16S-23S sequences showed that most of the rhizobial strains nodulating A. senegal were closely related to Mesorhizobium plurifarium. Our results showed that rhizobial taxa associated with A. senegal were mainly distributed according to soil physical and chemical characteristics, and A. senegal provenances. A large subset of A. senegal root-nodulating bacteria had high diversity that correlated with the most favourable environmental conditions. Understanding the diversity and distribution of rhizobial strains may be exploited in the formulation of A. senegal inoculants for different seed provenances for resilience to soil stresses in various environmental conditions.展开更多
Recent applications of Structure-from-Motion(SfM)photogrammetry in forestry have highlighted its robustness in tree mensuration.This study proposes an optimized image acquisition protocol for generating high-quality 3...Recent applications of Structure-from-Motion(SfM)photogrammetry in forestry have highlighted its robustness in tree mensuration.This study proposes an optimized image acquisition protocol for generating high-quality 3D point clouds of individual trees of Faidherbia albida(Delile)A.Chev and Acacia tortilis haynes ssp.raddiana(Savi)Brenan with varying sizes and forms in a Sahelian agrosilvopastoral system in Senegal.A measurement protocol adapted for estimating key dendrometric parameters was established,including tree height,crown diameter,and diameter at breast height(DBH,1.30 m).A Mavic Pro drone and a TG-5 ground camera were used to photograph 20 individuals of each species.Acquired georeferenced images were processed using Metashape 1.5.1 trial version to produce dense 3D point clouds.Depending on tree isolation and height,models were reconstructed either from drone images alone or from a combination of aerial and ground images.The dendrometric parameters were estimated with high precision.DBH was measured with an nRMSE of 6%and Bias values of−1.3 and−0.04 for F.albida and A.tortilis,respectively.Total tree height was estimated with nRMSEs of 9%and 12%,and Bias values of−0.04 and 0.41.Crown diameter showed nRMSEs of 9%and 0.10%,with Bias values of 0.57 and 0.85,respectively.This study demonstrated the effectiveness of combining drone and ground-based pictures for accurate 3D reconstruction and measurement of dendrometric parameters on individual trees in Sahelian landscapes.The proposed protocol will be useful for assessing carbon sequestration and for developing climate change mitigation strategies in Sahelian ecosystems.展开更多
Aims Addressing plant responses to water stress is critical to understand the structure of plant communities in water-limited environments and to forecast their resilience to future changes in climate.In a semiarid ag...Aims Addressing plant responses to water stress is critical to understand the structure of plant communities in water-limited environments and to forecast their resilience to future changes in climate.In a semiarid agroforestry system in the Sahelian savannah of Leona(Senegal),we selected nine common tree species and explored their stress-resistance mechanisms.These species represent a variety of life forms and are of high regional socio-economic importance.We hypothesized that different species would show different suites of traits to cope with water stress and expected to identify functional groups differing in strategies to withstand water shortage.Methods Along a dry and a wet season,we monitored four traits reflecting above-and below-ground strategies of resource acquisition such as predawn leaf water potential(ψpd),specific leaf area(SLA),leaf thickness and leaf area index(LAI).We also measured two mor-phological traits:trunk diameter and tree height.LAI andψpd were measured six times during the dry and rainy seasons,and the other traits were measured once.Important Findings We identified two functional classes subdivided into two func-tional groups of each class.The first class included deciduous and semi-deciduous species that generally had large SLA,low leaf thickness and small-to-intermediate inter-seasonal varia-tions inψpd.The second class included evergreen species of two functional groups that differ in SLA,leaf thickness and the mag-nitude of inter-seasonal variations ofψpd throughout the year.The four functional groups identified in this study represent plant strategies differing in their response to changing environmental conditions.展开更多
文摘In Africa, the number of undernourished people is increasing at an alarming rate. However, fruits play an important role in humans, especially as a source of vitamins and minerals. In Senegal, there is research on the nut, but no attention given to the cashew apple. The present study contributes to the evaluation of the physicochemical and biochemical properties of cashew apple juice from the eco-geographical area of Casamance, in southern Senegal. The plant material consists of cashew apples collected in June 2021 from 120 cashew trees. Three batches were constituted for this purpose, taking into account the colour of the apples (red, yellow, and orange). AFNOR standardised methods were used for the physicochemical and biochemical characterisation of cashew apple juice. The dry extract, dry matter, and ash content of the red, yellow, and orange varieties ranged from 14 to 14.70 °Brix;12.96% to 14.17%, and 0.24 to 0.35 g/100g respectively. The multivariate analysis of variance by permutation allowed us to identify two groups of cashew apples. The first group, consisting of orange cashew apples, had the best nutritional quality and was very rich in total minerals (0.35 g/100g) and reducing sugars (18.69 mg/100g). The second group, made up of red and yellow apples, is particularly rich in protein (0.52 g/100ml) and antioxidants (43.28% in IP). Antioxidant power is positively correlated with total phenolic content (r = 0.99). Cashew co-products have a high nutritional value and a considerable economic issue.
