For plant populations to persist,seedling recruitment is essential,requiring seed germination,seedling survival and growth.Drought and grazing potentially reduce seedling recruitment via increased mortality and reduce...For plant populations to persist,seedling recruitment is essential,requiring seed germination,seedling survival and growth.Drought and grazing potentially reduce seedling recruitment via increased mortality and reduced growth.We studied these seederelated processes for two species indigenous to the Pamir Mountains of Xinjiang in northwestern China:Saussurea glacialis and Plantago lessingii.Seeds collected from Taxkorgan,Xinjiang,had a viability rate of 15.8%for S.glacialis but 100%for P.lessingii.Of the viable seeds,the highest germination rates were 62.9%for S.glacialis and 45.6%for P.lessingii.In a greenhouse experiment,we imposed a series of stressful conditions,involving a combination of simulated grazing and drought events.These had the most severe impact on younger seedlings.Modelling showed that 89%of S.glacialis mortality was due to early simulated grazing,whereas 80%of P.lessingii mortality was due to early simulated drought.Physiological differences could contribute to their differing resilience.S.glacialis may rely on water storage in leaves to survive drought events,but showed no shifts in biomass allocation that would improve grazing tolerance.P.lessingii appears more reliant on its root system to survive grazing,but the root reserves of younger plants could be insufficient to grow deeper in response to drought.After applying all mortality factors,17.7 seedlings/parent of P.lessingii survived,while only<0.1 seedlings/parent of S.glacialis survived,raising concerns for its capacity to persist in the Pamirs.Inherent genetic differences may underlie the two species’contrasting grazing and drought responses.Thus,differing conservation strategies are required for their utilization and protection.展开更多
Review on microplastic toxicity in agroecosystems is scarce.Thus,we develop a conceptual model(based on literature to date)that describes various microplastic effects using a size-scale.We also classify crops dependin...Review on microplastic toxicity in agroecosystems is scarce.Thus,we develop a conceptual model(based on literature to date)that describes various microplastic effects using a size-scale.We also classify crops depending on their observed responses,and discuss several conceptual mechanisms of soil functions.The model shows that microplastic effects on crops can be positive,toxic,lethal and no-effect.Predominantly,microfibers in a wide range of sizes can positively affect crops.However,toxic effects of microplastics with/without other pollutants are more common at different sizes.Surprisingly,biodegradable plastic effects are lethal,calling into question their environmental friendliness.No-effect on crops is also possible but less observed.Unlike other crops(e.g.,wheat,maize and bean),only onion seems resistant to microplastics.Crop uptake of micro/nanoplastic demands a clear benchmark to ensure food-safety.Furthermore,mixed effects are observed on soil functions.Alternation in soil enzymes and litter decomposition can affect nutrients and organic matter biogeochemistry.Hydrophobicity can be induced by increasing evaporation.Shifts in microbial community structure and activities are inevitable.展开更多
Nature is in peril.The Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)as the largest multilateral treaty on the protection of global biodiversity must play a significantly expanded role in the next decade of biodiversity poli...Nature is in peril.The Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)as the largest multilateral treaty on the protection of global biodiversity must play a significantly expanded role in the next decade of biodiversity policy development and implementation if we wish to halt and reverse accelerating biodiversity losses.From the 22nd–24th of June 2021,nearly 400 on-site and online participants gathered at the FTA Scientific Conference in Kunming,China as part of the buildup to the 15th meeting(COP15)of the CBD.From the technical and plenary sessions,12 recommendations emerged to strengthen the capacity of the CBD and safeguard the planet's wildlife.Participants urge all stakeholders,particularly government actors in attendance at CBD COP15 in Kunming in October 2021,to heed the warnings of experts in attendance at the FTA Scientific Conference to accelerate and intensify efforts to conserve diverse lifeforms and maintain healthy ecosystems by incorporating these 12 recommendations into the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the CBD.展开更多
