In this study,we investigated how empathic neural responses unfold over time in different empathy networks when viewing same-race and other-race individuals in dynamic painful conditions.We recorded magnetoencephalogr...In this study,we investigated how empathic neural responses unfold over time in different empathy networks when viewing same-race and other-race individuals in dynamic painful conditions.We recorded magnetoencephalography signals from Chinese adults when viewing video clips showing a dynamic painful(or non-painful)stimulation to Asian and White models’faces to trigger painful(or neutral)expressions.We found that perceived dynamic pain in Asian models modulated neural activities in the visual cortex at 100 ms–200 ms,in the orbitofrontal and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices at 150 ms–200 ms,in the anterior cingulate cortex around 250 ms–350 ms,and in the temporoparietal junction and middle temporal gyrus around 600 ms after video onset.Perceived dynamic pain in White models modulated activities in the visual,anterior cingulate,and primary sensory cortices after 500 ms.Our findings unraveled earlier dynamic activities in multiple neural circuits in response to same-race(vs other-race)individuals in dynamic painful situations.展开更多
Previous research has shown that ocular dominance can be biased by prolonged attention to one eye.The ocular-opponency-neuron model of binocular rivalry has been proposed as a candidate account for this phenomenon.Yet...Previous research has shown that ocular dominance can be biased by prolonged attention to one eye.The ocular-opponency-neuron model of binocular rivalry has been proposed as a candidate account for this phenomenon.Yet direct neural evidence is still lacking.By manipulating the contrast of dichoptic testing gratings,here we measured the steady-state visually evoked potentials(SSVEPs)at the intermodulation frequencies to selectively track the activities of ocular-opponency-neurons before and after the“dichoptic-backward-movie”adaptation.One hour of adaptation caused a shift of perceptual and neural ocular dominance towards the unattended eye.More importantly,we found a decrease in the intermodulation SSVEP response after adaptation,which was significantly greater when high-contrast gratings were presented to the attended eye than when they were presented to the unattended eye.These results strongly support the view that the adaptation of ocular-opponency-neurons contributes to the ocular dominance plasticity induced by prolonged eye-based attention.展开更多
Background The neuroimaging mechanism of major depressive episodes with mixed features(MMF)is not clear.Aims This study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity of the default mode network(DMN)subsystems among...Background The neuroimaging mechanism of major depressive episodes with mixed features(MMF)is not clear.Aims This study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity of the default mode network(DMN)subsystems among patients with MMF and patients with major depressive disorder without mixed features(MDD_(noMF)).Methods This study recruited 47 patients with MDD_(noMF)and 27 patients with MMF from Beijing Anding Hospital,Capital Medical University,between April 2021 and June 2022.Forty-five healthy controls(HCs)were recruited.All subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning and clinical assessments.Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectity were computed in the DMN core subsystem,dorsal medial prefrontal cortex(dMPFC)subsystem and medial temporal lobe(MTL)subsystem.Analysis of covariance method was performed to compare the intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity in the DMN subsystems among the MDD_(noMP)MMF and HC groups.Results The functional connectivity within the DMN core(F=6.32,P_(FDR)=0.008)and MTL subsystems(F=4.45,P_(FDR)=0.021)showed significant differences among the MDD_(noMP) MMF and HC groups.Compared with the HC group,the patients with MDD_(noMF) and MMF had increased functional connectivity within the DMN MTL subsystem,and the patients with MMF also showed increased functional connectivity within the DMN core subsystem.Meanwhile,compared with the MDD_(noMP) the patients with MMF had increased functional connectivity within the DMN core subsystem(mean difference(MDD_(noMF)-MMF)=-0.08,SE=0.04,p=0.048).However,no significant differences were found within the DMN dMPFC subsystem and all the internetwork functional connectivity.Conclusions Our results indicated abnormal functional connectivity patterns of DMN subsystems in patients with MMF,findings potentially beneficial to deepen our understanding of MMF's neural basis.展开更多
