The meteor radar can detect the zenith angle,azimuth,radial velocity,and altitude of meteor trails so that one can invert the wind profiles in the mesosphere and low thermosphere(MLT)region,based on the Interferometri...The meteor radar can detect the zenith angle,azimuth,radial velocity,and altitude of meteor trails so that one can invert the wind profiles in the mesosphere and low thermosphere(MLT)region,based on the Interferometric and Doppler techniques.In this paper,the horizontal wind field,gravity wave(GW)disturbance variance,and GW fluxes are analyzed through the meteor radar observation from 2012−2022,at Mohe(53.5°N,122.4°E)and Zuoling(30.5°N,114.6°E)stations of the(Chinese)Meridian Project.The Lomb−Scargle periodogram method has been utilized to analyze the periodic variations for time series with observational data gaps.The results show that the zonal winds at both stations are eastward dominated,while the meridional winds are southward dominated.The variance of GW disturbances in the zonal and meridional directions increases gradually with height,and there is a strong pattern of annual variation.The zonal momentum flux of GW changes little with height,showing weak annual variation.The meridional GW flux varies gradually from northward to southward with height,and the annual periodicity is stronger.For both stations,the maximum values of zonal and meridional wind occur close to the peak heights of GW flux,with opposite directions.This observational evidence is consistent with the filtering theory.The horizontal wind velocity,GW flux,and disturbance variance of the GW at Mohe are overall smaller than those at Zuoling,indicating weaker activities in the MLT at Mohe.The power spectral density(PSD)calculated by the Lomb−Scargle periodogram shows that there are 12-month period and 6-month period in horizontal wind field,GW disturbance variance and GW flux at both stations,and especially there is also a 4-month cycle in the disturbance variance.The PSD of the 12-month and 6-month cycles exhibits maximum values below 88 km and above 94 km.展开更多
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) is a fastprogressing fatal neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of motor neuron disease.There is currently no cure and approximately 90% of cases are sporadic.ALS share...Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) is a fastprogressing fatal neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of motor neuron disease.There is currently no cure and approximately 90% of cases are sporadic.ALS shares genetic causes,clinical and neuropathological features with frontotemporal dementia,the second most common form of presenile dementia.ALS and frontotemporal dementia are therefore considered a disease spectrum(Abramzon et al.,2020).展开更多
Water is essential to life and to the sustainable socio-economic development of a nation, It is therefore interesting to have a better knowledge of the quality of this water. The aim was to determine the degree of mic...Water is essential to life and to the sustainable socio-economic development of a nation, It is therefore interesting to have a better knowledge of the quality of this water. The aim was to determine the degree of microbiological and physico-chemical pollution of the water of the “Mamouwol” river in the town of Mamou. To do this, we chose four (4) sampling sites spread throughout the town of Mamou. During the month of March (2024), 4 water samples were analyzed to monitor the water quality of this river. The average values of the flora analyzed show that these water are heavily contaminated with bacteria indicative of fecal and metal pollution. This study showed that sites: Mam4;Mam2 and Mam1 contain the highest loads, with Total Coliform counts ranging from 1534 CFU/100 ml to 2100 CFU/100 ml, the number of faecal coliforms varies between 526 and 1240 CFU/100 ml, and that of faecal streptococci between 526 and 841 CFU/100 ml. Metal content, BOD5 and COD all comply with the laboratory’s analysis criteria, although they vary from point to point.展开更多
The exponential growth of the number of network devices in recent years not only entails the need for automation of management tasks,but also leads to the increase of available network data and metadata.5G and beyond ...The exponential growth of the number of network devices in recent years not only entails the need for automation of management tasks,but also leads to the increase of available network data and metadata.5G and beyond standards already cover those requirements and also include the need to define and use machine learning techniques to take advantage of the data acquired,especially using geolocated Call Detail Record(CDR)data sets.However,this scenario requires novel cellular network analysis methodologies to exploit all these available data,especially for the network usage pattern in order to ease the management tasks.In this work,a novel method based on information theory metrics like the Kullback-Leibler divergence and data classification algorithms is proposed to identify representative urban areas in terms of the network usage pattern.Methodology validation is performed via computer analysis using the Open Big Data CDR data set in the Milan area for different scenarios.Obtained results validate the proposed methodology and also reveal its adaptability in terms of specific scenario characteristics.Network usage patterns are calculated for each representative area,paving the path to several future research lines in network management,such as network usage prediction based on this methodology and using the comportment time series.展开更多
The present work investigated the efficiency of leaf reflectance indices in the identification of Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum resistant to anthracnose in the fruit. Twenty-five F<sub>5:6</sub> families ...The present work investigated the efficiency of leaf reflectance indices in the identification of Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum resistant to anthracnose in the fruit. Twenty-five F<sub>5:6</sub> families originating from contrasting parents were assessed;the parents were accession UENF 2285 (susceptible to anthracnose) and accession UENF 1381, a hot pepper resistant to anthracnose in the fruit. The experiment was carried out in an experimental field in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between May and October of 2021. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design, with three replications and five plants per plot. Fifteen LRIs were estimated using a CI-710 portable mini leaf spectrometer. The assessments covered all plant growth after flowering, and a total of six assessments were performed at 15-days intervals, beginning at 35 and ending 120 days after flowering (DAFs). Analysis of variance in a split-plot scheme was performed, as were tests of mean groupings and principal components analysis (PCA). The best period for evaluating leaf reflectance indices in C. annuum var. annuum is 120 days after flowering. The leaf reflectance indices PRI, CNDVI and Ctr2 stood out as effective in distinguishing between resistant and susceptible genotypes.展开更多
This study investigates the static and dynamic return and volatility spillovers between non-fungible tokens(NFTs)and conventional currencies using the time-varying parameter vector autoregressions approach.We reveal t...This study investigates the static and dynamic return and volatility spillovers between non-fungible tokens(NFTs)and conventional currencies using the time-varying parameter vector autoregressions approach.We reveal that the total connectedness between these markets is weak,implying that investors may increase the diversification benefits of their multicurrency portfolios by adding NFTs.We also find that NFTs are net transmitters of both return and volatility spillovers;however,in the case of return spillovers,the influence of NFTs on conventional currencies is more pronounced than that of volatility shock transmissions.The dynamic exercise reveals that the returns and volatility spillovers vary over time,largely increasing during the onset of the Covid-19 crisis,which deeply affected the relationship between NFTs and the conventional currencies markets.Our findings are useful for currency traders and NFT investors seeking to build effective cross-currency and cross-asset hedge strategies during systemic crises.展开更多