Wild edible fungi(WEF),including mushrooms and truffles,comprise a natural source of nutritious and healthy food.The consumption of WEF began at least 18,700 years ago during the Stone Age.Current data from over 100 c...Wild edible fungi(WEF),including mushrooms and truffles,comprise a natural source of nutritious and healthy food.The consumption of WEF began at least 18,700 years ago during the Stone Age.Current data from over 100 countries indicates the existence of more than 2,100 edible species,a figure that is continually growing,as vast regions and many cultures remain understudied.However,only around 30 species of WEF are grown commercially at a large-scale.WEF also play a key ecological role in the structure and functioning of natural ecosystems and have significantly contributed in shaping all life on the planet.Either as food,medicine or both,they are important for the survival,cultures,and economies of hundreds of ethnic groups around the globe.Over the last 15 years,there has been a noteworthy increase in the international trade of WEF,which is currently estimated at billions(USD)annually.In 2017,the WEF global trade,of either fresh or processed products,exceeded 1,230,000 tonnes.Due to their ecological,sociocultural and economic importance,the international WEF trade has a role to play in the post-pandemic recovery period.The main challenge of this period will be maintaining natural ecosystems while simultaneously improving human wellbeing.Critical elements of this challenge include ensuring food security,enhancing rural development,creating sustainable jobs,mitigating hunger,and slowing the loss of traditional knowledge generated over millennia.This review analyzes the ways in which sustainable use of WEF could contribute to achieving these goals.展开更多
In the 21st century,global food systems cannot remain stuck in the past.Agriculture currently contributes about one fourth of global greenhouse gas emissions and about half of all nutrient wastes annually[1].As the nu...In the 21st century,global food systems cannot remain stuck in the past.Agriculture currently contributes about one fourth of global greenhouse gas emissions and about half of all nutrient wastes annually[1].As the number of humans on the planet continues to grow,the effects of climate change will worsen and ecosystems will continue to deteriorate.Innovation in today’s agricultural food production systems is therefore urgently needed to increase crop and animal outputs,enhance dietary diversity and improve human health while conserving environments and sustaining natural resources and cultures.展开更多
Mycorrhizal and N-fixing root symbioses evolved at two points in the past when global CO_(2)was highest,consistent with the high demand these symbioses place on host C.Trees hosting both mycorrhiza and N-fixing bacter...Mycorrhizal and N-fixing root symbioses evolved at two points in the past when global CO_(2)was highest,consistent with the high demand these symbioses place on host C.Trees hosting both mycorrhiza and N-fixing bacteria are able to fix more atmospheric CO_(2)and grow at faster rates than non-symbiotic plants,or plants with only mycorrhiza.We argue that on the basis of this improved C capture,N-fixing trees act as C-pumps,sequestering C and locking it in biomass,thus,if properly managed,can contribute significantly towards the mitigation of rising CO_(2)levels.展开更多
Free-living nitrogen fixation(FNF)is a ubiquitous phenomenon that plays a modest role in the(N)economy of an ecosystem.However,sampling difficulties,methodological constraints and environmental controls have presented...Free-living nitrogen fixation(FNF)is a ubiquitous phenomenon that plays a modest role in the(N)economy of an ecosystem.However,sampling difficulties,methodological constraints and environmental controls have presented challenges for predicting the actual rate of FNF.Therefore,a deeper understanding of the accuracy to design models that consider dynamics,heterogeneity,influences,and other limitations is needed.This review presents an overview of the biology and diversity of microorganisms related to FNF as well as various ecological controls that influence these microorganisms.We also discussed contributions of FNF to the N input of various ecosystems.Overall,previous research has shown that considerable spatiotemporal variability exists in microbial types at both biome and microbiome scales,resulting in significant variation in FNF.Beyond this,rate of FNF is controlled by certain factors,such oxygen and metal ion availability,source of energy and soil nutrients,temperature,and pH.Empirical evidence increasingly indicates a significant contribution of FNF to N inputs in natural,agricultural,and aquatic ecosystems.It is inferred from this review that for the expanded exploitation of biological nitrogen fixation(BNF),we must pay additional attention to FNF because it occupies a central role within the process.Finally,we propose a framework for the quantification of FNF alongside a suite of recommendations that would deepen our understanding of FNF.展开更多