An important and unresolved question is how human brain regions process information and interact with each other in intertemporal choice related to gains and losses. Using psychophysiological interaction and dynamic c...An important and unresolved question is how human brain regions process information and interact with each other in intertemporal choice related to gains and losses. Using psychophysiological interaction and dynamic causal modeling analyses, we investigated the functional interactions between regions involved in the decision- making process while participants performed temporal discounting tasks in both the gains and losses domains. We found two distinct intrinsic valuation systems underlying temporal discounting in the gains and losses domains： gains were specifically evaluated in the medial regions, including the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, and losses were evaluated in the lateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, immediate reward or pun- ishment was found to modulate the functional interactions between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and distinct regions in both the gains and losses domains： in the gains domain, the mesolimbic regions; in the losses domain, the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula. These findings suggest that intertemporal choice of gains and losses might involve distinct valuation systems, and more importantly, separate neural interactions may implement the intertemporal choices of gains and losses. These findings may provide a new biological perspective for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying intertemporal choice of gains and losses.展开更多
Auditory verbal hallucination(AVH)is emphasized as a pathological hallmark of schizophrenia.Neuroimaging studies provide evidence linking AVH to overlapping functional abnormalities in distributed networks.However,no ...Auditory verbal hallucination(AVH)is emphasized as a pathological hallmark of schizophrenia.Neuroimaging studies provide evidence linking AVH to overlapping functional abnormalities in distributed networks.However,no clear conclusion has still been reached.This study aimed to further explore the brain activity of patients with schizophrenia having AVH from both local activity(LA)and functional connectivity(FC)insights,while excluding confounding factors from other positive symptoms.A total of 42 patients with AVH(AVH patients group,APG),26 without AVH(non-AVH patients group,NPG),and 82 normal controls(NC)underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI).LA measures,including regional homogeneity(ReHo)and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(fALFF),and FC measures were evaluated to understand the neuroimaging mechanism of AVH.APG showed increased ReHo and fALFF in the bilateral putamen(Put)compared with NPG and NC.FC analysis(using bilateral putamen as seeds)revealed that all patients showed abnormal FC of multiple resting state network regions,including the anterior and post cingulate cortex,middle frontal gyrus,inferior parietal gyrus,and left angular gyrus.Interestingly,APG showed significantly decreased FC of insula extending to the superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus compared with NPG and NC.The present findings suggested a significant correlation of abnormal LA and dysfunctional putamen-auditory cortical connectivity with the neuropathological mechanism of AVH,providing evidence for the functional disconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia.展开更多
People as third-party observers,without direct self-interest,may punish norm violators to maintain social norms.However,third-party judgment and the follow-up punishment might be susceptible to the way we frame(i.e.,v...People as third-party observers,without direct self-interest,may punish norm violators to maintain social norms.However,third-party judgment and the follow-up punishment might be susceptible to the way we frame(i.e.,verbally describe)a norm violation.We conducted a behavioral and a neuroimaging experiment to investigate the above phenomenon,which we call the“third-party framing effect”.In these experiments,participants observed an anonymous perpetrator deciding whether to keep her/his economic benefit while exposing a victim to a risk of physical pain(described as“harming others”in one condition and“not helping others”in the other condition),then they had a chance to punish that perpetrator at their own cost.Our results showed that the participants were more willing to execute third-party punishment under the harm frame compared to the help frame,manifesting a framing effect.Self-reported anger toward perpetrators mediated the relationship between empathy toward victims and the framing effect.Meanwhile,activation of the insula mediated the relationship between mid-cingulate cortex activation and the framing effect;the functional connectivity between these regions significantly predicted the size of the framing effect.These findings shed light on the psychological and neural mechanisms of the third-party framing effect.展开更多
