Compared to reforming reactions using hydrocarbons,ethanol steam reforming(ESR)is a sustainable alternative for hydrogen(H_(2))production since ethanol can be produced sustainably using biomass.This work explores the ...Compared to reforming reactions using hydrocarbons,ethanol steam reforming(ESR)is a sustainable alternative for hydrogen(H_(2))production since ethanol can be produced sustainably using biomass.This work explores the catalyst design strategies for preparing the Ni supported on ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts to promote ESR.Specifically,two-dimensional ZSM-5 nanosheet and conventional ZSM-5 crystal were used as the catalyst carriers and two synthesis strategies,i.e.,in situ encapsulation and wet impregnation method,were employed to prepare the catalysts.Based on the comparative characterization of the catalysts and comparative catalytic assessments,it was found that the combination of the in situ encapsulation synthesis and the ZSM-5 nanosheet carrier was the effective strategy to develop catalysts for promoting H_(2) production via ESR due to the improved mass transfer(through the 2-D structure of ZSM-5 nanosheet)and formation of confined small Ni nanoparticles(resulted via the in situ encapsulation synthesis).In addition,the resulting ZSM-5 nanosheet supported Ni catalyst also showed high Ni dispersion and high accessibility to Ni sites by the reactants,being able to improve the activity and stability of catalysts and suppress metal sintering and coking during ESR at high reaction temperatures.Thus,the Ni supported on ZSM-5 nanosheet catalyst prepared by encapsulation showed the stable performance with~88% ethanol conversion and~65% H_(2) yield achieved during a 48-h longevity test at 550-C.展开更多
Ceria(CeO2)supports,synthesized by hydrothermal treatment with different synthesis time(CeO2-X h,where X is the synthesis time in h)in the presence of the surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide,were used as suppor...Ceria(CeO2)supports,synthesized by hydrothermal treatment with different synthesis time(CeO2-X h,where X is the synthesis time in h)in the presence of the surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide,were used as supports for gold(Au)catalysts.The synthesis time significantly affects the morphological structure and crystallite size of CeO2,where CeO2-2 h has the smallest crystallite size with coexisting nanorods and nanoparticles.Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirms the morphology of CeO2 with distinctive(110),(100)and(111)planes,in agreement with interplanar spacings of 0.19,0,27 and 0.31,respectively.However,the morphology of CeO2-8 h and CeO2-48 h is mainly a truncated octahedral with crystal planes(111)and(100)accompanied by an interplanar spacing of 0.31 and0.27 nm,respectively.The CeO2-X h supports and those with a 3 wt%Au loading(Au/CeO2-X h)were investigated in the oxidative steam reforming of methanol at temperatures between 200 and 400℃.The Au/CeO2-2 h gave the highest methanol conversion level and hydrogen yield at a low temperature of 250℃.This superior catalytic performance results from the good interaction between the metal and support and the well-distributed Au species on the CeO2 support.展开更多
Chagas cardiomyopathy still remains a challenging problem that is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in Central and Latin America. Chagas disease disrupts blood microcirculation via various autoimmune mechan...Chagas cardiomyopathy still remains a challenging problem that is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in Central and Latin America. Chagas disease disrupts blood microcirculation via various autoimmune mechanisms, causing loss of cardiomyocytes and severe impairment of heart function. Different cell types and delivery approaches in Chagas Disease have been studied in both preclinical models and clinical trials. The main objective of this article is to clarify the reasons why the benefits that have been seen with cell therapy in preclinical models fail to translate to the clinical setting. This can be explained by crucial differences between the cellular types and pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, as well as the differences between human patients and animal models. We discuss examples that demonstrate how the results from preclinical trials might have overestimated the efficacy of myocardial regeneration therapies. Future research should focus, not only on studying the best cell type to use but, very importantly, understanding the levels of safety and cellular interaction that can elicit efficient therapeutic effects in human tissue. Addressing the challenges associated with future research may ensure the success of stem cell therapy in improving preclinical models and the treatment of Chagas disease.展开更多
This article views China's excess liquidity problem in the global context. It suggests that market mechanisms, cooperation between all parties involved, and liquidity diversion, be resorted to in order to tackle t...This article views China's excess liquidity problem in the global context. It suggests that market mechanisms, cooperation between all parties involved, and liquidity diversion, be resorted to in order to tackle the problem of excessive liquidity. This article also points out that the top priority is to solve the major problems, such as the current account surplus, the sources of excessive liquidity, the shortage of capital in rural areas, and the cause of capital distribution imbalance.展开更多