The efifciency of extracts from Arbutus unedo L. （AU）, Crataegus monogyna L. （CM）, Rosa canina L. （RC）, and Rubus ulmifolius Schott. （RU） to inhibit lipid oxidation in raw, cooked and cooked and chilled （2...The efifciency of extracts from Arbutus unedo L. （AU）, Crataegus monogyna L. （CM）, Rosa canina L. （RC）, and Rubus ulmifolius Schott. （RU） to inhibit lipid oxidation in raw, cooked and cooked and chilled （2°C/12 d） porcine burger patties, was investigated. The modiifcation of the fatty acid proifle during processing treatments （cooking and chilling）, the quantitative measurements of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBA-RS）, and lipid-derived volatiles, were used as indicators of lipid oxidation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） gradually decreased during cooking and the subsequent storage of cooked burger patties with this decrease being signiifcantly greater （P〈0.05） in control patties than in those with added berry extracts. In accordance, the control patties showed signiifcantly higher TBA-RS numbers and counts of lipid-derived volatiles in all treatments when compared to the berry-added counterparts （P〈0.05）. Results from the present work show, for the ifrst time, that extracts from A. unedo, C. monogyna, R. canina, and R. ulmifolius are promising antioxidants which could enhance the nutritional, safety and sensory properties of porcine burger patties.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the potential of commercial fermented products sold in the country,and strains of Lactobacillus plantarum(L,plantarum)as prophylaxis and therapy against diarrhoea in children,Methods: The antimi...Objective: To evaluate the potential of commercial fermented products sold in the country,and strains of Lactobacillus plantarum(L,plantarum)as prophylaxis and therapy against diarrhoea in children,Methods: The antimicrobial potential of cultures of lactobacilli enriched from 4 Zimbabwean commercial food/beverage products: Dairibord Lacto sour milk(DLSM),Probrand sour milk(PSM),Kefalos Vuka cheese(KVC) and Chibuku opaque beer(COB); and four strains of L,plantarum obtained from Balkan traditional cheeses against clinical strains of Escherichia coli(E,coli) was assayed using the well diffusion method,Three commercial paediatric antidiarrhoeal drug products: Biogaia(BG),Prolife(PL) and Probio Junior(PJ) and a mutant strain of E,coli [strain 11105(ATCC)- a vitamin B-12 auxotroph and penicillin G acylase-producing strain] were used as controls,An agar diffusion assay and a competitive exclusion assay were carried out on Mueller Hinton agar,Results: Crude cultures of putative lactobacillus strains obtained from Zimbabwean dairy products(Probrand sour milk,Kefalos Vuka vuka cheese and Chibuku opaque beer) had significantly higher antimicrobial activities against clinical strains of E,coli than strains of L,plantarum isolated from Balkan cheeses(CLP1,CLP2 or CLP3) and crude microbial cultures from commercial paediatric probiotic products(BG,PJ and PL) of a culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG(P<0.05),Conclusions: The putative Lactobacilli from four commercial Zimbabwean dairy products(Probrand sour milk,Kefalos Vuka vuka cheese and Chibuku opaque beer),and three strains of L,plantarum from Balkan cheeses(CLP1,CLP2 or CLP3) exhibited high antibacterial activities that can be harnessed to control paediatric diarrhoea that is caused by pathogenic strains of E,coli,Studies to characterise the probiotic potential of the live cultures in the products and the new strains of L,plantarum are underway.展开更多
Objective:Peripheral nerve repair is required after traumatic injury.This common condition represents a major public health problem worldwide.Recovery after nerve repair depends on several factors,including the severi...Objective:Peripheral nerve repair is required after traumatic injury.This common condition represents a major public health problem worldwide.Recovery after nerve repair depends on several factors,including the severity of the injury,the nerve involved,and the surgeon’s technical skills.Despite the precise microsurgical repair of nerve lesions,adequate functional recovery is not always achieved and,therefore,the regeneration process and surgical techniques are still being studied.Pre-clinical animal models are essential for this research and,for this reason,the focus of the present systematic review(according to the PRISMA statement)was to analyze the different animal models used in pre-clinical peripheral nerve repair studies.Data sources:Original articles,published in English from 2000 to 2018,were collected using the Web of Science,Scopus,and PubMed databases.Data selection:Only preclinical trials on direct nerve repair were included in this review.The articles were evaluated by the first two authors,in accordance with predefined data fields.Outcome measures:The primary outcomes included functional motor abilities,daily activity and regeneration rate.Secondary outcomes included coaptation technique and animal model.Results:This review yielded 267 articles,of which,after completion of the screening,49 studies were analyzed.There were 1425 animals in those 49 studies,being rats,mice,guinea pigs,rabbits,cats and dogs the different pre-clinical models.The nerves used were classified into three groups:head and neck(11),forelimb(8)and hindlimb(30).The techniques used to perform the coaptation were:microsuture(46),glue(12),laser(8)and mechanical(2).The follow-up examinations were histology(43),electrophysiological analysis(24)and behavioral observation(22).Conclusion:The most widely used animal model in the study of peripheral nerve repair is the rat.Other animal models are also used but the cost-benefit of the rat model provides several strengths over the others.Suture techniques are currently the first option for nerve repair,but the use of glues,lasers and bioengineering materials is increasing.Hence,further research in this field is required to improve clinical practice.展开更多
There are two widely used radiative models without consideration of aerosol inhomogeneity for satellite remote sensing application, the Homogeneous Model and the Two-layer Model with aerosol in the lower layer. In thi...There are two widely used radiative models without consideration of aerosol inhomogeneity for satellite remote sensing application, the Homogeneous Model and the Two-layer Model with aerosol in the lower layer. In this paper, effects of the aerosol vertical inhomogeneity on upwelling radiance and satellite remote sensing of surface reflectance are analyzed through numerical simulations by using two models. As shown in the simulations by using 24 representative aerosol models, there is often a considerably large error in upwel-ling radiance calculated by two models (Homogeneous and Two-layer) for the short wavelength channel with strong molecular scattering, owing to the difference between molecular and aerosol scattering proper-ties. For the long wavelength channel, the error is small if aerosol optical parameters are less variable with height, but it could also be significant if there are aerosol layers with different scattering phase functions and single scattering albedo. The radiance errors by the Homogeneous Model and the Two-layer Model can be up to 31.4% and 31.5% for the clean atmosphere, and in case of turbid atmosphere 67.8% and 59.2%, respectively. The radiance error could result in a large uncertainty of surface reflectance retrievals, especially for the short wavelength channel and the strongly absorbing aerosol. For the turbid atmosphere with strong-ly absorbing aerosol, the Homogeneous Model and the Two-layer Model are not suitable for atmospheric correction application. Key words Satellite remote sensing - Aerosol inhomogeneity - Surface reflectance - Radiance展开更多