Various resting-state fMRI(R-fMRI) measures have been developed to characterize intrinsic brain activity. While each of these measures has gained a growing presence in the literature, questions remain regarding the co...Various resting-state fMRI(R-fMRI) measures have been developed to characterize intrinsic brain activity. While each of these measures has gained a growing presence in the literature, questions remain regarding the common and unique aspects these indices capture. The present work provided a comprehensive examination of inter-individual variation and intra-individual temporal variation for commonly used measures, including fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, regional homogeneity,voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity, network centrality and global signal correlation. Regardless of whether examining intra-individual or inter-individual variation, we found that these definitionally distinct R-fMRI indices tend to exhibit a relatively high degree of covariation, which doesn't exist in phase randomized surrogate data. As a measure of intrinsic brain function, concordance for R-fMRI indices was negatively correlated with age across individuals(i.e., concordance among functional indices decreased with age). To understand the functional significance of concordance, we noted that higher concordance was generally associated with higher strengths of R-fMRI indices, regardless of whether looking through the lens of inter-individual(i.e., high vs. low concordance participants) or intra-individual(i.e., high vs.low concordance states identified via temporal dynamic analyses) differences. We also noted a linear increase in functional concordance together with the R-fMRI indices through the scan, which may suggest a decrease in arousal. The current study demonstrated an enriched picture regarding the relationship among the R-fMRI indices, as well as provided new insights in examining dynamic states within and between individuals.展开更多
The 3rd International Conference on Human Brain Development(ICHBD)was held during October 10–15,2017 in Nanning,Guangxi,China.ICHBD was initiated in 2014 by Drs.Xi-Nian Zuo,Olaf Sporns and Michael P.Milham(co-chairs)...The 3rd International Conference on Human Brain Development(ICHBD)was held during October 10–15,2017 in Nanning,Guangxi,China.ICHBD was initiated in 2014 by Drs.Xi-Nian Zuo,Olaf Sporns and Michael P.Milham(co-chairs),and has been consistently supported by a major international collaboration grant from Natural Science Foundation of China(81220108014).The goal of ICHBD is to bring together international scientists from a展开更多
Human brain mapping (HBM)is increasingly becoming a multidisciplinary field where some scientific issues are fundamental for all scientists and applications of using the technology to investigate individual difference...Human brain mapping (HBM)is increasingly becoming a multidisciplinary field where some scientific issues are fundamental for all scientists and applications of using the technology to investigate individual differences.Reliability represents a significant issue for all scientific fields and has particularly been overlooked for decades by the HBM field [1].Meanwhile,recent advances in open science have offered the field big data for developing novel methodological frameworks as well as performing largescale investigations of the brain-mind associations based upon the individual differences assessed with HBM [2].A systematic investigation of reliability seems still far behind these HBM developments. It is critical that reliability is evaluated ahead of these applications, motivating the current commentary on delineation of the anatomy of reliability for future HBM.展开更多
The publisher regrets to note that reference citation errors have occurred in panels b,c,e-l in Fig 2 and the sentence“However,the literature reports both decreased and increased intra-network functional connections ...The publisher regrets to note that reference citation errors have occurred in panels b,c,e-l in Fig 2 and the sentence“However,the literature reports both decreased and increased intra-network functional connections among patients with depression[115,116].”The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.Fig.2.Principal neuroimaging findings in major depressive disorder.(a)Decreased intra-DMN FC is observed in recurrent MDD patients[35].(b)Eight-week antidepressant treatment reduce extensive large-scale functional networks[107].(c)Reduced global and local efficiency(Eglob/Eloc)are revealed in MDD patients[108].(d)Structural variations of the cortex and subcortical nuclei are found in ENIGMA-MDD studies[82].(e)Accelerated brain aging based on functional MRI is observed in MDD patients[114].(f)Accelerated brain aging based on structural MRI is observed in MDD patients[115].(g)Two subtypes of MDD can be identified through DMN FC[127].(h)A significant schizophrenia PRS by MDD interaction for rostral anterior cingulate cortex thickness is found in the UK Biobank dataset[215].(i)Stability of the four MDD subtypes based on FC[126].(j)The two subtypes of MDD exhibit distinct patterns of FC within and between SMS,DMN,and subcortical structures[130].(k)Performance of the functional connectivity-based classifiers across two multicenter datasets[135].(l)Salient brain regions that serve as important classification features for the graph convolutional network-based classifier[136].Brain-PAD:brain-predicted age difference;DAN:dorsal attention network;DMN:default mode network;FC:functional connectivity;FEDN:first-episode and drug-naïve;FPN:frontoparietal network;GCN:graph convolutional neural network;HC:healthy control;linear-SVM:linear support vector machine;MDD:major depressive disorder;mddrest:REST-meta-MDD dataset;NC:normal control;RACC:rostral anterior cingulate cortex;PRS:polygenic risk score;psymri:PsyMRI dataset;rbf-SVM:radial basis function support vector machine;SCN:subcortical network;SCZ:schizophrenia;SMN:sensorimotor network;SMS:sensory and motor systems;SubC:subcortical network;VAN:ventral attention network;VN:visual network.展开更多
