Estradiol (E2) is the most potent and prevalent form of estrogen, a well-known hormone that regulates multiple tissues and functions in humans. In the brain, E2 regulates processes as diverse as learning, memory, cogn...Estradiol (E2) is the most potent and prevalent form of estrogen, a well-known hormone that regulates multiple tissues and functions in humans. In the brain, E2 regulates processes as diverse as learning, memory, cognition, mood, as well as neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. The actions of E2 are mediated by classical estrogen receptors (ERs;α and β), and by the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER or GPR30)(Prossnitz and Arterburn, 2015). Classical ER are predominantly present in the nucleus and cytoplasm, with less than 2% present on the plasma membrane, and mediate genomic cellular effects that occur in the time frame of hours to days (Prossnitz and Arterburn, 2015).展开更多
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been increasingly studied in different neurological diseases,and although most studies focus on its effects on neuronal cells,the contribution of nonneuronal cells to t...Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been increasingly studied in different neurological diseases,and although most studies focus on its effects on neuronal cells,the contribution of nonneuronal cells to the improvement trigge red by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in these diseases has been increasingly suggested.To systematically review the effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells two online databases.Web of Science and PubMed were searched fo r the effects of high-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,low-frequencyrepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,intermittent theta-bu rst stimulation,continuous thetaburst stimulation,or repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells in models of disease and in unlesioned animals or cells.A total of 52 studies were included.The protocol more frequently used was high-frequency-repetitive magnetic stimulation,and in models of disease,most studies report that high-frequency-repetitive magnetic stimulation led to a decrease in astrocyte and mic roglial reactivity,a decrease in the release of pro-inflammatory cyto kines,and an increase of oligodendrocyte proliferation.The trend towards decreased microglial and astrocyte reactivity as well as increased oligodendrocyte proliferation occurred with intermittent theta-burst stimulation and continuous theta-burst stimulation.Few papers analyzed the low-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol,and the parameters evaluated were restricted to the study of astrocyte reactivity and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines,repo rting the absence of effects on these paramete rs.In what concerns the use of magnetic stimulation in unlesioned animals or cells,most articles on all four types of stimulation reported a lack of effects.It is also important to point out that the studies were developed mostly in male rodents,not evaluating possible diffe rential effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation between sexes.This systematic review supports that thro ugh modulation of glial cells repetitive magnetic stimulation contributes to the neuroprotection or repair in various neurological disease models.Howeve r,it should be noted that there are still few articles focusing on the impact of repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells and most studies did not perform in-depth analyses of the effects,emphasizing the need for more studies in this field.展开更多
BACKGROUND Carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)and cytology in pancreatic cystic fluid are suboptimal for evaluation of pancreatic cystic neoplasms.Genetic testing and microforceps biopsy are promising tools for pre-operativ...BACKGROUND Carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)and cytology in pancreatic cystic fluid are suboptimal for evaluation of pancreatic cystic neoplasms.Genetic testing and microforceps biopsy are promising tools for pre-operative diagnostic improvement but comparative performance of both methods is unknown.AIM To compare the accuracy of genetic testing and microforceps biopsy in pancreatic cysts referred for surgery.METHODS We performed a literature search in Medline,Scopus,and Web of Science for studies evaluating genetic testing of cystic fluid and microforceps biopsy of pancreatic cysts,with endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration(EUSFNA)prior to surgery and surgical pathology as reference standard for diagnosis.We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy for:1-benign cysts;2-mucinous low-risk cysts;3-high-risk cysts,and the diagnostic yield and rate of correctly identified cysts with microforceps biopsy and molecular analysis.We also assessed publication bias,heterogeneity,and study quality.RESULTS Eight studies,including 1206 patients,of which 203(17%)referred for surgery who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed in the systematic review,and seven studies were included in the meta-analysis.Genetic testing and microforceps biopsies were identical for diagnosis of benign cysts.Molecular analysis was superior for diagnosis of both low and high-risk mucinous cysts,with sensitivities of 0.89(95%CI:0.79-0.95)and 0.57(95%CI:0.42-0.71),specificities of 0.88(95%CI:0.75-0.95)and 0.88(95%CI:0.80-0.93)and AUC of 0.9555 and 0.92,respectively.The diagnostic yield was higher in microforceps biopsies than in genetic analysis(0.73 vs 0.54,respectively)but the rates of correctly identified cysts were identical(0.73 with 95%CI:0.62-0.82 vs 0.71 with 95%CI:0.49-0.86,respectively).CONCLUSION Genetic testing and microforceps biopsies are useful second tests,with identical results in benign pancreatic cysts.Genetic analysis performs better for low-and high-risk cysts but has lower diagnostic yield.展开更多