Bioethanol produced via valorisation of renewable biomass is of great interest to many industries.The increased availability and decreased cost of bioethanol make it a promising platform molecule to produce a wide ran...Bioethanol produced via valorisation of renewable biomass is of great interest to many industries.The increased availability and decreased cost of bioethanol make it a promising platform molecule to produce a wide range of value-added chemicals and fuels via the catalytic conversions.This paper provides a comprehensive review of catalytic conversions of bioethanol to a variety of chemicals/fuels such as hydrogen,C_(2)-C_(4)olefins,gasoline and small oxygenates.Specifically,the focus was placed on the relationship between the catalyst property(such as pore structure,acidity,active metal sites,and catalyst supports)and the catalytic performance(including catalyst activity and stability),as well as the reaction mechanisms involved.Future research avenues on the catalyst design for improving catalytic valorisation of bioethanol are also discussed.展开更多
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-Co V-2) relies on the central molecular machine RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(Rd Rp) for the viral replication and transcription. Remdesivir at the template strand h...Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-Co V-2) relies on the central molecular machine RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(Rd Rp) for the viral replication and transcription. Remdesivir at the template strand has been shown to effectively inhibit the RNA synthesis in SARS-Co V-2 Rd Rp by deactivating not only the complementary UTP incorporation but also the next nucleotide addition. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the second inhibitory point remains unclear. In this work, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations and demonstrated that such inhibition has not directly acted on the nucleotide addition at the active site. Instead, the translocation of Remdesivir from +1 to-1 site is hindered thermodynamically as the posttranslocation state is less stable than the pre-translocation state due to the motif B residue G683. Moreover, another conserved residue S682 on motif B further hinders the dynamic translocation of Remdesivir due to the steric clash with the 1′-cyano substitution. Overall,our study has unveiled an alternative role of motif B in mediating the translocation when Remdesivir is present in the template strand and complemented our understanding about the inhibitory mechanisms exerted by Remdesivir on the RNA synthesis in SARS-Co V-2 Rd Rp.展开更多
This study optimizes biomass chemical looping processes(BCLpro),a technique for converting biomass to energy,through machine learning(ML)for sustainable energy production.The study proposes an integrated Fe_(2)O_(3)-b...This study optimizes biomass chemical looping processes(BCLpro),a technique for converting biomass to energy,through machine learning(ML)for sustainable energy production.The study proposes an integrated Fe_(2)O_(3)-based,BCLpro combining steam gasification for H2 production.Aspen Plus is used as the primary tool to generate extensive datasets covering 24 biomass types with 18 feature inputs in a supervised model.A methodology involving K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN),Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGB),Light Gradient Boosting Machine(LGBM),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),and CatBoost(CB)algorithms was employed to predict H_(2)yields in the BCLpro,utilizing 10-fold cross-validation for robust model evaluation.Findings highlight the CB algorithm’s superior performance,achieving up to 98%predictive accuracy,with carbon content,reducer temperature,and Fe_(2)O_(3)/Al_(2)O_(3)mass ratio identified as crucial features.The algorithm has been developed into a user-friendly tool,BCLH2Pro,accessible via a web server.This tool is designed to assist in reducing costs,optimizing biomass selection,and planning operational conditions to maximize H2 yield in BCLpro systems.Access to the tool can be obtained through the following link:http://bclh2pro.pythonanywhere.com/.展开更多
In higher plants, the splicing of organelle-encoded mRNA involves a complex collaboration with nuclear- encoded proteins. Pentatricopeptide repeat （PPR） proteins have been implicated in these RNA-protein interaction...In higher plants, the splicing of organelle-encoded mRNA involves a complex collaboration with nuclear- encoded proteins. Pentatricopeptide repeat （PPR） proteins have been implicated in these RNA-protein interactions. In this study, we performed the cloning and functional characterization of maize Defective kernel 35 （Dek35）. The dek35-ref mutant is a lethal-seed mutant with developmental deficiency. Dek35 was cloned through Mutator tag isolation and further confirmed by four additional independent mutant alleles. Dek35 encodes an P-type PPR protein that targets the mitochondria. The dek35 mutation causes significant reduction in the accumulation of DEK35 proteins and reduced splicing efficiency of mitochon- drial nad4 intron 1. Analysis of mitochondrial complex in dek35 immature seeds indicated severe deficiency in the complex I assembly and NADH dehydrogenase activity. Transcriptome analysis of dek35 endosperm revealed enhanced expression of genes involved in the alternative respiratory pathway and extensive differentially expressed genes related to mitochondrial function and activity. Collectively, these results indicate that Dek35 encodes an PPR protein that affects the cis-splicing of mitochondrial nad4 intron 1 and is required for mitochondrial function and seed development.展开更多