In 2011,a court near Milan,Italy,reduced the sentence of a convicted murderer from life to 20years in jail,after considering results from neuroimaging and genetic tests.These tests had been used to convince the judge ...In 2011,a court near Milan,Italy,reduced the sentence of a convicted murderer from life to 20years in jail,after considering results from neuroimaging and genetic tests.These tests had been used to convince the judge that the trial's female defendant,Stefania Albertani,was suffering from partial mental illness(http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/09]italian_court_reduces_murde_s.html).The structural MRI images showed that Albertani's grey matter volume was different from the average volume of a randomly-selected group-10healthy women with no history of mental or neurological disorders-in brain areas including the anterior cingulate gyrus(ACC)and insula.The expert testimony concluded that"these alterations(of brain structures)have to be considered in causal relation to the psychiatric symptomatology of the murderer."展开更多
Background:Early-onset schizophrenia(EOS)and autism spectrum disorder(ASD)are two mental disorders with abnormal neurodevelopment and overlapping clinical symptoms.However,few prospective multi-center imaging studies ...Background:Early-onset schizophrenia(EOS)and autism spectrum disorder(ASD)are two mental disorders with abnormal neurodevelopment and overlapping clinical symptoms.However,few prospective multi-center imaging studies explored their pathophysiological differences and similarities comprehensively.Methods:We utilized a large cohort of functional magnetic resonance imaging data with standardized scanning protocols from 594 participants(276 participants with high-functioning ASD,187 participants with EOS,and 131 normal controls(NCs))recruited at five centers.A comprehensive evaluation of anatomical and connectomic features,in-cluding cortical thickness,subcortical nuclei volume,functional connectivity,functional gradients,and network efficiency,was conducted,culminating in the construction of imaging-based neuro-profiles for individuals with EOS and ASD.Results:The derived neuro-profiles revealed that EOS is characterized by more pro-nounced reductions in cortical thickness and subcortical nuclei volumes.In contrast,ASD exhibited more pronounced abnormalities in connectomic attributes.The de-creased network functional connectivity and compressed functional gradients in ASD are likely to contribute to reduced network efficiency.Classifiers based on imaging profiles successfully distinguished individuals with EOS,ASD,and NCs with com-mendable performance in leave-site-out cross-validation(area under the operating characteristic curve(AUC)for ASD vs.NC:0.769,AUC for ASD vs.EOS:0.792,AUC for EOS vs.NC:0.854).Conclusion:The neuro-profiles revealed that EOS and ASD exhibit overlapping as well as unique imaging characteristics;however,EOS exhibits greater structural variation,while ASD presents with more subtle connectomic abnormalities.These findings offer valuable insights into the distinct neurobiological mechanisms of EOS and ASD and enhance the prospect of early diagnosis through objective imaging-based biomarkers.展开更多
Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rf MRI),previous studies showed that the APOE e4 allele might affect the functional connectivity between remote brain regions[1,2].However,the local functional...Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rf MRI),previous studies showed that the APOE e4 allele might affect the functional connectivity between remote brain regions[1,2].However,the local functional connectivity of APOE e4 carriers has rarely been explored.Regional homogeneity(Re Ho)has been widely used to展开更多
Background:As one of the leading causes of global disability,major depressive disorder(MDD)places a noticeable burden on individuals and society.Despite the great expectation on finding accurate biomarkers and effecti...Background:As one of the leading causes of global disability,major depressive disorder(MDD)places a noticeable burden on individuals and society.Despite the great expectation on finding accurate biomarkers and effective treatment targets of MDD,studies in applying functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)are still faced with challenges,including the representational ambiguity,small sample size,low statistical power,relatively high false positive rates,etc.Thus,reviewing studies with solid methodology may help achieve a consensus on the pathology of MDD.Methods:In this systematic review,we screened fMRI studies on MDD through strict criteria to focus on reliable studies with sufficient sample size,adequate control of head motion,and a proper multiple comparison control strategy.Results:We found consistent evidence regarding the dysfunction within and among the default mode network(DMN),the frontoparietal network(FPN),and other brain regions.However,controversy remains,probably due to the heterogeneity of participants and data processing strategies.Conclusion:Future studies are recommended to apply a comprehensive set of neuro-behavioral measurements,consider the heterogeneity of MDD patients and other potentially confounding factors,apply surface-based neuroscientific network fMRI approaches,and advance research transparency and open science by applying state-ofthe-art pipelines along with open data sharing.展开更多
