This study quantified the regional damages resulting from temperature and sea level changes using the Regional Integrated of Climate and Economy(RICE)model,as well as the effects of enabling and disabling the climate ...This study quantified the regional damages resulting from temperature and sea level changes using the Regional Integrated of Climate and Economy(RICE)model,as well as the effects of enabling and disabling the climate impact module on future emission pathways.Results highlight varied damages depending on regional economic development and locations.Specifically,China and Africa could suffer the most serious comprehensive damages caused by temperature change and sea level rise,followed by India,other developing Asian countries(OthAsia),and other high-income countries(OHI).The comprehensive damage fractions for China and Africa are projected to be 15.1%and 12.5%of gross domestic product(GDP)in 2195,with corresponding cumulative damages of 124.0 trillion and 87.3 trillion United States dollars(USD)from 2005 to 2195,respectively.Meanwhile,the comprehensive damage fractions in Japan,Eurasia,and Russia are smaller and projected to be lower than 5.6%of GDP in 2195,with cumulative damages of 6.8 trillion,4.2 trillion,and 3.3 trillion USD,respectively.Additionally,coastal regions like Africa,the European Union(EU),and OHI show comparable damages for sea level rise and temperature change.In China,however,sea level-induced damages are projected to exceed those from temperature changes.Moreover,this study indicates that switching the damage modules on or off affects the regional and global emission trajectories,but the magnitude is relatively small.By 2195,global emissions under the experiments with all of the damage modules switched off,only the sea level damage module switched on,and only the temperature damage module switched on,were 3.5%,2.3%and 1.2%higher than those with all of the damage modules switched on,respectively.展开更多
The observations from satellite microwave sounding instruments have been proven to significantly impact severe weather monitoring and numerical weather prediction.Recent research indicates that the maturation of digit...The observations from satellite microwave sounding instruments have been proven to significantly impact severe weather monitoring and numerical weather prediction.Recent research indicates that the maturation of digitally channelized technology enables hyperspectral microwave sounding.However,the specific effects of these hyperspectral channels on the retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles remain uncertain.In this study,a novel microwave to terahertz sounder(MTS)is explored.Specifically,the impacts of 50–60 GHz(V band)hyperspectral channels and380–420 GHz(Y1 and Y2 band)terahertz channels on one-dimensional variational retrieval(1DVAR)results are investigated through various channel configurations.Initially,the information entropy of the channels is evaluated.When compared to the currently orbiting microwave sounders,the use of V-band hyperspectral channels can reduce the root-mean-square error(RMSE)of the retrieved temperature near the tropopause by approximately 14%.The inclusion of Y1 and Y2 band channels also positively contributes to the retrieved profiles.Compared to the currently deployed microwave sounders,this leads to a 2%reduction in temperature RMSE and a 5%reduction in humidity RMSE.The optimal channel configuration based on information entropy results in a temperature RMSE reduction of around 5.6%and a humidity RMSE reduction of 4.1%.Furthermore,the influence of observation noises on the retrieval results is examined.It is discovered that halving the noise can decrease the temperature RMSE by 13%and the humidity RMSE by 6%.Overall,the new sounding channels offer greater potential for enhancing temperature and humidity sounding,and they may potentially improve atmospheric measurements and the utilization of microwave observations in numerical weather prediction.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42075044 and No.41975112)a project supported by the Innovation Group Project of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(Grant No.311022006).
文摘This study quantified the regional damages resulting from temperature and sea level changes using the Regional Integrated of Climate and Economy(RICE)model,as well as the effects of enabling and disabling the climate impact module on future emission pathways.Results highlight varied damages depending on regional economic development and locations.Specifically,China and Africa could suffer the most serious comprehensive damages caused by temperature change and sea level rise,followed by India,other developing Asian countries(OthAsia),and other high-income countries(OHI).The comprehensive damage fractions for China and Africa are projected to be 15.1%and 12.5%of gross domestic product(GDP)in 2195,with corresponding cumulative damages of 124.0 trillion and 87.3 trillion United States dollars(USD)from 2005 to 2195,respectively.Meanwhile,the comprehensive damage fractions in Japan,Eurasia,and Russia are smaller and projected to be lower than 5.6%of GDP in 2195,with cumulative damages of 6.8 trillion,4.2 trillion,and 3.3 trillion USD,respectively.Additionally,coastal regions like Africa,the European Union(EU),and OHI show comparable damages for sea level rise and temperature change.In China,however,sea level-induced damages are projected to exceed those from temperature changes.Moreover,this study indicates that switching the damage modules on or off affects the regional and global emission trajectories,but the magnitude is relatively small.By 2195,global emissions under the experiments with all of the damage modules switched off,only the sea level damage module switched on,and only the temperature damage module switched on,were 3.5%,2.3%and 1.2%higher than those with all of the damage modules switched on,respectively.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3900400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2142212 and 42475165)+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2021JC0009)National Satellite Meteorological Centre of China Meteorological Administration(FY-APP-2022.0106)。
文摘The observations from satellite microwave sounding instruments have been proven to significantly impact severe weather monitoring and numerical weather prediction.Recent research indicates that the maturation of digitally channelized technology enables hyperspectral microwave sounding.However,the specific effects of these hyperspectral channels on the retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles remain uncertain.In this study,a novel microwave to terahertz sounder(MTS)is explored.Specifically,the impacts of 50–60 GHz(V band)hyperspectral channels and380–420 GHz(Y1 and Y2 band)terahertz channels on one-dimensional variational retrieval(1DVAR)results are investigated through various channel configurations.Initially,the information entropy of the channels is evaluated.When compared to the currently orbiting microwave sounders,the use of V-band hyperspectral channels can reduce the root-mean-square error(RMSE)of the retrieved temperature near the tropopause by approximately 14%.The inclusion of Y1 and Y2 band channels also positively contributes to the retrieved profiles.Compared to the currently deployed microwave sounders,this leads to a 2%reduction in temperature RMSE and a 5%reduction in humidity RMSE.The optimal channel configuration based on information entropy results in a temperature RMSE reduction of around 5.6%and a humidity RMSE reduction of 4.1%.Furthermore,the influence of observation noises on the retrieval results is examined.It is discovered that halving the noise can decrease the temperature RMSE by 13%and the humidity RMSE by 6%.Overall,the new sounding channels offer greater potential for enhancing temperature and humidity sounding,and they may potentially improve atmospheric measurements and the utilization of microwave observations in numerical weather prediction.