Double balloon enteroscopy(DBE)is an endoscopic technique broadly used to diagnose and treat small bowel diseases.Among the associated complications of the oral DBE,post-procedure pancreatitis has taken the most atten...Double balloon enteroscopy(DBE)is an endoscopic technique broadly used to diagnose and treat small bowel diseases.Among the associated complications of the oral DBE,post-procedure pancreatitis has taken the most attention due to its gravity and the thought that it might be associated to the technique itself and anatomical features of the pancreas.However,as the etiology has not been clarified yet,this paper aims to review the published literature and adds new results from a porcine animal model.Biochemical markers,histological sections and the vascular perfusion of the pancreas were monitored in the pig during DBE practice.A reduced perfusion of the pancreas and bowel,the presence of defined hypoxic areas and disseminated necrotic zones were found in the pancreatic tissue of pigs.All these evidences contribute to support a vascular distress as the most likely etiology of the post-DBE pancreatitis.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the effect of double-balloon enteros- copy （DBE） on pancreas histology and levels of pancre- atic enzymes. METHODS： Conventional upper gastrointestinal endos- copy was performed on five control pi...AIM： To evaluate the effect of double-balloon enteros- copy （DBE） on pancreas histology and levels of pancre- atic enzymes. METHODS： Conventional upper gastrointestinal endos- copy was performed on five control pigs. Oral DBE was performed with an EN-450T5 enteroscope on 20 pigs. Two experimental groups （10 pigs each） were defined according to DBE duration： 90 rain for Group 1 and 140 min for Group 2. During oral insertion, the balloons were not inflated in the descending part of the duodenum to avoid the minor duodenal papilla. Serum amy- lase, lipase and C-reactive protein （CRP） levels were monitored before the procedure and repeated every 30 min until the exploration was finished, as well as 24 h and 7 d after. After the procedure and for a total of 7 d, the pigs were observed twice a day for signs of de- creased activity, irritability, vomiting or anorexia. Gross and microscopic examination of the pancreas was per- formed on day 7. RESULTS： All animals tolerated DBE without clini- cal manifestations of acute pancreatitis. Experimental groups had higher levels of enzymes than the control group at 24 h. Throughout the exploration, the amylase levels increased significantly above the baseline 24 h after DBE, although the increase was not statistically significant and did not reach 20% of the baseline. An increase in lipase and CRP was observed at 24 h after the procedure, although by day 7, all enzymatic lev- els had returned to baseline. No differences between Groups 1 and 2 were found for any enzyme and sam- pling site during and after the procedure. Similarly, no correlation between insertion depth and enzyme levels was observed. Direct in situ and post-removal inspec- tion of the pancreas did not show any evidence of fluid collection, abscesses or hemorrhage. Histological examination of the pancreas from Groups 1 and 2 re- vealed the existence of focal areas （0.14-0.26 mm2） of ischemic necrosis in 47.4% of the animals. In the pigs with damaged pancreas, the left lobe （tail） was always affected. However, this only happened in 83.3% of the samples from the right lobe （head） and in 33.3% of the samples from the body of the pancreas. Significant differences were found between the left lobe （tail） and the body for the percentage of affected pancreas. Both the size of the lesions and the percentage of affected pancreas were higher in the left pancreatic lobe （tail）. The presence of the lesions was not related to the ex- ploration length.CONCLUSION： The increase in pancreatic enzymes after DBE could be related to focal points of pancreatic ischemic necrosis due to mechanical stress.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to study about the interrelationship between the backscattering intensity of PALSAR data and the laboratory measurement of dielectric constant and soil moisture. The characterization of th...The purpose of this paper is to study about the interrelationship between the backscattering intensity of PALSAR data and the laboratory measurement of dielectric constant and soil moisture. The characterization of the dielectric constant of arid soils in the 0.3 - 3 GHz frequency range, particularly focused in L-band was analyzed in varied soil moisture content and soil textures. The interrelationship between the relative dielectric constant with soil textures and backscattering of PALSAR data was also analyzed and statistical model was computed. In this study, after collecting the soil samples in the field from top soil (0 - 10 cm) in a homogeneous area then, the dielectric constant was measured using a dielectric probe tool kit. For investigated of the characteristics and behaviors of the dielectric constant and relationship with backscattering a variety of moisture content from 0% to 40% and soil fraction conditions was tested in laboratory condition. All data were analyzed by integrating it with other geophysical data in GIS, such as land cover and soil texture. Thus, the regression model computed between measured soil moisture and backscattering coefficient of PALSR data which were extracted as same point of each soil sample pixel. Finally, after completing the preprocessing, such as removing the speckle noise by averaging, the model was applied to the PALSAR data for retrieving the soil moisture map in arid region of Iran. The analysis of dielectric constant properties result has shown the soil texture after the moisture content has the largest effected on dielectric constant. In addition, the PALSAR data in dual polarization are also able to derive the soil moisture using statistical method. The dielectric constant and backscattering shown have the exponential relationship and the HV polarization mode is more sensitive than the HH mode to soil moisture and overestimated the soil moisture as well. The validation of result has shown the 4.2 Vol-% RMSE of soil moisture. It means that the backscattering analysis should consider about other factors such a surface roughness and mix pixel of vegetation effective.展开更多
It has been commonly acknowledged that the current global mapping projects have encountered the accuracy challenge. By conducting a comparison among the four existing global land cover datasets (MODIS LC, GLC2000, GLC...It has been commonly acknowledged that the current global mapping projects have encountered the accuracy challenge. By conducting a comparison among the four existing global land cover datasets (MODIS LC, GLC2000, GLCNMO and GLOBCOVER), it has been identified that certain areas’ accuracy has dragged down the overall accuracy of these global land cover datasets. In this paper, those areas have been defined as the “unreliable area”. This study has recollected the training data from the “unreliable area” within the above four mentioned datasets and reclassified the “unreliable area” by using two supervised classifications. The final result has shown that compared with any existing datasets, a relatively higher accuracy has been able to achieve.展开更多