文摘Abstract: Distribution and diversity of rhizobial strains associated with Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. in relation to seed provenances in soils from arid (Dahra) and semiarid (Goudiry) zones of Senegal were investigated. PCR-RFLP performed on 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS) of nodule crude extracts revealed a high genetic diversity of rhizobial strains, which was higher in the semiarid region than in the arid region. The distribution of rhizobial populations was influenced by soil physical and chemical characteristics, and by A. senegal provenances as shown by the analysis of correspondence. In contrast, the phenotypic diversity of rhizobial strains was not correlated with the soil origin. The phylogenetic tree (performed by the maximum likelihood algorithm) of IGS 16S-23S sequences showed that most of the rhizobial strains nodulating A. senegal were closely related to Mesorhizobium plurifarium. Our results showed that rhizobial taxa associated with A. senegal were mainly distributed according to soil physical and chemical characteristics, and A. senegal provenances. A large subset of A. senegal root-nodulating bacteria had high diversity that correlated with the most favourable environmental conditions. Understanding the diversity and distribution of rhizobial strains may be exploited in the formulation of A. senegal inoculants for different seed provenances for resilience to soil stresses in various environmental conditions.
基金supported by projects:EU-funded DeSIRA CaSSECS(FOOD/2019/410-169)EU-funded Horizon 2020 SustainSAHEL project(Grant No.861974).
文摘Recent applications of Structure-from-Motion(SfM)photogrammetry in forestry have highlighted its robustness in tree mensuration.This study proposes an optimized image acquisition protocol for generating high-quality 3D point clouds of individual trees of Faidherbia albida(Delile)A.Chev and Acacia tortilis haynes ssp.raddiana(Savi)Brenan with varying sizes and forms in a Sahelian agrosilvopastoral system in Senegal.A measurement protocol adapted for estimating key dendrometric parameters was established,including tree height,crown diameter,and diameter at breast height(DBH,1.30 m).A Mavic Pro drone and a TG-5 ground camera were used to photograph 20 individuals of each species.Acquired georeferenced images were processed using Metashape 1.5.1 trial version to produce dense 3D point clouds.Depending on tree isolation and height,models were reconstructed either from drone images alone or from a combination of aerial and ground images.The dendrometric parameters were estimated with high precision.DBH was measured with an nRMSE of 6%and Bias values of−1.3 and−0.04 for F.albida and A.tortilis,respectively.Total tree height was estimated with nRMSEs of 9%and 12%,and Bias values of−0.04 and 0.41.Crown diameter showed nRMSEs of 9%and 0.10%,with Bias values of 0.57 and 0.85,respectively.This study demonstrated the effectiveness of combining drone and ground-based pictures for accurate 3D reconstruction and measurement of dendrometric parameters on individual trees in Sahelian landscapes.The proposed protocol will be useful for assessing carbon sequestration and for developing climate change mitigation strategies in Sahelian ecosystems.
基金This work was carried out within the FUNCITREE Project,an EU 7FP(contract KBBE-227265)It was also partly funded by the Spanish MICINN(grant CGL2014-59010-R)J.S.D.received a PhD fellowship from the Spanish Agency of International Cooperation for Development(AECID).C.A.is grateful to the Spanish Government for her‘Ramón y Cajal’contract(RYC-2012-12277).
文摘Aims Addressing plant responses to water stress is critical to understand the structure of plant communities in water-limited environments and to forecast their resilience to future changes in climate.In a semiarid agroforestry system in the Sahelian savannah of Leona(Senegal),we selected nine common tree species and explored their stress-resistance mechanisms.These species represent a variety of life forms and are of high regional socio-economic importance.We hypothesized that different species would show different suites of traits to cope with water stress and expected to identify functional groups differing in strategies to withstand water shortage.Methods Along a dry and a wet season,we monitored four traits reflecting above-and below-ground strategies of resource acquisition such as predawn leaf water potential(ψpd),specific leaf area(SLA),leaf thickness and leaf area index(LAI).We also measured two mor-phological traits:trunk diameter and tree height.LAI andψpd were measured six times during the dry and rainy seasons,and the other traits were measured once.Important Findings We identified two functional classes subdivided into two func-tional groups of each class.The first class included deciduous and semi-deciduous species that generally had large SLA,low leaf thickness and small-to-intermediate inter-seasonal varia-tions inψpd.The second class included evergreen species of two functional groups that differ in SLA,leaf thickness and the mag-nitude of inter-seasonal variations ofψpd throughout the year.The four functional groups identified in this study represent plant strategies differing in their response to changing environmental conditions.