Despite a growing neuroimaging literature on the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder(MDD),repro-ducible findings are lacking,probably reflecting mostly small sample sizes and heterogeneity in analytic approac...Despite a growing neuroimaging literature on the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder(MDD),repro-ducible findings are lacking,probably reflecting mostly small sample sizes and heterogeneity in analytic approaches.To address these issues,the Depression Imaging REsearch ConsorTium(DIRECT)was launched.The REST-meta-MDD project,pooling 2428 functional brain images processed with a standardized pipeline across all participating sites,has been the first effort from DIRECT.In this review,we present an overview of the moti-vations,rationale,and principal findings of the studies so far from the REST-meta-MDD project.Findings from the first round of analyses of the pooled repository have included alterations in functional connectivity within the default mode network,in whole-brain topological properties,in dynamic features,and in functional lat-eralization.These well-powered exploratory observations have also provided the basis for future longitudinal hypothesis-driven research.Following these fruitful explorations,DIRECT has proceeded to its second stage of data sharing that seeks to examine ethnicity in brain alterations in MDD by extending the exclusive Chinese original sample to other ethnic groups through international collaborations.A state-of-the-art,surface-based preprocessing pipeline has also been introduced to improve sensitivity.Functional images from patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia will be included to identify shared and unique abnormalities across diag-nosis boundaries.In addition,large-scale longitudinal studies targeting brain network alterations following antidepressant treatment,aggregation of diffusion tensor images,and the development of functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided neuromodulation approaches are underway.Through these endeavours,we hope to accelerate the translation of functional neuroimaging findings to clinical use,such as evaluating longitudinal effects of antidepressant medications and developing individualized neuromodulation targets,while building an open repository for the scientific community.展开更多
Early-life stress can lead to sustained alterations in regional resting-state brain functions, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Stress can also induce sustained changes in epigenetic modificatio...Early-life stress can lead to sustained alterations in regional resting-state brain functions, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Stress can also induce sustained changes in epigenetic modifications across brain regions, which are not limited to a few genes;rather, they often tend to produce global levels of change. The functional implication of these changes also remains to be elucidated. We hypothesize that global epigenetic changes may partly modulate the resting-state functions of brain regions to influence behavior. To test this hypothesis, we used an adolescent social stress (ASS) model in mice and examined the relationship between epigenetic modifications and regional resting-state brain activity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). The results showed that, compared to the control mice, the stressed mice showed increased anxiety and social avoidance behaviors and greater levels of dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In addition, the resting-state activity represented by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) was significantly lower in the mPFC of stressed mice. To verify the relationship of H3K9me2 and ALFF, the specific inhibition of H3Kme2 was performed by using the drug UNC0642, which reversed the anxiety behavior induced by ASS and significantly increase the ALFF value of mPFC in both normal and ASS animals. Our study is the first to report an association between histone modifications and rs-fMRI findings, providing a new perspective for understanding of the significance of regional brain epigenetic changes and a possible molecular explanation for rs-fMRI findings.展开更多
