Coronary angioplasty with drug-eluting stent(DES)implantation is currently the most common stent procedure worldwide.Since the introduction of DES,coronary restenosis as well as the incidence of target vessel and targ...Coronary angioplasty with drug-eluting stent(DES)implantation is currently the most common stent procedure worldwide.Since the introduction of DES,coronary restenosis as well as the incidence of target vessel and target lesion revascularization have been significantly reduced.However,the incidence of very late stent thrombosis beyond the first year after stent deployment has more commonly been linked to DES than to baremetal stent(BMS)implantation.Several factors have been associated with very late stent thrombosis after DES implantation,such as delayed healing,inflammation,stent mal-apposition and endothelial dysfunction. Some of these adverse events were associated with the presence of durable polymers,which were essential to allow the elution of the immunosuppressive drug in the first DES designs.The introduction of erodable polymers in DES technology has provided the potential to complete the degradation of the polymer simultaneously or immediately after the release of the immunosuppressive drug,after which a BMS remains in place.Several DES designs with biodegradable(BIO)polymers have been introduced in preclinical and clinical studies, including randomized trials.In this review,we analyze the clinical results from 6 observational and randomized studies with BIO polymers and discuss advantages and disadvantages of this new technology.展开更多
Tropical basin interactions and the climatic linkages between mid-to-high latitudes and the tropics are active research areas.These interactions include the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)on the t...Tropical basin interactions and the climatic linkages between mid-to-high latitudes and the tropics are active research areas.These interactions include the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)on the tropical Indian and Atlantic oceans,the feedback from these basins on ENSO,the influence of the tropics on mid-to-high-latitude climates,and the feedback from higher latitudes on tropical climate variability.This review summarizes the current understanding of these relationships and key underlying physical processes.展开更多
文摘Coronary angioplasty with drug-eluting stent(DES)implantation is currently the most common stent procedure worldwide.Since the introduction of DES,coronary restenosis as well as the incidence of target vessel and target lesion revascularization have been significantly reduced.However,the incidence of very late stent thrombosis beyond the first year after stent deployment has more commonly been linked to DES than to baremetal stent(BMS)implantation.Several factors have been associated with very late stent thrombosis after DES implantation,such as delayed healing,inflammation,stent mal-apposition and endothelial dysfunction. Some of these adverse events were associated with the presence of durable polymers,which were essential to allow the elution of the immunosuppressive drug in the first DES designs.The introduction of erodable polymers in DES technology has provided the potential to complete the degradation of the polymer simultaneously or immediately after the release of the immunosuppressive drug,after which a BMS remains in place.Several DES designs with biodegradable(BIO)polymers have been introduced in preclinical and clinical studies, including randomized trials.In this review,we analyze the clinical results from 6 observational and randomized studies with BIO polymers and discuss advantages and disadvantages of this new technology.
基金stimulated by the summer school and workshop on"Theory,Mechanisms and Hierarchical Modeling of Climate Dynamics:Atlantic Variability and Tropical Basin Interactions at Interannual to Multi-Decadal Timescales",which was hosted by ICTP and jointly funded by US CLIVAR,NSF,NOAA,NASA,CLIVAR,and ICTPA.H.was supported by the Regional and Global Model Analysis(RGMA)component of the Earth and Environmental System Modeling Program of the U.S.Department of Energy's Office of Biological&Environmental Research(BER),via the National Science Foundation(NSF)IA 1947282(DE-SC0022070)+8 种基金The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the NSF of the United States of America under Cooperative Agreement No.1852977.A.V.F.and B.S.F.are supported by the"Make our planet great again"program(ANR-18-MPGA-0001,France)A.V.F.was also supported by grants from the NSF(AGS-205309),NOAA(NA20OAR4310377),NASA(80NSSC21K0558),and U.S.Department of Energy(DESC0023134,DE-SC0024186)A.B.is supported by the Italian Ministry of Education,University and Research(MIUR)through the JPI Oceans and JPI Climate"Next Generation Climate Science in Europe for Oceans",ROADMAP Project(D.M.593/2016)N.K.acknowledges the support from the Trond Mohn Foundation(grant BFS2018TMT01)and the Research Council of Norway(grant 328935)B.S.F.acknowledges support from the European Union as part of the EPOC project(Explaining and Predicting the Ocean Conveyor,grant number:101059547)D.M.and N.K.were partially funded by the JPI Climate&JPI Oceans ROADMAP Project(593/2016)the European Union's Horizon Europe Impetus4Change project(101081555)I.R.was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(KAKENHI)(grant no.JP23K25946)the Kyushu University Program for Collaborative Research(grant no.2024CR-AO-2).
文摘Tropical basin interactions and the climatic linkages between mid-to-high latitudes and the tropics are active research areas.These interactions include the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)on the tropical Indian and Atlantic oceans,the feedback from these basins on ENSO,the influence of the tropics on mid-to-high-latitude climates,and the feedback from higher latitudes on tropical climate variability.This review summarizes the current understanding of these relationships and key underlying physical processes.