More than 99% of identified prokaryotes, including many from the marine environment, cannot be cultured in the laboratory. This lack of capability restricts our knowledge of microbial genetics and community ecology. M...More than 99% of identified prokaryotes, including many from the marine environment, cannot be cultured in the laboratory. This lack of capability restricts our knowledge of microbial genetics and community ecology. Metagenomics, the culture-independent cloning of environmental DNAs that are isolated directly from an environmental sample, has already provided a wealth of information about the uncultured microbial world. It has also facilitated the discovery of novel bio- catalysts by allowing researchers to probe directly into a huge diversity of enzymes within natural microbial communities. Recent advances in these studies have led to a great interest in recruiting microbial enzymes for the development of environmentally-friendly industry. Although the metage- nomics approach has many limitations, it is expected to provide not only scientific insights but also economic benefits, especially in industry. This review highlights the importance of metagenomics in mining microbial lipases, as an example, by using high-throughput techniques. In addition, we dis- cuss challenges in the metagenomics as an important part of bioinformatics analysis in big data.展开更多
Covering a quarter of the world＇s tropical coastlines and being one of the most threat- ened ecosystems, mangroves are among the major sources of terrestrial organic matter to oceans and harbor a wide microbial diver...Covering a quarter of the world＇s tropical coastlines and being one of the most threat- ened ecosystems, mangroves are among the major sources of terrestrial organic matter to oceans and harbor a wide microbial diversity. In order to protect, restore, and better understand these ecosystems, researchers have extensively studied their microbiology, yet few surveys have focused on their fungal communities, Our lack of knowledge is even more pronounced for specific fungal populations, such as the ones associated with the rhizosphere. Likewise, the Red Sea gray man- groves （Avicennia marina） remain poorly characterized, and understanding of their fungal commu- nities still relies on cultivation-dependent methods. In this study, we analyzed metagenomic datasets from gray mangrove rhizosphere and bulk soil samples collected in the Red Sea coast, to obtain a snapshot of their fungal communities. Our data indicated that Ascomycota was the dominant phylum （76%-85%）, while Basidiomycota was less abundant （14%-24~）, yet present in higher numbers than usually reported for such environments. Fungal communities were more stable within the rhizosphere than within the bulk soil, both at class and genus level. This finding is consistent with the intrinsic patchiness in soil sediments and with the selection of specific microbial commu- nities by plant roots. Our study indicates the presence of several species on this mycobiome that were not previously reported as mangrove-associated. In particular, we detected representatives of several commercially-used fungi, e.g., producers of secreted cellulases and anaerobic producers of cellulosomes. These results represent additional insights into the fungal community of the gray mangroves of the Red Sea, and show that they are significantly richer than previously reported.展开更多
In plants, Vacuole H^＋-PPases（VPPs） are important Aproton pumps and encoded by multiple genes. In addition to full-length VPPs, several truncated forms are expressed, but their biological functions are unknown. In ...In plants, Vacuole H^＋-PPases（VPPs） are important Aproton pumps and encoded by multiple genes. In addition to full-length VPPs, several truncated forms are expressed, but their biological functions are unknown. In this study, we functionally characterized maize vacuole H^＋-PPase 5（ZmVPP5）, a truncated VPP in the maize genome. Although ZmVPP5 shares high sequence similarity with ZmVPP1 ZmVPP5 lacks the complete structure of the conserved proton transport and the inorganic pyrophosphatase-related domain. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that ZmVPP5 might be derived from an incomplete gene duplication event. ZmVPP5 is expressed in multiple tissues, and ZmVPP5 was detected in the plasma membrane, vacuole membrane and nuclei of maize cells. The overexpression of ZmVPP5 in yeast cells caused a hypersensitivity to salt stress. Transgenic maize lines with overexpressed ZmVPP5 also exhibited the salt hypersensitivity phenotype. A yeast two-hybrid analysis identified the ZmBag6 like protein as a putative ZmVPP5-interacting protein. The results of bimolecular luminescence complementation（Bi LC）assay suggest an interaction between ZmBag6-like protein and ZmVPP5 in vivo. Overall, this study suggests that ZmVPP5 might act as a VPP antagonist and participate in the cellular response to salt stress. Our study of ZmVPP5 has expanded the understanding of the origin and functions of truncated forms of plant VPPs.展开更多
基金funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program(872102)P.S.thanks the Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand(SAST)for her research secondment at The University of Manchester.Y.J.thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378407)for funding.