Background:Rumination is a transdiagnostic psychological process that plays a prominent role in many common psychiatric disorders,albeit its neurophysiological basis remains elusive.Existing neuroimaging studies have ...Background:Rumination is a transdiagnostic psychological process that plays a prominent role in many common psychiatric disorders,albeit its neurophysiological basis remains elusive.Existing neuroimaging studies have highlighted the precuneus and hippocampus as two pivotal brain regions in rumination’s neural underpinnings.Methods:Here,we examined the intracranial electroencephalogram(iEEG)recordings from 21 patients with epilepsy during a naturalistic,continuous,active rumination state and measured the low frequency(1-8 Hz)and high gamma(70-150 Hz)band oscillation powers.Results:We observed enhanced low-frequency power in the precuneus and reduced high gamma power in the hippocampus during the rumination condition compared to the control condition.The hippocampal high gamma power reduction was associated with the self-reported reflection tendency.Conclusions:Our findings provided empirical evidence of the neurophysiological underpinnings of rumination and implicated a precuneus-hippocampus coupling across neural oscillation bands during an active rumination state.展开更多
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI)[1,2] provides relatively high spatial and temporal resolution for mapping spontaneous brain activity non-invasively. It has been widely used in cognitive n...Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI)[1,2] provides relatively high spatial and temporal resolution for mapping spontaneous brain activity non-invasively. It has been widely used in cognitive neuroscience and clinical studies. A number of comprehensive software packages have been developed for RS-fMRI data analysis, among which a MATLAB package named REST (RESing-state fMRI data analysis Toolkit, released in October 2008 at http://www.restfmri.net)[3] is the earliest one dedicated to RS-fMRI analysis. REST focuses on RS-fMRI postprocessing metrics.展开更多
Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)is a prevalent technology in brain research of cognition,emotion,development,and brain disorders.The traditional fMRI analysis is based on volume-based preprocessing pipeline...Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)is a prevalent technology in brain research of cognition,emotion,development,and brain disorders.The traditional fMRI analysis is based on volume-based preprocessing pipelines and algorithms,which means that the brain MRI data is to be registered to a 3-dimensional(3D)coordinate[1].However,the relatively low spatial resolution of fMRI may lead to partial-volume-effect(e.g.,a 3D region may contain signals from grey matter,white matter and even cerebrospinal fluid).Given the human brain function is organized in a brain surface mesh manner,therefore,a growing number of studies conducted surface-based preprocessing pipelines and algorithms.Surface-based methods reconstructed the brain grey matter into 2-dimensional cortical surface which better represent the curving structure of the brain.Surface-based method is superior to volume-based method on brain registration,signal–noise ratio and reproducibility of algorithms[2].Specifically,the traditional volume-based approach was reported with a spatial localization that is only 35%of the best surface-based method[2].展开更多
Mapping of the human brain function in vivo is among the most promising means of uncovering the relationship between brain and behavior. Both the 1000 Functional Connectome Project1 and Human Connectome Project2 have ...Mapping of the human brain function in vivo is among the most promising means of uncovering the relationship between brain and behavior. Both the 1000 Functional Connectome Project1 and Human Connectome Project2 have made advancements in the collection, management, and sharing of massive neuroimaging datasets. In China, the government plans to announce the China Brain Project （CBP）, a national brain project aimed at understanding neural mechanisms underlying human cognition with applications of brain disease and brain-inspired computa- tion [1]. Methods for in vivo human brain mapping must be included in the CBP, as they make possible direct assess- ment of brain structure and activity and contribute directly to translational research.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32230043)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2019YFA0707103)+1 种基金Das Chinesisch-Deutsche Zentrum fur Wissenschaftsforderung(M-0093)the High-performance Computing Platform of Peking University。
文摘In this study,we investigated how empathic neural responses unfold over time in different empathy networks when viewing same-race and other-race individuals in dynamic painful conditions.We recorded magnetoencephalography signals from Chinese adults when viewing video clips showing a dynamic painful(or non-painful)stimulation to Asian and White models’faces to trigger painful(or neutral)expressions.We found that perceived dynamic pain in Asian models modulated neural activities in the visual cortex at 100 ms–200 ms,in the orbitofrontal and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices at 150 ms–200 ms,in the anterior cingulate cortex around 250 ms–350 ms,and in the temporoparietal junction and middle temporal gyrus around 600 ms after video onset.Perceived dynamic pain in White models modulated activities in the visual,anterior cingulate,and primary sensory cortices after 500 ms.Our findings unraveled earlier dynamic activities in multiple neural circuits in response to same-race(vs other-race)individuals in dynamic painful situations.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021ZD0203800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871104 and 31830037).