The Hansen solubility parameters(HSP)are frequently used for solvent selection and characterization of polymers,and are directly related to the suspension behavior of pigments in solvent mixtures.The performance of cu...The Hansen solubility parameters(HSP)are frequently used for solvent selection and characterization of polymers,and are directly related to the suspension behavior of pigments in solvent mixtures.The performance of currently available group contribution(GC)methods for HSP were evaluated and found to be insufficient for computer-aided product design(CAPD)of paints and coatings.A revised and,for this purpose,improved GC method is presented for estimating HSP of organic compounds,intended for organic pigments.Due to the significant limitations of GC methods,an uncertainty analysis and parameter confidence intervals are provided in order to better quantify the estimation accuracy of the proposed approach.Compared to other applicable GC methods,the prediction error is reduced significantly with average absolute errors of 0.45 MPa^(1/2),1.35 MPa^(1/2),and 1.09 MPa^(1/2) for the partial dispersion(δD),polar(δP)and hydrogen-bonding(δH)solubility parameters respectively for a database of 1106 compounds.The performance for organic pigments is comparable to the overall method performance,with higher average errors forδD and lower average errors forδP andδH.展开更多
Both arterial and venous thromboembolic events are common in patients hospitalized in intensive care units with severe COVID-19. These patients often have laboratory findings consistent with a hypercoagulable state, s...Both arterial and venous thromboembolic events are common in patients hospitalized in intensive care units with severe COVID-19. These patients often have laboratory findings consistent with a hypercoagulable state, suggesting widespread thrombosis and fibrinolysis, as well as elevated levels of D-dimer, von Willebrand factor (VWF), and factor VIII. There is increasing evidence that these thromboembolic events are associated with worse outcomes. We present the case of a 61-year-old man admitted for bilateral pneumonia due to COVID-19 infection, who developed during his hospitalization;Bilateral pulmonary thromboembolism, an acute myocardial infarction due to multiple coronary thrombosis, an intracavitary thrombus and thrombus in the ascending aorta. The patient was treated with systemic fibrinolysis and full doses of anticoagulation for pulmonary embolism, an emergency primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed with the implant of a drug eluting stent (DES) in the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Triple therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel and heparin was maintained until discharge. After the patient discharge, aspirin was stopped and treatment with clopidogrel and dabigatran was maintained for three months. In a subsequent outpatient control, the thrombi of the left ventricle and the ascending aorta resolved.展开更多
Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) co-infections have remained a major public health concern worldwide,particularly in Southern Africa.Yet our understanding of the molecular interact...Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) co-infections have remained a major public health concern worldwide,particularly in Southern Africa.Yet our understanding of the molecular interactions between the pathogens has remained poor,primarily due to lack of suitable preclinical models for such studies.We reviewed the use,this far,of mammalian cell culture models in HIV-MTB interaction studies.Studies have described the use of primary human cell cultures,including monocyte-derived macrophage(MDM) fractions of peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC),alveolar macrophages(AM),cell lines such as the monocyte-derived macrophage cell line(U937),T lymphocyte cell lines(CEMx174,ESAT-6-specific CD4+ T-cells) and an alveolar epithelial cell line(A549) and special models such as stem cells,three dimensional(3D) or organoid cell models [including a blood-brain barrier(BBB) cell model] in HIV-MTB interaction studies.The use of cell cultures from other mammals,including:mouse cell lines [macrophage cell lines RAW 264.7 and J774.2,fibroblast cell lines(NIH 3T3,C3 H clones),embryonic fibroblast cell lines and T-lymphoma cell lines(S1A.TB,TIMI.4 and R1.1)]; rat(T cells:Rat2,RGE,XC and HH16,and alveolar cells:NR8383) and primary guinea pigs derived AMs,in HIV-MTB studies is also described.Given the spectrum of the models available,cell cultures offer great potential for host-HIV-MTB interactions studies.展开更多
Breeding programs have sought to determine the minimum period of genotype evaluation, which is a long term-process. The objective of this work was to determine the association between qualitative traits of yellow pass...Breeding programs have sought to determine the minimum period of genotype evaluation, which is a long term-process. The objective of this work was to determine the association between qualitative traits of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) and relate maturity to other characteristics. To carry out this work, 113 families of full-sibs and half-sibs were planted in Viçosa (MG), Brazil, in a randomized block experimental design arranged in sets (treatment groups). The association between the analyzed characteristics was studied using path analysis and canonical correlation techniques. It was found that lower-yielding but larger-fruit bearing genotypes of passion fruit plant also require more days until reaching anthesis. Round-shaped fruits are linked to higher contents of total soluble solids. More intense pulp color also indicates higher contents of total soluble solids. The riper the fruit, the more intensely orange is the color of the pulp. The ratio between the levels of total soluble solids and total titrimetric acidity was the main determinant of pulp color for passion fruit.展开更多
Urban areas are of paramount significance to both the individuals and communities at local and regional scales.However,the rapid growth of urban areas exerts effects on climate,biodiversity,hydrology,and natural ecosy...Urban areas are of paramount significance to both the individuals and communities at local and regional scales.However,the rapid growth of urban areas exerts effects on climate,biodiversity,hydrology,and natural ecosystems worldwide.Therefore,regular and up-to-date information related to urban extent is necessary to monitor the impacts of urban areas at local,regional,and potentially global scales.This study presents a new urban map of Eurasia at 500 m resolution using multi-source geospatial data,including Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)data of 2013,population density of 2012,the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System(DMSP-OLS)nighttime lights of 2012,and constructed Impervious Surface Area(ISA)data of 2010.The Eurasian urban map was created using the threshold method for these data,combined with references of fine resolution Landsat and Google Earth imagery.The resultant map was compared with nine global urban maps and was validated using random sampling method.Results of the accuracy assessment showed high overall accuracy of the new urban map of 94%.This urban map is one product of the 20 land cover classes of the next version of Global Land Cover by National Mapping Organizations.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(NO.300102263205 and NO.300102264916)the West Light Cross-Disciplinary Innovation team of Chinese Academy of Sciences(NO.E1294301).supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(NO.300102263205 and NO.300102264916)the West Light Cross-Disciplinary Innovation team of Chinese Academy of Sciences(NO.E1294301).