文摘Compared to reforming reactions using hydrocarbons,ethanol steam reforming(ESR)is a sustainable alternative for hydrogen(H_(2))production since ethanol can be produced sustainably using biomass.This work explores the catalyst design strategies for preparing the Ni supported on ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts to promote ESR.Specifically,two-dimensional ZSM-5 nanosheet and conventional ZSM-5 crystal were used as the catalyst carriers and two synthesis strategies,i.e.,in situ encapsulation and wet impregnation method,were employed to prepare the catalysts.Based on the comparative characterization of the catalysts and comparative catalytic assessments,it was found that the combination of the in situ encapsulation synthesis and the ZSM-5 nanosheet carrier was the effective strategy to develop catalysts for promoting H_(2) production via ESR due to the improved mass transfer(through the 2-D structure of ZSM-5 nanosheet)and formation of confined small Ni nanoparticles(resulted via the in situ encapsulation synthesis).In addition,the resulting ZSM-5 nanosheet supported Ni catalyst also showed high Ni dispersion and high accessibility to Ni sites by the reactants,being able to improve the activity and stability of catalysts and suppress metal sintering and coking during ESR at high reaction temperatures.Thus,the Ni supported on ZSM-5 nanosheet catalyst prepared by encapsulation showed the stable performance with~88% ethanol conversion and~65% H_(2) yield achieved during a 48-h longevity test at 550-C.
基金Project supported by the Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund,Chulalongkorn University(CU-GES-60-04-63-03)the Thammasat University Research Fund under the Research University Network Initiative(8/2560)
文摘Ceria(CeO2)supports,synthesized by hydrothermal treatment with different synthesis time(CeO2-X h,where X is the synthesis time in h)in the presence of the surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide,were used as supports for gold(Au)catalysts.The synthesis time significantly affects the morphological structure and crystallite size of CeO2,where CeO2-2 h has the smallest crystallite size with coexisting nanorods and nanoparticles.Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirms the morphology of CeO2 with distinctive(110),(100)and(111)planes,in agreement with interplanar spacings of 0.19,0,27 and 0.31,respectively.However,the morphology of CeO2-8 h and CeO2-48 h is mainly a truncated octahedral with crystal planes(111)and(100)accompanied by an interplanar spacing of 0.31 and0.27 nm,respectively.The CeO2-X h supports and those with a 3 wt%Au loading(Au/CeO2-X h)were investigated in the oxidative steam reforming of methanol at temperatures between 200 and 400℃.The Au/CeO2-2 h gave the highest methanol conversion level and hydrogen yield at a low temperature of 250℃.This superior catalytic performance results from the good interaction between the metal and support and the well-distributed Au species on the CeO2 support.
文摘Chagas cardiomyopathy still remains a challenging problem that is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in Central and Latin America. Chagas disease disrupts blood microcirculation via various autoimmune mechanisms, causing loss of cardiomyocytes and severe impairment of heart function. Different cell types and delivery approaches in Chagas Disease have been studied in both preclinical models and clinical trials. The main objective of this article is to clarify the reasons why the benefits that have been seen with cell therapy in preclinical models fail to translate to the clinical setting. This can be explained by crucial differences between the cellular types and pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, as well as the differences between human patients and animal models. We discuss examples that demonstrate how the results from preclinical trials might have overestimated the efficacy of myocardial regeneration therapies. Future research should focus, not only on studying the best cell type to use but, very importantly, understanding the levels of safety and cellular interaction that can elicit efficient therapeutic effects in human tissue. Addressing the challenges associated with future research may ensure the success of stem cell therapy in improving preclinical models and the treatment of Chagas disease.