Forests,trees,and agroforestry(FTA)are ecosystem hotspots.They exemplify the contributions of biodiversity to sustainable and resilient landscapes,green circular economy and to sustainable agriculture and food systems...Forests,trees,and agroforestry(FTA)are ecosystem hotspots.They exemplify the contributions of biodiversity to sustainable and resilient landscapes,green circular economy and to sustainable agriculture and food systems for healthy diets.However,most research on these topics have been performed separately and lack comparison.The International FTA-Kunming Conference'Forests,trees and agroforestry for diverse sustainable landscapes'22nd–24th June 2021,focused on these contributions,brought together scientists NGOs,and policy makers to further the understanding of tree diversity;provided a communication platform for scientists to share their research results;evaluated the role of tree diversity in agroecology and circular agriculture;assessed benefits of landscape restoration;and explored applied research in mountain ecosystems and food security.The goals were to gather evidence that ground the design of solutions that can contribute to the implementation of the post 2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and towards the UN Food Systems Summit,and the overall implementation of the SDGs.This paper summarizes the outcomes of the international FTA Conference in Kunming 2021 and points out the highlights of research involved in six major themes.展开更多
Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi.The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated.This pape...Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi.The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated.This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches,viz.by numbers of described fungi,by fungus:substrate ratio,by ecological distribution,by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota.The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted,“2.2–3.8 million”species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90%of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually.The Catalogue of Life,Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement.The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million,ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million.However,only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories.The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22.Therefore,where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes?The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots,poorly-studied areas and species complexes.Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles,lichenicolous fungi,human pathogens,marine fungi,and fungicolous fungi.Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier spe-cies.Nomenclatural issues,such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs,synonyms,conspecific names,illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species.Interspecies introgression results in new species,while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.展开更多
A comprehensive account of fungal classification from freshwater habitats is outlined and discussed in the present review based on literature of biodiversity studies and recent morpho-phylogenetic analyses.A total of ...A comprehensive account of fungal classification from freshwater habitats is outlined and discussed in the present review based on literature of biodiversity studies and recent morpho-phylogenetic analyses.A total of 3,870 freshwater fungal species are listed with additional details on the isolation source,habitat,geographical distribution,and molecular data.The Ascomycota(2,968 species,1,018 genera)dominated the freshwater fungal taxa wherein Sordariomycetes(823 species,298 genera)had the largest number,followed by Dothideomycetes(677 species,229 genera),Eurotiomycetes(276 species,49 genera),and Leotiomycetes(260 species,83 genera).Other phyla included in the updated classification of freshwater fungi are:Chytridiomycota(333 species,97 genera),Rozellomycota(221 species,105 genera),Basidiomycota(218 species,100 genera),Blastocladiomycota(47 species,10 genera),Monoblepharomycota(29 species,6 genera),Mucoromycota(19 spe-cies,10 genera),Aphelidiomycota(15 species,3 genera),Entomophthoromycota(6 species,4 genera),Mortierellomycota(5 species,3 genera),Olpidiomycota(4 species,1 genus),Zoopagomycota(3 species,2 genera),and Sanchytriomycota(2 species,2 genera).The freshwater fungi belong to 1,361 genera,386 families and 145 orders.The Pleosporales and Laboulbeniaceae are the largest freshwater fungal order and family comprised of 391 and 185 species,respectively.The most speciose genera are Chitonomyces(87,Laboulbeniomycetes),Verrucaria(50,Eurotiomycetes),Rhizophydium(52,Rhizophydiomycetes),Penicillium(47,Eurotiomycetes),and Candida(42,Saccharomycetes).展开更多