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The knowledge andunderstanding of CVD are based on the study of vascular physiology and how the smooth muscle cells and tissuesperform th...Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The knowledge andunderstanding of CVD are based on the study of vascular physiology and how the smooth muscle cells and tissuesperform their different functions. Exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDCs), such as phytoestrogens, polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, plasticizers, pesticides, and cosmetics, is an integral and fundamental part ofhuman exposure. Humans are exposed to EDCs by multiple pathways including air, food, water, and consumerproducts. However, this exposure can lead to several adverse effects on human health, including on the cardiovascular(CV) system. The negative impact that EDC toxicity has on human CV health is a serious problem that must not beoverlooked. In this point of view, we proposed the use of the human umbilical artery as a human model to study thedirect effects of EDCs on the vascular level. Several works where these cells were directly exposed to EDC’s werepresented to highlight this well-established model as a great strategy to be used. In the future, we emphasize the needto continue to carry out different investigations using HUA to unveil and understand the vascular toxicity of EDCsand improve human CV health.展开更多
Obesity has become a major global health challenge and it is a risk factor for the development of several comorbid conditions. Additionally, obesity has considerable economic consequences. Obesity is a multifactorial ...Obesity has become a major global health challenge and it is a risk factor for the development of several comorbid conditions. Additionally, obesity has considerable economic consequences. Obesity is a multifactorial condition that arises from independent influences of genetic and social-environmental factors on food intake and physical activity. It has been difficult to establish clear associations between weight status and the intake of single foods or food groups. In most people, the predisposition to obesity has a polygenic basis, which means that obesity will develop if an individual has several polygenic variants that increase body weight. The FTO gene was the first GWAS-identified obesity-susceptibility gene and since then other polygenic variants that are associated with BMI and dietary intake have also been identified. However, this is still an active area of research as more polygenetic variants await discovery.展开更多
The applicatio n of nano particles as selective drug delivery platforms arises as one the most promising therapeutic strategies in the biomedical field. Such systems can encapsulate drugs, prevent its premature degrad...The applicatio n of nano particles as selective drug delivery platforms arises as one the most promising therapeutic strategies in the biomedical field. Such systems can encapsulate drugs, prevent its premature degradation, transport and promote the drugs specific delivery to the target site. Among the different nanostructures, gold-core mesoporous silica shell (AuMSS) nanorods have been one of the most explored due to their unique physical and chemical properties. The mesoporous silica biocompatibility, high surface area that can be easily functionalized, tubular pores that can store the drugs, conjugated with the intrinsic capacity of gold nanorod to absorb near-infrared radiation, allows the combination of hyperthermia (i.e., photothermal effect) with drug delivery, making them a nanoplatforms with a huge potential for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the successful applicati on of AuMSS nanoparticles as an effective can cer nano medicine is hindered by the uncon trolled release of the therapeutic payloads, limited blood circulation time and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. In this review, an overview of the modificati ons performed to improve the AuMSS nano rods applicati on in nanom edicine is provided, highlighting the practical approaches that enhaneed the AuMSS nanorods targeting, responsiveness to different stimuli, and blood circulation time. Further, the basics of AuMSS nano rods syn thesis procedures, gen eral properties, and its applicati on in can cer therapy are also described.展开更多