文摘This article views China's excess liquidity problem in the global context. It suggests that market mechanisms, cooperation between all parties involved, and liquidity diversion, be resorted to in order to tackle the problem of excessive liquidity. This article also points out that the top priority is to solve the major problems, such as the current account surplus, the sources of excessive liquidity, the shortage of capital in rural areas, and the cause of capital distribution imbalance.
基金funding from the European Union’s Hori-zon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agree-ment No 872102H.X.thanks The University of Manchester Presi-dent’s Doctoral Scholar Award and the China Scholarship Council(file no.201606150068)for supporting her PhD research.
文摘Bioethanol produced via valorisation of renewable biomass is of great interest to many industries.The increased availability and decreased cost of bioethanol make it a promising platform molecule to produce a wide range of value-added chemicals and fuels via the catalytic conversions.This paper provides a comprehensive review of catalytic conversions of bioethanol to a variety of chemicals/fuels such as hydrogen,C_(2)-C_(4)olefins,gasoline and small oxygenates.Specifically,the focus was placed on the relationship between the catalyst property(such as pore structure,acidity,active metal sites,and catalyst supports)and the catalytic performance(including catalyst activity and stability),as well as the reaction mechanisms involved.Future research avenues on the catalyst design for improving catalytic valorisation of bioethanol are also discussed.
基金supported by the National Key RD program of China(No.2021YFA1502300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21733007)。
文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-Co V-2) relies on the central molecular machine RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(Rd Rp) for the viral replication and transcription. Remdesivir at the template strand has been shown to effectively inhibit the RNA synthesis in SARS-Co V-2 Rd Rp by deactivating not only the complementary UTP incorporation but also the next nucleotide addition. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the second inhibitory point remains unclear. In this work, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations and demonstrated that such inhibition has not directly acted on the nucleotide addition at the active site. Instead, the translocation of Remdesivir from +1 to-1 site is hindered thermodynamically as the posttranslocation state is less stable than the pre-translocation state due to the motif B residue G683. Moreover, another conserved residue S682 on motif B further hinders the dynamic translocation of Remdesivir due to the steric clash with the 1′-cyano substitution. Overall,our study has unveiled an alternative role of motif B in mediating the translocation when Remdesivir is present in the template strand and complemented our understanding about the inhibitory mechanisms exerted by Remdesivir on the RNA synthesis in SARS-Co V-2 Rd Rp.
基金supported by Research and Graduate Studies,Khon Kaen University.
文摘This study optimizes biomass chemical looping processes(BCLpro),a technique for converting biomass to energy,through machine learning(ML)for sustainable energy production.The study proposes an integrated Fe_(2)O_(3)-based,BCLpro combining steam gasification for H2 production.Aspen Plus is used as the primary tool to generate extensive datasets covering 24 biomass types with 18 feature inputs in a supervised model.A methodology involving K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN),Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGB),Light Gradient Boosting Machine(LGBM),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),and CatBoost(CB)algorithms was employed to predict H_(2)yields in the BCLpro,utilizing 10-fold cross-validation for robust model evaluation.Findings highlight the CB algorithm’s superior performance,achieving up to 98%predictive accuracy,with carbon content,reducer temperature,and Fe_(2)O_(3)/Al_(2)O_(3)mass ratio identified as crucial features.The algorithm has been developed into a user-friendly tool,BCLH2Pro,accessible via a web server.This tool is designed to assist in reducing costs,optimizing biomass selection,and planning operational conditions to maximize H2 yield in BCLpro systems.Access to the tool can be obtained through the following link:http://bclh2pro.pythonanywhere.com/.
文摘In higher plants, the splicing of organelle-encoded mRNA involves a complex collaboration with nuclear- encoded proteins. Pentatricopeptide repeat （PPR） proteins have been implicated in these RNA-protein interactions. In this study, we performed the cloning and functional characterization of maize Defective kernel 35 （Dek35）. The dek35-ref mutant is a lethal-seed mutant with developmental deficiency. Dek35 was cloned through Mutator tag isolation and further confirmed by four additional independent mutant alleles. Dek35 encodes an P-type PPR protein that targets the mitochondria. The dek35 mutation causes significant reduction in the accumulation of DEK35 proteins and reduced splicing efficiency of mitochon- drial nad4 intron 1. Analysis of mitochondrial complex in dek35 immature seeds indicated severe deficiency in the complex I assembly and NADH dehydrogenase activity. Transcriptome analysis of dek35 endosperm revealed enhanced expression of genes involved in the alternative respiratory pathway and extensive differentially expressed genes related to mitochondrial function and activity. Collectively, these results indicate that Dek35 encodes an PPR protein that affects the cis-splicing of mitochondrial nad4 intron 1 and is required for mitochondrial function and seed development.