This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwi...This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic distri-bution.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions.Three new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies.Newly described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,C.mammil-latus,C.quercoflocculosus,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,Efibula rodriguezarmasiae,Erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,G.hansagiense,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,M.jinfoshanensis,M.subtropicus,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,O.parvispina,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense,Pseudodactylaria albicolonia,Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora,Russula paravioleipes,Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi,Seriascoma honghense,Synandromyces makranczyi,Thyridaria aureobrunnea,Torula lancangjiangensis,Tubeufia longihelicospora,Wicklowia fusiformispora,Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora.One new combination,Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is pro-posed.A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated.New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici,Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis,Camarosporidiella laburni,Canalisporium caribense,Chaetoscutula juniperi,Chlorophyllum demangei,C.globosum,C.hortense,Cladophialophora abundans,Dendryphion hydei,Diaporthe foeniculina,D.pseudophoenicicola,D.pyracanthae,Dictyosporium pandanicola,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Ernakula-mia tanakae,Eutypa flavovirens,E.lata,Favolus septatus,Fusarium atrovinosum,F.clavum,Helicosporium luteosporum,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hermatomyces sphaericoides,Longipedicellata aquatica,Lophiostoma caudata,L.clematidis-vitalbae,Lophiotrema hydei,L.neoarundinaria,Marasmiellus palmivorus,Megacapitula villosa,Micropsalliota globocys-tis,M.gracilis,Montagnula thailandica,Neohelicosporium irregulare,N.parisporum,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoisaria aquatica,Poaceascoma taiwanense,Saproamanita manicata,Spegazzinia camelliae,Submersispora variabi-lis,Thyronectria caudata,T.mackenziei,Tubeufia chiangmaiensis,T.roseohelicospora,Vaginatispora nypae,Wicklowia submersa,Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis.The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens,coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.展开更多
基金a Yunnan Provincial Human Resources and Social Security Bureau Post-Doctoral GrantChinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative grant[grant number 2020FYC0003]+1 种基金the National Sciences Foundation China[grant number 41661144001]the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences[grant number QYZDY-SSW-SMC014].
文摘For plant populations to persist,seedling recruitment is essential,requiring seed germination,seedling survival and growth.Drought and grazing potentially reduce seedling recruitment via increased mortality and reduced growth.We studied these seederelated processes for two species indigenous to the Pamir Mountains of Xinjiang in northwestern China:Saussurea glacialis and Plantago lessingii.Seeds collected from Taxkorgan,Xinjiang,had a viability rate of 15.8%for S.glacialis but 100%for P.lessingii.Of the viable seeds,the highest germination rates were 62.9%for S.glacialis and 45.6%for P.lessingii.In a greenhouse experiment,we imposed a series of stressful conditions,involving a combination of simulated grazing and drought events.These had the most severe impact on younger seedlings.Modelling showed that 89%of S.glacialis mortality was due to early simulated grazing,whereas 80%of P.lessingii mortality was due to early simulated drought.Physiological differences could contribute to their differing resilience.S.glacialis may rely on water storage in leaves to survive drought events,but showed no shifts in biomass allocation that would improve grazing tolerance.P.lessingii appears more reliant on its root system to survive grazing,but the root reserves of younger plants could be insufficient to grow deeper in response to drought.After applying all mortality factors,17.7 seedlings/parent of P.lessingii survived,while only<0.1 seedlings/parent of S.glacialis survived,raising concerns for its capacity to persist in the Pamirs.Inherent genetic differences may underlie the two species’contrasting grazing and drought responses.Thus,differing conservation strategies are required for their utilization and protection.
基金the Key Project from the Ministry of Sciences and Technology of China(No.2017YFC0505100)Authors are also thankful to Yunnan Human Resource and Social Security Department for providing funds.In addition,Dr.Shahid Iqbal and Dr.Sehroon Khan acknowledge funds from the Chinese Academy of Sciences for the President’s International Fellowship Initiative(Grant nos.2021PB00094 and 2019PC0011)for his postdoctoral research.