文摘The meteor radar can detect the zenith angle,azimuth,radial velocity,and altitude of meteor trails so that one can invert the wind profiles in the mesosphere and low thermosphere(MLT)region,based on the Interferometric and Doppler techniques.In this paper,the horizontal wind field,gravity wave(GW)disturbance variance,and GW fluxes are analyzed through the meteor radar observation from 2012−2022,at Mohe(53.5°N,122.4°E)and Zuoling(30.5°N,114.6°E)stations of the(Chinese)Meridian Project.The Lomb−Scargle periodogram method has been utilized to analyze the periodic variations for time series with observational data gaps.The results show that the zonal winds at both stations are eastward dominated,while the meridional winds are southward dominated.The variance of GW disturbances in the zonal and meridional directions increases gradually with height,and there is a strong pattern of annual variation.The zonal momentum flux of GW changes little with height,showing weak annual variation.The meridional GW flux varies gradually from northward to southward with height,and the annual periodicity is stronger.For both stations,the maximum values of zonal and meridional wind occur close to the peak heights of GW flux,with opposite directions.This observational evidence is consistent with the filtering theory.The horizontal wind velocity,GW flux,and disturbance variance of the GW at Mohe are overall smaller than those at Zuoling,indicating weaker activities in the MLT at Mohe.The power spectral density(PSD)calculated by the Lomb−Scargle periodogram shows that there are 12-month period and 6-month period in horizontal wind field,GW disturbance variance and GW flux at both stations,and especially there is also a 4-month cycle in the disturbance variance.The PSD of the 12-month and 6-month cycles exhibits maximum values below 88 km and above 94 km.
基金supported by grants from the UK Medical Research Council (MR/R022666/1)Alzheimer’s Disease Society (AlzSoc-28 7)+4 种基金Alzheimer’s Research UK (ARUK-PG2017B-3 and ARUK-DC2019-009) to CCJMa Motor Neurone Disease Association Fellowship to PGS and a King’s College Guy’s and St Thomas’s studentship to NHPGSis supported by an MSCA-Sealof Excellence-HEALTH fellowship (IHMC22/00025) from the Instituto de Salud CarlosⅢ(ISCⅢ)funded by the"Mecanismo para la Recuperacion y la Resiliencia"(MRR) program from The NextGenerationEU funds (European Union)by Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-lnstituto de Salud CarlosⅢ(CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCⅢ)(CB06/05/0041)。
文摘Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) is a fastprogressing fatal neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of motor neuron disease.There is currently no cure and approximately 90% of cases are sporadic.ALS shares genetic causes,clinical and neuropathological features with frontotemporal dementia,the second most common form of presenile dementia.ALS and frontotemporal dementia are therefore considered a disease spectrum(Abramzon et al.,2020).
文摘Water is essential to life and to the sustainable socio-economic development of a nation, It is therefore interesting to have a better knowledge of the quality of this water. The aim was to determine the degree of microbiological and physico-chemical pollution of the water of the “Mamouwol” river in the town of Mamou. To do this, we chose four (4) sampling sites spread throughout the town of Mamou. During the month of March (2024), 4 water samples were analyzed to monitor the water quality of this river. The average values of the flora analyzed show that these water are heavily contaminated with bacteria indicative of fecal and metal pollution. This study showed that sites: Mam4;Mam2 and Mam1 contain the highest loads, with Total Coliform counts ranging from 1534 CFU/100 ml to 2100 CFU/100 ml, the number of faecal coliforms varies between 526 and 1240 CFU/100 ml, and that of faecal streptococci between 526 and 841 CFU/100 ml. Metal content, BOD5 and COD all comply with the laboratory’s analysis criteria, although they vary from point to point.
基金partially supported by the grant TED2021131699B-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/European Union Next Generation EU/PRTRthe Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation,grants PID2020-112545RB-C54 and PDC2022-133900-I00the Univ.Rey Juan Carlos Program for Research Promotion and Development(Ref.F799 and F920)。
文摘The exponential growth of the number of network devices in recent years not only entails the need for automation of management tasks,but also leads to the increase of available network data and metadata.5G and beyond standards already cover those requirements and also include the need to define and use machine learning techniques to take advantage of the data acquired,especially using geolocated Call Detail Record(CDR)data sets.However,this scenario requires novel cellular network analysis methodologies to exploit all these available data,especially for the network usage pattern in order to ease the management tasks.In this work,a novel method based on information theory metrics like the Kullback-Leibler divergence and data classification algorithms is proposed to identify representative urban areas in terms of the network usage pattern.Methodology validation is performed via computer analysis using the Open Big Data CDR data set in the Milan area for different scenarios.Obtained results validate the proposed methodology and also reveal its adaptability in terms of specific scenario characteristics.Network usage patterns are calculated for each representative area,paving the path to several future research lines in network management,such as network usage prediction based on this methodology and using the comportment time series.
文摘The present work investigated the efficiency of leaf reflectance indices in the identification of Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum resistant to anthracnose in the fruit. Twenty-five F<sub>5:6</sub> families originating from contrasting parents were assessed;the parents were accession UENF 2285 (susceptible to anthracnose) and accession UENF 1381, a hot pepper resistant to anthracnose in the fruit. The experiment was carried out in an experimental field in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between May and October of 2021. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design, with three replications and five plants per plot. Fifteen LRIs were estimated using a CI-710 portable mini leaf spectrometer. The assessments covered all plant growth after flowering, and a total of six assessments were performed at 15-days intervals, beginning at 35 and ending 120 days after flowering (DAFs). Analysis of variance in a split-plot scheme was performed, as were tests of mean groupings and principal components analysis (PCA). The best period for evaluating leaf reflectance indices in C. annuum var. annuum is 120 days after flowering. The leaf reflectance indices PRI, CNDVI and Ctr2 stood out as effective in distinguishing between resistant and susceptible genotypes.