基金supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),Saudi Arabia
文摘More than 99% of identified prokaryotes, including many from the marine environment, cannot be cultured in the laboratory. This lack of capability restricts our knowledge of microbial genetics and community ecology. Metagenomics, the culture-independent cloning of environmental DNAs that are isolated directly from an environmental sample, has already provided a wealth of information about the uncultured microbial world. It has also facilitated the discovery of novel bio- catalysts by allowing researchers to probe directly into a huge diversity of enzymes within natural microbial communities. Recent advances in these studies have led to a great interest in recruiting microbial enzymes for the development of environmentally-friendly industry. Although the metage- nomics approach has many limitations, it is expected to provide not only scientific insights but also economic benefits, especially in industry. This review highlights the importance of metagenomics in mining microbial lipases, as an example, by using high-throughput techniques. In addition, we dis- cuss challenges in the metagenomics as an important part of bioinformatics analysis in big data.
基金supported by the base research funds to VBBthe competitive research funding of VBB from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia
文摘Covering a quarter of the world＇s tropical coastlines and being one of the most threat- ened ecosystems, mangroves are among the major sources of terrestrial organic matter to oceans and harbor a wide microbial diversity. In order to protect, restore, and better understand these ecosystems, researchers have extensively studied their microbiology, yet few surveys have focused on their fungal communities, Our lack of knowledge is even more pronounced for specific fungal populations, such as the ones associated with the rhizosphere. Likewise, the Red Sea gray man- groves （Avicennia marina） remain poorly characterized, and understanding of their fungal commu- nities still relies on cultivation-dependent methods. In this study, we analyzed metagenomic datasets from gray mangrove rhizosphere and bulk soil samples collected in the Red Sea coast, to obtain a snapshot of their fungal communities. Our data indicated that Ascomycota was the dominant phylum （76%-85%）, while Basidiomycota was less abundant （14%-24~）, yet present in higher numbers than usually reported for such environments. Fungal communities were more stable within the rhizosphere than within the bulk soil, both at class and genus level. This finding is consistent with the intrinsic patchiness in soil sediments and with the selection of specific microbial commu- nities by plant roots. Our study indicates the presence of several species on this mycobiome that were not previously reported as mangrove-associated. In particular, we detected representatives of several commercially-used fungi, e.g., producers of secreted cellulases and anaerobic producers of cellulosomes. These results represent additional insights into the fungal community of the gray mangroves of the Red Sea, and show that they are significantly richer than previously reported.
基金supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (31425019 and 91335208)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2014CB138204)
文摘In plants, Vacuole H^＋-PPases（VPPs） are important Aproton pumps and encoded by multiple genes. In addition to full-length VPPs, several truncated forms are expressed, but their biological functions are unknown. In this study, we functionally characterized maize vacuole H^＋-PPase 5（ZmVPP5）, a truncated VPP in the maize genome. Although ZmVPP5 shares high sequence similarity with ZmVPP1 ZmVPP5 lacks the complete structure of the conserved proton transport and the inorganic pyrophosphatase-related domain. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that ZmVPP5 might be derived from an incomplete gene duplication event. ZmVPP5 is expressed in multiple tissues, and ZmVPP5 was detected in the plasma membrane, vacuole membrane and nuclei of maize cells. The overexpression of ZmVPP5 in yeast cells caused a hypersensitivity to salt stress. Transgenic maize lines with overexpressed ZmVPP5 also exhibited the salt hypersensitivity phenotype. A yeast two-hybrid analysis identified the ZmBag6 like protein as a putative ZmVPP5-interacting protein. The results of bimolecular luminescence complementation（Bi LC）assay suggest an interaction between ZmBag6-like protein and ZmVPP5 in vivo. Overall, this study suggests that ZmVPP5 might act as a VPP antagonist and participate in the cellular response to salt stress. Our study of ZmVPP5 has expanded the understanding of the origin and functions of truncated forms of plant VPPs.