文摘Review on microplastic toxicity in agroecosystems is scarce.Thus,we develop a conceptual model(based on literature to date)that describes various microplastic effects using a size-scale.We also classify crops depending on their observed responses,and discuss several conceptual mechanisms of soil functions.The model shows that microplastic effects on crops can be positive,toxic,lethal and no-effect.Predominantly,microfibers in a wide range of sizes can positively affect crops.However,toxic effects of microplastics with/without other pollutants are more common at different sizes.Surprisingly,biodegradable plastic effects are lethal,calling into question their environmental friendliness.No-effect on crops is also possible but less observed.Unlike other crops(e.g.,wheat,maize and bean),only onion seems resistant to microplastics.Crop uptake of micro/nanoplastic demands a clear benchmark to ensure food-safety.Furthermore,mixed effects are observed on soil functions.Alternation in soil enzymes and litter decomposition can affect nutrients and organic matter biogeochemistry.Hydrophobicity can be induced by increasing evaporation.Shifts in microbial community structure and activities are inevitable.
文摘Nature is in peril.The Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)as the largest multilateral treaty on the protection of global biodiversity must play a significantly expanded role in the next decade of biodiversity policy development and implementation if we wish to halt and reverse accelerating biodiversity losses.From the 22nd–24th of June 2021,nearly 400 on-site and online participants gathered at the FTA Scientific Conference in Kunming,China as part of the buildup to the 15th meeting(COP15)of the CBD.From the technical and plenary sessions,12 recommendations emerged to strengthen the capacity of the CBD and safeguard the planet's wildlife.Participants urge all stakeholders,particularly government actors in attendance at CBD COP15 in Kunming in October 2021,to heed the warnings of experts in attendance at the FTA Scientific Conference to accelerate and intensify efforts to conserve diverse lifeforms and maintain healthy ecosystems by incorporating these 12 recommendations into the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the CBD.
基金This study was funded by a grant(No.31861143002)of NSFC-CGIARThe first author would like to thank Dr.Faustino Hernández-Santiago and Dr.Magdalena Martínez-Reyes for his technical help to analyze the information presented in Figures 1,2 and 4 and to the Mexican Council of Science and Technology(CONACYT)PRONACES FOP07-2021-03 Project 316198+1 种基金Peter E Mortimer would like to thank the"High-End Foreign Experts"in the High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Province,2021.Samantha C.Karunarathna thanks the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)young staff under the grant number:2020FYC0002the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under the project code 31851110759.
文摘Wild edible fungi(WEF),including mushrooms and truffles,comprise a natural source of nutritious and healthy food.The consumption of WEF began at least 18,700 years ago during the Stone Age.Current data from over 100 countries indicates the existence of more than 2,100 edible species,a figure that is continually growing,as vast regions and many cultures remain understudied.However,only around 30 species of WEF are grown commercially at a large-scale.WEF also play a key ecological role in the structure and functioning of natural ecosystems and have significantly contributed in shaping all life on the planet.Either as food,medicine or both,they are important for the survival,cultures,and economies of hundreds of ethnic groups around the globe.Over the last 15 years,there has been a noteworthy increase in the international trade of WEF,which is currently estimated at billions(USD)annually.In 2017,the WEF global trade,of either fresh or processed products,exceeded 1,230,000 tonnes.Due to their ecological,sociocultural and economic importance,the international WEF trade has a role to play in the post-pandemic recovery period.The main challenge of this period will be maintaining natural ecosystems while simultaneously improving human wellbeing.Critical elements of this challenge include ensuring food security,enhancing rural development,creating sustainable jobs,mitigating hunger,and slowing the loss of traditional knowledge generated over millennia.This review analyzes the ways in which sustainable use of WEF could contribute to achieving these goals.
文摘In the 21st century,global food systems cannot remain stuck in the past.Agriculture currently contributes about one fourth of global greenhouse gas emissions and about half of all nutrient wastes annually[1].As the number of humans on the planet continues to grow,the effects of climate change will worsen and ecosystems will continue to deteriorate.Innovation in today’s agricultural food production systems is therefore urgently needed to increase crop and animal outputs,enhance dietary diversity and improve human health while conserving environments and sustaining natural resources and cultures.
基金the Key Project from the Ministry of Sciences and Technology of China(No:2017YFC0505101).