基金supported by FCT,I.P,the Portuguese national funding agency for science,research and technology under the Project UIDB/04521/2020.
文摘This study investigates the static and dynamic return and volatility spillovers between non-fungible tokens(NFTs)and conventional currencies using the time-varying parameter vector autoregressions approach.We reveal that the total connectedness between these markets is weak,implying that investors may increase the diversification benefits of their multicurrency portfolios by adding NFTs.We also find that NFTs are net transmitters of both return and volatility spillovers;however,in the case of return spillovers,the influence of NFTs on conventional currencies is more pronounced than that of volatility shock transmissions.The dynamic exercise reveals that the returns and volatility spillovers vary over time,largely increasing during the onset of the Covid-19 crisis,which deeply affected the relationship between NFTs and the conventional currencies markets.Our findings are useful for currency traders and NFT investors seeking to build effective cross-currency and cross-asset hedge strategies during systemic crises.
基金the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the contract through the Ramón y Cajal(RYC-2009-03901) programthe support through the project of Protein Oxidation in Frozen Meat and Dry-Cured Products:Mechanisms+2 种基金Consequences and Development of Antioxidant Strategies(AGL2010-15134)The European Community(Research Executive Agency) is also acknowledged for the Marie Curie Reintegration Fellowship(PERG05-GA-2009-248959 Pox-MEAT)
文摘The efifciency of extracts from Arbutus unedo L. （AU）, Crataegus monogyna L. （CM）, Rosa canina L. （RC）, and Rubus ulmifolius Schott. （RU） to inhibit lipid oxidation in raw, cooked and cooked and chilled （2°C/12 d） porcine burger patties, was investigated. The modiifcation of the fatty acid proifle during processing treatments （cooking and chilling）, the quantitative measurements of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBA-RS）, and lipid-derived volatiles, were used as indicators of lipid oxidation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） gradually decreased during cooking and the subsequent storage of cooked burger patties with this decrease being signiifcantly greater （P〈0.05） in control patties than in those with added berry extracts. In accordance, the control patties showed signiifcantly higher TBA-RS numbers and counts of lipid-derived volatiles in all treatments when compared to the berry-added counterparts （P〈0.05）. Results from the present work show, for the ifrst time, that extracts from A. unedo, C. monogyna, R. canina, and R. ulmifolius are promising antioxidants which could enhance the nutritional, safety and sensory properties of porcine burger patties.
基金part of project Pathogen Combat(FP6-007081)funded under the Framework 6 Programme of the European Union
文摘Objective: To evaluate the potential of commercial fermented products sold in the country,and strains of Lactobacillus plantarum(L,plantarum)as prophylaxis and therapy against diarrhoea in children,Methods: The antimicrobial potential of cultures of lactobacilli enriched from 4 Zimbabwean commercial food/beverage products: Dairibord Lacto sour milk(DLSM),Probrand sour milk(PSM),Kefalos Vuka cheese(KVC) and Chibuku opaque beer(COB); and four strains of L,plantarum obtained from Balkan traditional cheeses against clinical strains of Escherichia coli(E,coli) was assayed using the well diffusion method,Three commercial paediatric antidiarrhoeal drug products: Biogaia(BG),Prolife(PL) and Probio Junior(PJ) and a mutant strain of E,coli [strain 11105(ATCC)- a vitamin B-12 auxotroph and penicillin G acylase-producing strain] were used as controls,An agar diffusion assay and a competitive exclusion assay were carried out on Mueller Hinton agar,Results: Crude cultures of putative lactobacillus strains obtained from Zimbabwean dairy products(Probrand sour milk,Kefalos Vuka vuka cheese and Chibuku opaque beer) had significantly higher antimicrobial activities against clinical strains of E,coli than strains of L,plantarum isolated from Balkan cheeses(CLP1,CLP2 or CLP3) and crude microbial cultures from commercial paediatric probiotic products(BG,PJ and PL) of a culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG(P<0.05),Conclusions: The putative Lactobacilli from four commercial Zimbabwean dairy products(Probrand sour milk,Kefalos Vuka vuka cheese and Chibuku opaque beer),and three strains of L,plantarum from Balkan cheeses(CLP1,CLP2 or CLP3) exhibited high antibacterial activities that can be harnessed to control paediatric diarrhoea that is caused by pathogenic strains of E,coli,Studies to characterise the probiotic potential of the live cultures in the products and the new strains of L,plantarum are underway.
文摘Objective:Peripheral nerve repair is required after traumatic injury.This common condition represents a major public health problem worldwide.Recovery after nerve repair depends on several factors,including the severity of the injury,the nerve involved,and the surgeon’s technical skills.Despite the precise microsurgical repair of nerve lesions,adequate functional recovery is not always achieved and,therefore,the regeneration process and surgical techniques are still being studied.Pre-clinical animal models are essential for this research and,for this reason,the focus of the present systematic review(according to the PRISMA statement)was to analyze the different animal models used in pre-clinical peripheral nerve repair studies.Data sources:Original articles,published in English from 2000 to 2018,were collected using the Web of Science,Scopus,and PubMed databases.Data selection:Only preclinical trials on direct nerve repair were included in this review.The articles were evaluated by the first two authors,in accordance with predefined data fields.Outcome measures:The primary outcomes included functional motor abilities,daily activity and regeneration rate.Secondary outcomes included coaptation technique and animal model.Results:This review yielded 267 articles,of which,after completion of the screening,49 studies were analyzed.There were 1425 animals in those 49 studies,being rats,mice,guinea pigs,rabbits,cats and dogs the different pre-clinical models.The nerves used were classified into three groups:head and neck(11),forelimb(8)and hindlimb(30).The techniques used to perform the coaptation were:microsuture(46),glue(12),laser(8)and mechanical(2).The follow-up examinations were histology(43),electrophysiological analysis(24)and behavioral observation(22).Conclusion:The most widely used animal model in the study of peripheral nerve repair is the rat.Other animal models are also used but the cost-benefit of the rat model provides several strengths over the others.Suture techniques are currently the first option for nerve repair,but the use of glues,lasers and bioengineering materials is increasing.Hence,further research in this field is required to improve clinical practice.