Over the past few years,there has been an emerging number of new psychoactive drugs.These drugs are frequently mentioned as“legal highs”,“herbal highs”,“bath salts”and“research chemicals”.They are mostly sold ...Over the past few years,there has been an emerging number of new psychoactive drugs.These drugs are frequently mentioned as“legal highs”,“herbal highs”,“bath salts”and“research chemicals”.They are mostly sold and advertised on online forums and on the dark web.The emerging new psychoactive substances are designed to mimic the effects of psychoactive groups,which are often abused drugs.Novel synthetic opioids are a new trend in this context and represent an alarming threat to public health.Given the wide number of fatalities related to these compounds reported within the last few years,it is an important task to accurately identify these compounds in biologic matrices in order to administer an effective treatment and reverse the respiratory depression caused by opioid related substances.Clinicians dealing with fentanyl intoxication cases should consider that it could,in fact,be a fentanyl analogue.For this reason,it is a helpful recommendation to include synthetic opioids in the routine toxicological screening procedures,including analysis in alternative matrices,if available,to investigate poly-drug use and possible tolerance to opioids.To address this public health problem,better international collaboration,effective legislation,effective investigation,control of suspicious“research chemicals”online forums and continuous community alertness are required.This article aims to review diverse reported fatalities associated with new synthetic opioids describing them in terms of pharmacology,metabolism,posology,available forms,as well as their toxic effects,highlighting the sample procedures and analytical techniques available for their detection and quantification in biological matrices.展开更多
Background The identification of circulating biomarkers that closely correlate with Parkinson’s Disease(PD)has failed several times in the past.Nevertheless,in this pilot study,a translational approach was conducted,...Background The identification of circulating biomarkers that closely correlate with Parkinson’s Disease(PD)has failed several times in the past.Nevertheless,in this pilot study,a translational approach was conducted,allowing the evaluation of the plasma levels of two mitochondrial-related proteins,whose combination leads to a robust model with potential diagnostic value to discriminate the PD patients from matched controls.Methods The proposed translational approach was initiated by the analysis of secretomes from cells cultured under control or well-defined oxidative stress conditions,followed by the identification of proteins related to PD pathologic mechanisms that were altered between the two states.This pipeline was further translated into the analysis of undepleted plasma samples from 28 control and 31 PD patients.Results From the secretome analysis,several mitochondria-related proteins were found to be differentially released between control and stress conditions and to be able to distinguish the two secretomes.Similarly,two mitochondrial-related proteins were found to be significantly changed in a PD cohort compared to matched controls.Moreover,a linear discriminant model with potential diagnostic value to discriminate PD patients was obtained using the combination of these two proteins.Both proteins are associated with apoptotic mitochondrial changes,which may correspond to potential indicators of cell death.Moreover,one of these proteins,the VPS35 protein,was reported in plasma for the first time,and its quantification was only possible due to its previous identification in the secretome analysis.Conclusions In this work,an adaptation of a translational pipeline for biomarker selection was presented and transposed to neurological diseases,in the present case Parkinson’s Disease.The novelty and success of this pilot study may arise from the combination of:i)a translational research pipeline,where plasma samples are interrogated using knowledge previously obtained from the evaluation of cells’secretome under oxidative stress;ii)the combined used of statistical analysis and an informed selection of candidates based on their link with relevant disease mechanisms,and iii)the use of SWATH-MS,an untargeted MS method that allows a complete record of the analyzed samples and a targeted data extraction of the quantitative values of proteins previously identified.展开更多
基金supported by FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology(UID/Multi/00709/2019)by ‘‘Programa Operacional do Centro,Centro 2020” through the Funding of the ICON Project(Interdisciplinary Challenges On Neurodegeneration CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013)
文摘Estradiol (E2) is the most potent and prevalent form of estrogen, a well-known hormone that regulates multiple tissues and functions in humans. In the brain, E2 regulates processes as diverse as learning, memory, cognition, mood, as well as neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. The actions of E2 are mediated by classical estrogen receptors (ERs;α and β), and by the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER or GPR30)(Prossnitz and Arterburn, 2015). Classical ER are predominantly present in the nucleus and cytoplasm, with less than 2% present on the plasma membrane, and mediate genomic cellular effects that occur in the time frame of hours to days (Prossnitz and Arterburn, 2015).