文摘Mycorrhizal and N-fixing root symbioses evolved at two points in the past when global CO_(2)was highest,consistent with the high demand these symbioses place on host C.Trees hosting both mycorrhiza and N-fixing bacteria are able to fix more atmospheric CO_(2)and grow at faster rates than non-symbiotic plants,or plants with only mycorrhiza.We argue that on the basis of this improved C capture,N-fixing trees act as C-pumps,sequestering C and locking it in biomass,thus,if properly managed,can contribute significantly towards the mitigation of rising CO_(2)levels.
基金the Key Project from the Ministry of Sciences and Technology of China(No.2017YFC0505100)We are grateful to the Chinese Academy of Sciences for CASPresident's International Fellowship Initiative(CAS-PIFI),Fellowship(Grant No.2019PC0011 and 2021PB00094).
文摘Free-living nitrogen fixation(FNF)is a ubiquitous phenomenon that plays a modest role in the(N)economy of an ecosystem.However,sampling difficulties,methodological constraints and environmental controls have presented challenges for predicting the actual rate of FNF.Therefore,a deeper understanding of the accuracy to design models that consider dynamics,heterogeneity,influences,and other limitations is needed.This review presents an overview of the biology and diversity of microorganisms related to FNF as well as various ecological controls that influence these microorganisms.We also discussed contributions of FNF to the N input of various ecosystems.Overall,previous research has shown that considerable spatiotemporal variability exists in microbial types at both biome and microbiome scales,resulting in significant variation in FNF.Beyond this,rate of FNF is controlled by certain factors,such oxygen and metal ion availability,source of energy and soil nutrients,temperature,and pH.Empirical evidence increasingly indicates a significant contribution of FNF to N inputs in natural,agricultural,and aquatic ecosystems.It is inferred from this review that for the expanded exploitation of biological nitrogen fixation(BNF),we must pay additional attention to FNF because it occupies a central role within the process.Finally,we propose a framework for the quantification of FNF alongside a suite of recommendations that would deepen our understanding of FNF.
文摘Forests,trees,and agroforestry(FTA)are ecosystem hotspots.They exemplify the contributions of biodiversity to sustainable and resilient landscapes,green circular economy and to sustainable agriculture and food systems for healthy diets.However,most research on these topics have been performed separately and lack comparison.The International FTA-Kunming Conference'Forests,trees and agroforestry for diverse sustainable landscapes'22nd–24th June 2021,focused on these contributions,brought together scientists NGOs,and policy makers to further the understanding of tree diversity;provided a communication platform for scientists to share their research results;evaluated the role of tree diversity in agroecology and circular agriculture;assessed benefits of landscape restoration;and explored applied research in mountain ecosystems and food security.The goals were to gather evidence that ground the design of solutions that can contribute to the implementation of the post 2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and towards the UN Food Systems Summit,and the overall implementation of the SDGs.This paper summarizes the outcomes of the international FTA Conference in Kunming 2021 and points out the highlights of research involved in six major themes.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA0910800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31601014)+7 种基金Basic and applied basic research fund of Guangdong Province(2121A1515012166)Stability Support Project for Universities in Shenzhen(20200812173625001)Project of DEGP(2019KTSCX150)for fundingSenanayake thanks to Paul Kirk,Samantha C.Karunarathna for data contribution.S.N.Wijesinghe would like to acknowledge Thailand Science Research and Innovation(TSRI)grant for Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and Surrounding areas(Grant No.DBG6280009)Dhanushka Wanasinghe thanks the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(number 2021FYB0005)the Postdoctoral Fund from Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of Yunnan Province and the National Science Foundation of China.Saowaluck Tibpromma would like to thank the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program(Number Y9180822S1)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(Number 2020PC0009)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation and the Yunnan Human Resources,and Social Security Department Foundation for funding her postdoctoral research.Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks to CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for young staff(Grant No.2019FYC0003)and“High-level Talent Support Plan”Young Top Talent Special Project of Yunnan Province.
