There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds pe...There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds per day or pounds per unit of output).Concentration-based emission standard(e.g.milligrams per liter of wastewater) as one important form of environmental standard has not been given much attention.In this article,comparable estimates of their probable effect on enterprise pollution reduction will be developed for concentrationbased effluent standards,effluent taxes,and a combination of both.A linear simulation model is used to clearly and obviously compare the effects of effluent taxes and concentration-based standards within the same figure.With one detailed application to the paper industry,some enlightenment and conclusions-as well as the general applicability of these principles-are then provided:Under the same effluent tax rate,enterprises,groups,and industries that are cleaner will reduce more pollutants than those that have higher pollutant abatement costs.It is recommended that effluent taxes are set by avoiding cutting it even at one stroke and considering the feasibility of pollution-reducing technology in various industries.It is necessary to reduce MAC of enterprises to better stimulate enterprises' or industries' emission reduction by preferential measures,such as high tax rate coordinated by speeding up the depreciation of environmental protection equipment.展开更多
In this paper,we present an identity-based explicit authenticated key agreement protocol that is provably secure without random oracles.The protocol employs a new method to isolate a session key from key confirmation ...In this paper,we present an identity-based explicit authenticated key agreement protocol that is provably secure without random oracles.The protocol employs a new method to isolate a session key from key confirmation keys so that there is no direct usage of hash functions in the protocol.The protocol is proved secure without random oracles in a variant of Bellare and Rogaway style model,an exception to current proof method in this style model in the ID-based setting.We believe that this key isolation method is novel and can be further studied for constructing more efficient protocols.展开更多
The minimax optimization model introduced in this paper is an important model which has received some attention over the past years. In this paper, the application of minimax model on how to select the distribution ce...The minimax optimization model introduced in this paper is an important model which has received some attention over the past years. In this paper, the application of minimax model on how to select the distribution center location is first introduced. Then a new algorithm with nonmonotone line search to solve the non-decomposable minimax optimization is proposed. We prove that the new algorithm is global Convergent. Numerical results show the proposed algorithm is effective.展开更多
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(9154036)"Water Pollution Control Strategy and Decision Support Platform"[grant No.2009ZX07631-02-03]"Water Pollution Accident Damage Assessment Technology Research[grant No.201309060]"
文摘There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds per day or pounds per unit of output).Concentration-based emission standard(e.g.milligrams per liter of wastewater) as one important form of environmental standard has not been given much attention.In this article,comparable estimates of their probable effect on enterprise pollution reduction will be developed for concentrationbased effluent standards,effluent taxes,and a combination of both.A linear simulation model is used to clearly and obviously compare the effects of effluent taxes and concentration-based standards within the same figure.With one detailed application to the paper industry,some enlightenment and conclusions-as well as the general applicability of these principles-are then provided:Under the same effluent tax rate,enterprises,groups,and industries that are cleaner will reduce more pollutants than those that have higher pollutant abatement costs.It is recommended that effluent taxes are set by avoiding cutting it even at one stroke and considering the feasibility of pollution-reducing technology in various industries.It is necessary to reduce MAC of enterprises to better stimulate enterprises' or industries' emission reduction by preferential measures,such as high tax rate coordinated by speeding up the depreciation of environmental protection equipment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60473027by Sun Yat-Sen University under Grant Nos.35000-2910025 and 35000-3171912.
文摘In this paper,we present an identity-based explicit authenticated key agreement protocol that is provably secure without random oracles.The protocol employs a new method to isolate a session key from key confirmation keys so that there is no direct usage of hash functions in the protocol.The protocol is proved secure without random oracles in a variant of Bellare and Rogaway style model,an exception to current proof method in this style model in the ID-based setting.We believe that this key isolation method is novel and can be further studied for constructing more efficient protocols.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2014JBM044)
文摘The minimax optimization model introduced in this paper is an important model which has received some attention over the past years. In this paper, the application of minimax model on how to select the distribution center location is first introduced. Then a new algorithm with nonmonotone line search to solve the non-decomposable minimax optimization is proposed. We prove that the new algorithm is global Convergent. Numerical results show the proposed algorithm is effective.