基金the scope of the CICS-UBI projects UIDP/Multi/00709/2019,UIDB/Multi/00709/2019,UIDP/00709/2020,UIDB/00709/2020,financed by national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology/MCTESby funds to the PPBI-Portuguese Platform of Bio Imaging through the Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022122(to GB,MVP,NP)supported by a grant from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology/MCTES(2021.07854.BD)(to IS)。
文摘Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been increasingly studied in different neurological diseases,and although most studies focus on its effects on neuronal cells,the contribution of nonneuronal cells to the improvement trigge red by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in these diseases has been increasingly suggested.To systematically review the effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells two online databases.Web of Science and PubMed were searched fo r the effects of high-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,low-frequencyrepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,intermittent theta-bu rst stimulation,continuous thetaburst stimulation,or repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells in models of disease and in unlesioned animals or cells.A total of 52 studies were included.The protocol more frequently used was high-frequency-repetitive magnetic stimulation,and in models of disease,most studies report that high-frequency-repetitive magnetic stimulation led to a decrease in astrocyte and mic roglial reactivity,a decrease in the release of pro-inflammatory cyto kines,and an increase of oligodendrocyte proliferation.The trend towards decreased microglial and astrocyte reactivity as well as increased oligodendrocyte proliferation occurred with intermittent theta-burst stimulation and continuous theta-burst stimulation.Few papers analyzed the low-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol,and the parameters evaluated were restricted to the study of astrocyte reactivity and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines,repo rting the absence of effects on these paramete rs.In what concerns the use of magnetic stimulation in unlesioned animals or cells,most articles on all four types of stimulation reported a lack of effects.It is also important to point out that the studies were developed mostly in male rodents,not evaluating possible diffe rential effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation between sexes.This systematic review supports that thro ugh modulation of glial cells repetitive magnetic stimulation contributes to the neuroprotection or repair in various neurological disease models.Howeve r,it should be noted that there are still few articles focusing on the impact of repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells and most studies did not perform in-depth analyses of the effects,emphasizing the need for more studies in this field.
文摘BACKGROUND Carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)and cytology in pancreatic cystic fluid are suboptimal for evaluation of pancreatic cystic neoplasms.Genetic testing and microforceps biopsy are promising tools for pre-operative diagnostic improvement but comparative performance of both methods is unknown.AIM To compare the accuracy of genetic testing and microforceps biopsy in pancreatic cysts referred for surgery.METHODS We performed a literature search in Medline,Scopus,and Web of Science for studies evaluating genetic testing of cystic fluid and microforceps biopsy of pancreatic cysts,with endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration(EUSFNA)prior to surgery and surgical pathology as reference standard for diagnosis.We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy for:1-benign cysts;2-mucinous low-risk cysts;3-high-risk cysts,and the diagnostic yield and rate of correctly identified cysts with microforceps biopsy and molecular analysis.We also assessed publication bias,heterogeneity,and study quality.RESULTS Eight studies,including 1206 patients,of which 203(17%)referred for surgery who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed in the systematic review,and seven studies were included in the meta-analysis.Genetic testing and microforceps biopsies were identical for diagnosis of benign cysts.Molecular analysis was superior for diagnosis of both low and high-risk mucinous cysts,with sensitivities of 0.89(95%CI:0.79-0.95)and 0.57(95%CI:0.42-0.71),specificities of 0.88(95%CI:0.75-0.95)and 0.88(95%CI:0.80-0.93)and AUC of 0.9555 and 0.92,respectively.The diagnostic yield was higher in microforceps biopsies than in genetic analysis(0.73 vs 0.54,respectively)but the rates of correctly identified cysts were identical(0.73 with 95%CI:0.62-0.82 vs 0.71 with 95%CI:0.49-0.86,respectively).CONCLUSION Genetic testing and microforceps biopsies are useful second tests,with identical results in benign pancreatic cysts.Genetic analysis performs better for low-and high-risk cysts but has lower diagnostic yield.