文摘Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi.The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated.This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches,viz.by numbers of described fungi,by fungus:substrate ratio,by ecological distribution,by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota.The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted,“2.2–3.8 million”species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90%of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually.The Catalogue of Life,Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement.The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million,ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million.However,only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories.The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22.Therefore,where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes?The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots,poorly-studied areas and species complexes.Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles,lichenicolous fungi,human pathogens,marine fungi,and fungicolous fungi.Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier spe-cies.Nomenclatural issues,such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs,synonyms,conspecific names,illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species.Interspecies introgression results in new species,while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.
基金Thailand Research Fund“The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhodo-dendron species and Dracaena species”(DBG6080013)“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Sub-region”(RDG6130001).
文摘A comprehensive account of fungal classification from freshwater habitats is outlined and discussed in the present review based on literature of biodiversity studies and recent morpho-phylogenetic analyses.A total of 3,870 freshwater fungal species are listed with additional details on the isolation source,habitat,geographical distribution,and molecular data.The Ascomycota(2,968 species,1,018 genera)dominated the freshwater fungal taxa wherein Sordariomycetes(823 species,298 genera)had the largest number,followed by Dothideomycetes(677 species,229 genera),Eurotiomycetes(276 species,49 genera),and Leotiomycetes(260 species,83 genera).Other phyla included in the updated classification of freshwater fungi are:Chytridiomycota(333 species,97 genera),Rozellomycota(221 species,105 genera),Basidiomycota(218 species,100 genera),Blastocladiomycota(47 species,10 genera),Monoblepharomycota(29 species,6 genera),Mucoromycota(19 spe-cies,10 genera),Aphelidiomycota(15 species,3 genera),Entomophthoromycota(6 species,4 genera),Mortierellomycota(5 species,3 genera),Olpidiomycota(4 species,1 genus),Zoopagomycota(3 species,2 genera),and Sanchytriomycota(2 species,2 genera).The freshwater fungi belong to 1,361 genera,386 families and 145 orders.The Pleosporales and Laboulbeniaceae are the largest freshwater fungal order and family comprised of 391 and 185 species,respectively.The most speciose genera are Chitonomyces(87,Laboulbeniomycetes),Verrucaria(50,Eurotiomycetes),Rhizophydium(52,Rhizophydiomycetes),Penicillium(47,Eurotiomycetes),and Candida(42,Saccharomycetes).
文摘In the section Biodiversity hotspots,the origin of most ascomycetous type collections was incorrectly worded.The original article has been corrected.
基金the Thailand Research Fund(Grant No.TRG6180001)the Mae Fah Luang University Fund(Grant No.631C15001)+42 种基金Plant Genetic Conserva-tion Project under the Royal Initiation of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn-Mae Fah Luang Universitythe Mushroom Research Foundation.Kevin D.Hyde thanks the 2019 high-end foreign expert introduction plan to Kunming Institute of Botany(Granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,Grant No.G20190139006)the future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dra-caena species(Grant No.DBG6080013)Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion(Grant No.RDG6130001)Dhanushka Wanasinghe thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(Grant No.2021FYB0005)the Postdoctoral Fund from Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of Yunnan Province.the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31870011,31750001,31770028 and 31970017).CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for young staff(Grant No.Y9215811Q1)Provincial Science and Tech-nology Department(grant no.202003AD150004)Yunnan Provincial Key Programs of Yunnan Eco-friendly Food International Cooperation Research Center(Grant No.2019ZG00908)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences“Response of Asian mountain ecosystems to global change”,CAS,Grant No.QYZDY-SSWSMC014”the Agreement ENDESA and San Ignacio de Huinay Foundations and Consejo Superior de Investiga-ciones Científicas,CSIC(Projects No.2011HUIN10,2013CL0012)and DGICYT projects CGL2005-01192/BOS,CGL2009-07231,CGL2015-67459-P,CSIC project PIE202030E059the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education(grant No.N N305299640)the support from UIDB/04046/2020 and UIDP/04046/2020 Centre grants from FCT,Portugal(to BioISI).the University of Southern Queensland and the Grains Research and Development Corporation projects DAQ00186 and DAQ00194the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)for the