AIM:To identify the frequency of iron overload and study the three mutations in the HFE gene (C282Y,H63D,and S65C) in patients with chronic liver disorders (CLD) and controls. METHODS:To identify patients with iron ov...AIM:To identify the frequency of iron overload and study the three mutations in the HFE gene (C282Y,H63D,and S65C) in patients with chronic liver disorders (CLD) and controls. METHODS:To identify patients with iron overload (transferrin saturation > 45% in females and > 50% in males and serum ferritin > 1000 ng/mL) we evaluated 236 patients with CLD,including 59 with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),22 with alcoholic liver disease (ALD),19 of cirrhosis due to viruses (HBV,HCV),and 136 with cryptogenic cirrhosis. Mutations of the HFE gene were analyzed by PCR-RE. hundred controls were screened for iron status and the mutations. RESULTS:Seventeen patients with CLD showed evidence of iron overload. Fifteen cases of iron overload had cryptogenic cirrhosis and two had ALD. None of the controls showed iron overload. We did not find any individual with 282Y or 65C either in the cases or in the controls. The prevalence of H63D heterozygosity was 12% in normal individuals,14.8% in 236 patients (16.9% in NASH,13.6% in ALD,26.3% in viral and 12.5% in cryptogenic cirrhosis) and the overall prevalence was 13.98%. Only two of the 17 patients with primary iron overload were heterozygous for H63D. One patient with NASH and one normal individual who were homozygous for H63D showed no iron overload.CONCLUSION:Primary iron overload in Indians is nonHFE type,which is different from that in Europeans and further molecular studies are required to determine the defect in various iron regulatory genes.展开更多
A new species of the genus Tylototriton is described from eastern Himalaya based on molecular and morphological comparisons. The new species is diagnosable from the closely-related species by having light brown colour...A new species of the genus Tylototriton is described from eastern Himalaya based on molecular and morphological comparisons. The new species is diagnosable from the closely-related species by having light brown colouration in dorsal region in life, flat and blunt snout, greatly separated dorsolateral bony ridges on head and straightthick tailfin. In addition to head morphology, the new species is also morphologically distinguishable from its closelyrelated species Tylototriton shanorum by having 16 dorsal warts and average smaller Snout Vent Length（SVL）.展开更多
Circular ribonucleic acid(circRNA)vaccines have emerged as a revolutionary strategy in cancer immunotherapy,facilitating novel approaches to induce robust and durable immune responses.Unlike traditional linear messeng...Circular ribonucleic acid(circRNA)vaccines have emerged as a revolutionary strategy in cancer immunotherapy,facilitating novel approaches to induce robust and durable immune responses.Unlike traditional linear messenger RNA(mRNA)vaccines,circRNAs exhibit exceptional stability,enhanced translational efficiency,and resistance to exonuclease degradation,making them ideal candidates for vaccine development.This review delved into the fundamental principles underlying circRNA biology,highlighting their unique structural advantages and translational potential.We examined recent advancements in circRNA vaccine design,focusing on their application in oncology.As the circRNA-based cancer vaccine is a relatively novel technology,findings from all the major studies describing its efficacy were discussed.We further investigated their combination with other immunotherapeutic modalities,such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies,that ensure the maximal anticancer effects of circRNA vaccines.Large-scale manufacturing,immunogenicity optimization,delivery systems,and other challenges and future directions in this field were also discussed.This study aims to thoroughly analyze the state-of-the-art and potential future applications of circRNA vaccines in cancer immunotherapy,highlighting them as exciting possibilities for next-generation cancer therapies.展开更多
基金a grant from the Department of Biotechnology, India
文摘AIM:To identify the frequency of iron overload and study the three mutations in the HFE gene (C282Y,H63D,and S65C) in patients with chronic liver disorders (CLD) and controls. METHODS:To identify patients with iron overload (transferrin saturation > 45% in females and > 50% in males and serum ferritin > 1000 ng/mL) we evaluated 236 patients with CLD,including 59 with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),22 with alcoholic liver disease (ALD),19 of cirrhosis due to viruses (HBV,HCV),and 136 with cryptogenic cirrhosis. Mutations of the HFE gene were analyzed by PCR-RE. hundred controls were screened for iron status and the mutations. RESULTS:Seventeen patients with CLD showed evidence of iron overload. Fifteen cases of iron overload had cryptogenic cirrhosis and two had ALD. None of the controls showed iron overload. We did not find any individual with 282Y or 65C either in the cases or in the controls. The prevalence of H63D heterozygosity was 12% in normal individuals,14.8% in 236 patients (16.9% in NASH,13.6% in ALD,26.3% in viral and 12.5% in cryptogenic cirrhosis) and the overall prevalence was 13.98%. Only two of the 17 patients with primary iron overload were heterozygous for H63D. One patient with NASH and one normal individual who were homozygous for H63D showed no iron overload.CONCLUSION:Primary iron overload in Indians is nonHFE type,which is different from that in Europeans and further molecular studies are required to determine the defect in various iron regulatory genes.
基金supported by the world academy of sciences(TWAS)CAS-TWAS president fellowship programthe National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(NSFC-31201702 granted to Bin Wang and NSFC-31471964 granted to Jianping Jiang)
文摘A new species of the genus Tylototriton is described from eastern Himalaya based on molecular and morphological comparisons. The new species is diagnosable from the closely-related species by having light brown colouration in dorsal region in life, flat and blunt snout, greatly separated dorsolateral bony ridges on head and straightthick tailfin. In addition to head morphology, the new species is also morphologically distinguishable from its closelyrelated species Tylototriton shanorum by having 16 dorsal warts and average smaller Snout Vent Length（SVL）.
文摘Circular ribonucleic acid(circRNA)vaccines have emerged as a revolutionary strategy in cancer immunotherapy,facilitating novel approaches to induce robust and durable immune responses.Unlike traditional linear messenger RNA(mRNA)vaccines,circRNAs exhibit exceptional stability,enhanced translational efficiency,and resistance to exonuclease degradation,making them ideal candidates for vaccine development.This review delved into the fundamental principles underlying circRNA biology,highlighting their unique structural advantages and translational potential.We examined recent advancements in circRNA vaccine design,focusing on their application in oncology.As the circRNA-based cancer vaccine is a relatively novel technology,findings from all the major studies describing its efficacy were discussed.We further investigated their combination with other immunotherapeutic modalities,such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies,that ensure the maximal anticancer effects of circRNA vaccines.Large-scale manufacturing,immunogenicity optimization,delivery systems,and other challenges and future directions in this field were also discussed.This study aims to thoroughly analyze the state-of-the-art and potential future applications of circRNA vaccines in cancer immunotherapy,highlighting them as exciting possibilities for next-generation cancer therapies.