基金This work was financed by the Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT)through funds from the State Budget,and by the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF),under the Portugal 2020 Program+2 种基金through the Regional Operational Program of the Center(Centro2020)through the Project with the reference UIDB/00709/2020M.L.acknowledges the Ph.D.fellowship from FCT(Reference:2020.06616.BD).
文摘Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The knowledge andunderstanding of CVD are based on the study of vascular physiology and how the smooth muscle cells and tissuesperform their different functions. Exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDCs), such as phytoestrogens, polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, plasticizers, pesticides, and cosmetics, is an integral and fundamental part ofhuman exposure. Humans are exposed to EDCs by multiple pathways including air, food, water, and consumerproducts. However, this exposure can lead to several adverse effects on human health, including on the cardiovascular(CV) system. The negative impact that EDC toxicity has on human CV health is a serious problem that must not beoverlooked. In this point of view, we proposed the use of the human umbilical artery as a human model to study thedirect effects of EDCs on the vascular level. Several works where these cells were directly exposed to EDC’s werepresented to highlight this well-established model as a great strategy to be used. In the future, we emphasize the needto continue to carry out different investigations using HUA to unveil and understand the vascular toxicity of EDCsand improve human CV health.
文摘Obesity has become a major global health challenge and it is a risk factor for the development of several comorbid conditions. Additionally, obesity has considerable economic consequences. Obesity is a multifactorial condition that arises from independent influences of genetic and social-environmental factors on food intake and physical activity. It has been difficult to establish clear associations between weight status and the intake of single foods or food groups. In most people, the predisposition to obesity has a polygenic basis, which means that obesity will develop if an individual has several polygenic variants that increase body weight. The FTO gene was the first GWAS-identified obesity-susceptibility gene and since then other polygenic variants that are associated with BMI and dietary intake have also been identified. However, this is still an active area of research as more polygenetic variants await discovery.
文摘The applicatio n of nano particles as selective drug delivery platforms arises as one the most promising therapeutic strategies in the biomedical field. Such systems can encapsulate drugs, prevent its premature degradation, transport and promote the drugs specific delivery to the target site. Among the different nanostructures, gold-core mesoporous silica shell (AuMSS) nanorods have been one of the most explored due to their unique physical and chemical properties. The mesoporous silica biocompatibility, high surface area that can be easily functionalized, tubular pores that can store the drugs, conjugated with the intrinsic capacity of gold nanorod to absorb near-infrared radiation, allows the combination of hyperthermia (i.e., photothermal effect) with drug delivery, making them a nanoplatforms with a huge potential for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the successful applicati on of AuMSS nanoparticles as an effective can cer nano medicine is hindered by the uncon trolled release of the therapeutic payloads, limited blood circulation time and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. In this review, an overview of the modificati ons performed to improve the AuMSS nano rods applicati on in nanom edicine is provided, highlighting the practical approaches that enhaneed the AuMSS nanorods targeting, responsiveness to different stimuli, and blood circulation time. Further, the basics of AuMSS nano rods syn thesis procedures, gen eral properties, and its applicati on in can cer therapy are also described.