文摘There are two widely used radiative models without consideration of aerosol inhomogeneity for satellite remote sensing application, the Homogeneous Model and the Two-layer Model with aerosol in the lower layer. In this paper, effects of the aerosol vertical inhomogeneity on upwelling radiance and satellite remote sensing of surface reflectance are analyzed through numerical simulations by using two models. As shown in the simulations by using 24 representative aerosol models, there is often a considerably large error in upwel-ling radiance calculated by two models (Homogeneous and Two-layer) for the short wavelength channel with strong molecular scattering, owing to the difference between molecular and aerosol scattering proper-ties. For the long wavelength channel, the error is small if aerosol optical parameters are less variable with height, but it could also be significant if there are aerosol layers with different scattering phase functions and single scattering albedo. The radiance errors by the Homogeneous Model and the Two-layer Model can be up to 31.4% and 31.5% for the clean atmosphere, and in case of turbid atmosphere 67.8% and 59.2%, respectively. The radiance error could result in a large uncertainty of surface reflectance retrievals, especially for the short wavelength channel and the strongly absorbing aerosol. For the turbid atmosphere with strong-ly absorbing aerosol, the Homogeneous Model and the Two-layer Model are not suitable for atmospheric correction application. Key words Satellite remote sensing - Aerosol inhomogeneity - Surface reflectance - Radiance
基金Supported by Fundacion Seneca,Comunidad Autonoma de la Region de Murcia,Spain,No.12024/PI/09
文摘Double balloon enteroscopy(DBE)is an endoscopic technique broadly used to diagnose and treat small bowel diseases.Among the associated complications of the oral DBE,post-procedure pancreatitis has taken the most attention due to its gravity and the thought that it might be associated to the technique itself and anatomical features of the pancreas.However,as the etiology has not been clarified yet,this paper aims to review the published literature and adds new results from a porcine animal model.Biochemical markers,histological sections and the vascular perfusion of the pancreas were monitored in the pig during DBE practice.A reduced perfusion of the pancreas and bowel,the presence of defined hypoxic areas and disseminated necrotic zones were found in the pancreatic tissue of pigs.All these evidences contribute to support a vascular distress as the most likely etiology of the post-DBE pancreatitis.
基金Supported by PI070712 Project (Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ, Ministerio de Sandiady Consumo, Spain)BIO-MED07/08-0019 Project (Consejería de Educación, Cienciae Investigación de la Región de Murcia, Spain)
文摘AIM： To evaluate the effect of double-balloon enteros- copy （DBE） on pancreas histology and levels of pancre- atic enzymes. METHODS： Conventional upper gastrointestinal endos- copy was performed on five control pigs. Oral DBE was performed with an EN-450T5 enteroscope on 20 pigs. Two experimental groups （10 pigs each） were defined according to DBE duration： 90 rain for Group 1 and 140 min for Group 2. During oral insertion, the balloons were not inflated in the descending part of the duodenum to avoid the minor duodenal papilla. Serum amy- lase, lipase and C-reactive protein （CRP） levels were monitored before the procedure and repeated every 30 min until the exploration was finished, as well as 24 h and 7 d after. After the procedure and for a total of 7 d, the pigs were observed twice a day for signs of de- creased activity, irritability, vomiting or anorexia. Gross and microscopic examination of the pancreas was per- formed on day 7. RESULTS： All animals tolerated DBE without clini- cal manifestations of acute pancreatitis. Experimental groups had higher levels of enzymes than the control group at 24 h. Throughout the exploration, the amylase levels increased significantly above the baseline 24 h after DBE, although the increase was not statistically significant and did not reach 20% of the baseline. An increase in lipase and CRP was observed at 24 h after the procedure, although by day 7, all enzymatic lev- els had returned to baseline. No differences between Groups 1 and 2 were found for any enzyme and sam- pling site during and after the procedure. Similarly, no correlation between insertion depth and enzyme levels was observed. Direct in situ and post-removal inspec- tion of the pancreas did not show any evidence of fluid collection, abscesses or hemorrhage. Histological examination of the pancreas from Groups 1 and 2 re- vealed the existence of focal areas （0.14-0.26 mm2） of ischemic necrosis in 47.4% of the animals. In the pigs with damaged pancreas, the left lobe （tail） was always affected. However, this only happened in 83.3% of the samples from the right lobe （head） and in 33.3% of the samples from the body of the pancreas. Significant differences were found between the left lobe （tail） and the body for the percentage of affected pancreas. Both the size of the lesions and the percentage of affected pancreas were higher in the left pancreatic lobe （tail）. The presence of the lesions was not related to the ex- ploration length.CONCLUSION： The increase in pancreatic enzymes after DBE could be related to focal points of pancreatic ischemic necrosis due to mechanical stress.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to study about the interrelationship between the backscattering intensity of PALSAR data and the laboratory measurement of dielectric constant and soil moisture. The characterization of the dielectric constant of arid soils in the 0.3 - 3 GHz frequency range, particularly focused in L-band was analyzed in varied soil moisture content and soil textures. The interrelationship between the relative dielectric constant with soil textures and backscattering of PALSAR data was also analyzed and statistical model was computed. In this study, after collecting the soil samples in the field from top soil (0 - 10 cm) in a homogeneous area then, the dielectric constant was measured using a dielectric probe tool kit. For investigated of the characteristics and behaviors of the dielectric constant and relationship with backscattering a variety of moisture content from 0% to 40% and soil fraction conditions was tested in laboratory condition. All data were analyzed by integrating it with other geophysical data in GIS, such as land cover and soil texture. Thus, the regression model computed between measured soil moisture and backscattering coefficient of PALSR data which were extracted as same point of each soil sample pixel. Finally, after completing the preprocessing, such as removing the speckle noise by averaging, the model was applied to the PALSAR data for retrieving the soil moisture map in arid region of Iran. The analysis of dielectric constant properties result has shown the soil texture after the moisture content has the largest effected on dielectric constant. In addition, the PALSAR data in dual polarization are also able to derive the soil moisture using statistical method. The dielectric constant and backscattering shown have the exponential relationship and the HV polarization mode is more sensitive than the HH mode to soil moisture and overestimated the soil moisture as well. The validation of result has shown the 4.2 Vol-% RMSE of soil moisture. It means that the backscattering analysis should consider about other factors such a surface roughness and mix pixel of vegetation effective.