award of post-doctoral fellowship and the research grants(No.185701000001 and No.18-06620)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31500013,30770013)Talent Introduction Scientific Research Special Project of Hebei Agricultural University(YJ201849)the Ear-marked Fund for Hebei Edible Fungi Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(Project ID:HBCT2018050205).SERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India,for funding a project(SERB/SB/SO/PS/18/2014 dt.19.5.2015)the Department of Biotechnology,Pondicherry Univer-sity for facilitiesSERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India for providing financial support under the project YSS/2015/001590the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program[Grant No.2019QZKK0503]the open research project of“Cross Cooperative Team”of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant No.292019312511043]Science and Technology Ser-vice Network Initiative,Chinese Academy of Sciences[KFJ-STS-QYZD-171]S.N.Wijesinghe would like to acknowledge Mae Fah Luang University,National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)pro-ject code 31851110759National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972222,31560489)Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China(111 Program,D20023)Talent Project of Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Platform([2017]5788-5,[2019]5641 and[2020]5001)Guizhou Science,Tech-nology Department International Cooperation Basic project([2018]5806)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31970021 and 32060005)Fungal Diversity Conservation and Utilization Innovation Team of Dali University(ZKLX2019213)for financial support.the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(NSFC 32060013)Youth Science and Technology Talent Development Project from Guizhou Provincial Department of Education(QJHKYZ[2021]263)Dan-Feng Bao would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31660008 and 31860006)Fungal diversity conservation and uti-lization innovation team(ZKLX2019213)the Thailand Research Fund grant“impact of climate change on fungal diversity and bioge-ography in the Greater Mekong Sub-region(RDG6130001)”for finan-cial and laboratory support.Higher Educa-tion Commission,Pakistan for financial support through NRPU research project no.20-3383/NRPU/R&D/HEC/14/184.the Széchenyi 2020 Programme(Grant No.GINOP 2.2.1-15-2017-00042)the FWF and the Land Tirol for funding the MICINSNOW project(P31038)the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China(Project No.2019HJ2096001006)the Science and Technology Support Project of Guizhou Province(Project No.20192451-2)for research support.Yusufjon Gafforov acknowledges Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan(Project no.P3-2014-0830174425 and PЗ-20170921183)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for a Visiting Scientist grant(no.:2018VBB0021).
文摘This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic distri-bution.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions.Three new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies.Newly described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,C.mammil-latus,C.quercoflocculosus,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,Efibula rodriguezarmasiae,Erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,G.hansagiense,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,M.jinfoshanensis,M.subtropicus,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,O.parvispina,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense,Pseudodactylaria albicolonia,Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora,Russula paravioleipes,Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi,Seriascoma honghense,Synandromyces makranczyi,Thyridaria aureobrunnea,Torula lancangjiangensis,Tubeufia longihelicospora,Wicklowia fusiformispora,Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora.One new combination,Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is pro-posed.A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated.New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici,Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis,Camarosporidiella laburni,Canalisporium caribense,Chaetoscutula juniperi,Chlorophyllum demangei,C.globosum,C.hortense,Cladophialophora abundans,Dendryphion hydei,Diaporthe foeniculina,D.pseudophoenicicola,D.pyracanthae,Dictyosporium pandanicola,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Ernakula-mia tanakae,Eutypa flavovirens,E.lata,Favolus septatus,Fusarium atrovinosum,F.clavum,Helicosporium luteosporum,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hermatomyces sphaericoides,Longipedicellata aquatica,Lophiostoma caudata,L.clematidis-vitalbae,Lophiotrema hydei,L.neoarundinaria,Marasmiellus palmivorus,Megacapitula villosa,Micropsalliota globocys-tis,M.gracilis,Montagnula thailandica,Neohelicosporium irregulare,N.parisporum,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoisaria aquatica,Poaceascoma taiwanense,Saproamanita manicata,Spegazzinia camelliae,Submersispora variabi-lis,Thyronectria caudata,T.mackenziei,Tubeufia chiangmaiensis,T.roseohelicospora,Vaginatispora nypae,Wicklowia submersa,Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis.The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens,coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