基金funded by FEDER funds through the POCI-COMPETE 2020-Operational Programme Competitiveness and Internationalization in Axis IStrengthening Research,Technological Development and Innovation[grant number:Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007491]National Funds by FCT-Fundac¸ão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia[grant number:Project UID/Multi/00709/2013]S.Soares and J.Gonc¸alves acknowledge Program Santander-Totta Universidades in the form of a fellowship grant number[Bolsa BID/UBISantander Universidades/2018].Â.Luís acknowledges the contract in the scientific area of Microbiology(Scientific Employment)financed by FCT.
文摘Over the past few years,there has been an emerging number of new psychoactive drugs.These drugs are frequently mentioned as“legal highs”,“herbal highs”,“bath salts”and“research chemicals”.They are mostly sold and advertised on online forums and on the dark web.The emerging new psychoactive substances are designed to mimic the effects of psychoactive groups,which are often abused drugs.Novel synthetic opioids are a new trend in this context and represent an alarming threat to public health.Given the wide number of fatalities related to these compounds reported within the last few years,it is an important task to accurately identify these compounds in biologic matrices in order to administer an effective treatment and reverse the respiratory depression caused by opioid related substances.Clinicians dealing with fentanyl intoxication cases should consider that it could,in fact,be a fentanyl analogue.For this reason,it is a helpful recommendation to include synthetic opioids in the routine toxicological screening procedures,including analysis in alternative matrices,if available,to investigate poly-drug use and possible tolerance to opioids.To address this public health problem,better international collaboration,effective legislation,effective investigation,control of suspicious“research chemicals”online forums and continuous community alertness are required.This article aims to review diverse reported fatalities associated with new synthetic opioids describing them in terms of pharmacology,metabolism,posology,available forms,as well as their toxic effects,highlighting the sample procedures and analytical techniques available for their detection and quantification in biological matrices.
基金This work was financed by the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF)through the COMPETE 2020-Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation and Portuguese national funds via FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia,I.P.,under projects:POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029311(ref.:PTDC/BTM-TEC/29311/2017),PTDC/NEU-NMC/0205/2012,UIDB/04539/2020,POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016428(ref.:SAICTPAC/0010/2015),POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016795(ref.:PTDC/NEU-SCC/7051/2014),and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029516(PTDC/MED-NEU/29516/2017).
文摘Background The identification of circulating biomarkers that closely correlate with Parkinson’s Disease(PD)has failed several times in the past.Nevertheless,in this pilot study,a translational approach was conducted,allowing the evaluation of the plasma levels of two mitochondrial-related proteins,whose combination leads to a robust model with potential diagnostic value to discriminate the PD patients from matched controls.Methods The proposed translational approach was initiated by the analysis of secretomes from cells cultured under control or well-defined oxidative stress conditions,followed by the identification of proteins related to PD pathologic mechanisms that were altered between the two states.This pipeline was further translated into the analysis of undepleted plasma samples from 28 control and 31 PD patients.Results From the secretome analysis,several mitochondria-related proteins were found to be differentially released between control and stress conditions and to be able to distinguish the two secretomes.Similarly,two mitochondrial-related proteins were found to be significantly changed in a PD cohort compared to matched controls.Moreover,a linear discriminant model with potential diagnostic value to discriminate PD patients was obtained using the combination of these two proteins.Both proteins are associated with apoptotic mitochondrial changes,which may correspond to potential indicators of cell death.Moreover,one of these proteins,the VPS35 protein,was reported in plasma for the first time,and its quantification was only possible due to its previous identification in the secretome analysis.Conclusions In this work,an adaptation of a translational pipeline for biomarker selection was presented and transposed to neurological diseases,in the present case Parkinson’s Disease.The novelty and success of this pilot study may arise from the combination of:i)a translational research pipeline,where plasma samples are interrogated using knowledge previously obtained from the evaluation of cells’secretome under oxidative stress;ii)the combined used of statistical analysis and an informed selection of candidates based on their link with relevant disease mechanisms,and iii)the use of SWATH-MS,an untargeted MS method that allows a complete record of the analyzed samples and a targeted data extraction of the quantitative values of proteins previously identified.