文摘It has been commonly acknowledged that the current global mapping projects have encountered the accuracy challenge. By conducting a comparison among the four existing global land cover datasets (MODIS LC, GLC2000, GLCNMO and GLOBCOVER), it has been identified that certain areas’ accuracy has dragged down the overall accuracy of these global land cover datasets. In this paper, those areas have been defined as the “unreliable area”. This study has recollected the training data from the “unreliable area” within the above four mentioned datasets and reclassified the “unreliable area” by using two supervised classifications. The final result has shown that compared with any existing datasets, a relatively higher accuracy has been able to achieve.
基金Financial support from the Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research(SDC)the Hempel Foundation to CoaST(The Hempel Foundation Coatings Science and Technology Centre)Hempel A/S。
文摘The Hansen solubility parameters(HSP)are frequently used for solvent selection and characterization of polymers,and are directly related to the suspension behavior of pigments in solvent mixtures.The performance of currently available group contribution(GC)methods for HSP were evaluated and found to be insufficient for computer-aided product design(CAPD)of paints and coatings.A revised and,for this purpose,improved GC method is presented for estimating HSP of organic compounds,intended for organic pigments.Due to the significant limitations of GC methods,an uncertainty analysis and parameter confidence intervals are provided in order to better quantify the estimation accuracy of the proposed approach.Compared to other applicable GC methods,the prediction error is reduced significantly with average absolute errors of 0.45 MPa^(1/2),1.35 MPa^(1/2),and 1.09 MPa^(1/2) for the partial dispersion(δD),polar(δP)and hydrogen-bonding(δH)solubility parameters respectively for a database of 1106 compounds.The performance for organic pigments is comparable to the overall method performance,with higher average errors forδD and lower average errors forδP andδH.
文摘Both arterial and venous thromboembolic events are common in patients hospitalized in intensive care units with severe COVID-19. These patients often have laboratory findings consistent with a hypercoagulable state, suggesting widespread thrombosis and fibrinolysis, as well as elevated levels of D-dimer, von Willebrand factor (VWF), and factor VIII. There is increasing evidence that these thromboembolic events are associated with worse outcomes. We present the case of a 61-year-old man admitted for bilateral pneumonia due to COVID-19 infection, who developed during his hospitalization;Bilateral pulmonary thromboembolism, an acute myocardial infarction due to multiple coronary thrombosis, an intracavitary thrombus and thrombus in the ascending aorta. The patient was treated with systemic fibrinolysis and full doses of anticoagulation for pulmonary embolism, an emergency primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed with the implant of a drug eluting stent (DES) in the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Triple therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel and heparin was maintained until discharge. After the patient discharge, aspirin was stopped and treatment with clopidogrel and dabigatran was maintained for three months. In a subsequent outpatient control, the thrombi of the left ventricle and the ascending aorta resolved.
基金funded by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa,award number UID 86539
文摘Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) co-infections have remained a major public health concern worldwide,particularly in Southern Africa.Yet our understanding of the molecular interactions between the pathogens has remained poor,primarily due to lack of suitable preclinical models for such studies.We reviewed the use,this far,of mammalian cell culture models in HIV-MTB interaction studies.Studies have described the use of primary human cell cultures,including monocyte-derived macrophage(MDM) fractions of peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC),alveolar macrophages(AM),cell lines such as the monocyte-derived macrophage cell line(U937),T lymphocyte cell lines(CEMx174,ESAT-6-specific CD4+ T-cells) and an alveolar epithelial cell line(A549) and special models such as stem cells,three dimensional(3D) or organoid cell models [including a blood-brain barrier(BBB) cell model] in HIV-MTB interaction studies.The use of cell cultures from other mammals,including:mouse cell lines [macrophage cell lines RAW 264.7 and J774.2,fibroblast cell lines(NIH 3T3,C3 H clones),embryonic fibroblast cell lines and T-lymphoma cell lines(S1A.TB,TIMI.4 and R1.1)]; rat(T cells:Rat2,RGE,XC and HH16,and alveolar cells:NR8383) and primary guinea pigs derived AMs,in HIV-MTB studies is also described.Given the spectrum of the models available,cell cultures offer great potential for host-HIV-MTB interactions studies.
文摘Breeding programs have sought to determine the minimum period of genotype evaluation, which is a long term-process. The objective of this work was to determine the association between qualitative traits of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) and relate maturity to other characteristics. To carry out this work, 113 families of full-sibs and half-sibs were planted in Viçosa (MG), Brazil, in a randomized block experimental design arranged in sets (treatment groups). The association between the analyzed characteristics was studied using path analysis and canonical correlation techniques. It was found that lower-yielding but larger-fruit bearing genotypes of passion fruit plant also require more days until reaching anthesis. Round-shaped fruits are linked to higher contents of total soluble solids. More intense pulp color also indicates higher contents of total soluble solids. The riper the fruit, the more intensely orange is the color of the pulp. The ratio between the levels of total soluble solids and total titrimetric acidity was the main determinant of pulp color for passion fruit.
基金This work was supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research,KAKENHI(22220011).
文摘Urban areas are of paramount significance to both the individuals and communities at local and regional scales.However,the rapid growth of urban areas exerts effects on climate,biodiversity,hydrology,and natural ecosystems worldwide.Therefore,regular and up-to-date information related to urban extent is necessary to monitor the impacts of urban areas at local,regional,and potentially global scales.This study presents a new urban map of Eurasia at 500 m resolution using multi-source geospatial data,including Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)data of 2013,population density of 2012,the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System(DMSP-OLS)nighttime lights of 2012,and constructed Impervious Surface Area(ISA)data of 2010.The Eurasian urban map was created using the threshold method for these data,combined with references of fine resolution Landsat and Google Earth imagery.The resultant map was compared with nine global urban maps and was validated using random sampling method.Results of the accuracy assessment showed high overall accuracy of the new urban map of 94%.This urban map is one product of the 20 land cover classes of the next version of Global Land Cover by National Mapping Organizations.