文摘Previous research has shown that ocular dominance can be biased by prolonged attention to one eye.The ocular-opponency-neuron model of binocular rivalry has been proposed as a candidate account for this phenomenon.Yet direct neural evidence is still lacking.By manipulating the contrast of dichoptic testing gratings,here we measured the steady-state visually evoked potentials(SSVEPs)at the intermodulation frequencies to selectively track the activities of ocular-opponency-neurons before and after the“dichoptic-backward-movie”adaptation.One hour of adaptation caused a shift of perceptual and neural ocular dominance towards the unattended eye.More importantly,we found a decrease in the intermodulation SSVEP response after adaptation,which was significantly greater when high-contrast gratings were presented to the attended eye than when they were presented to the unattended eye.These results strongly support the view that the adaptation of ocular-opponency-neurons contributes to the ocular dominance plasticity induced by prolonged eye-based attention.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81901368,82171526 and 82071531)the Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research(CFH2020-4-2125)+1 种基金the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Programme(PX2018064 and PX2020072)Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme(QMS20211901).
文摘Background The neuroimaging mechanism of major depressive episodes with mixed features(MMF)is not clear.Aims This study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity of the default mode network(DMN)subsystems among patients with MMF and patients with major depressive disorder without mixed features(MDD_(noMF)).Methods This study recruited 47 patients with MDD_(noMF)and 27 patients with MMF from Beijing Anding Hospital,Capital Medical University,between April 2021 and June 2022.Forty-five healthy controls(HCs)were recruited.All subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning and clinical assessments.Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectity were computed in the DMN core subsystem,dorsal medial prefrontal cortex(dMPFC)subsystem and medial temporal lobe(MTL)subsystem.Analysis of covariance method was performed to compare the intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity in the DMN subsystems among the MDD_(noMP)MMF and HC groups.Results The functional connectivity within the DMN core(F=6.32,P_(FDR)=0.008)and MTL subsystems(F=4.45,P_(FDR)=0.021)showed significant differences among the MDD_(noMP) MMF and HC groups.Compared with the HC group,the patients with MDD_(noMF) and MMF had increased functional connectivity within the DMN MTL subsystem,and the patients with MMF also showed increased functional connectivity within the DMN core subsystem.Meanwhile,compared with the MDD_(noMP) the patients with MMF had increased functional connectivity within the DMN core subsystem(mean difference(MDD_(noMF)-MMF)=-0.08,SE=0.04,p=0.048).However,no significant differences were found within the DMN dMPFC subsystem and all the internetwork functional connectivity.Conclusions Our results indicated abnormal functional connectivity patterns of DMN subsystems in patients with MMF,findings potentially beneficial to deepen our understanding of MMF's neural basis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71471171,71071150,91432302,31620103905,31471005,and 71761167001)the Science Frontier Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDJSSW-SMC019)+2 种基金the Shenzhen Peacock Plan(KQTD2015033016104926)the Guangdong Pearl River Talents Plan Innovative and Entrepreneurial Team(2016ZT06S220)the CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science,Institute of Psychology(Y5CX052003)
文摘An important and unresolved question is how human brain regions process information and interact with each other in intertemporal choice related to gains and losses. Using psychophysiological interaction and dynamic causal modeling analyses, we investigated the functional interactions between regions involved in the decision- making process while participants performed temporal discounting tasks in both the gains and losses domains. We found two distinct intrinsic valuation systems underlying temporal discounting in the gains and losses domains： gains were specifically evaluated in the medial regions, including the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, and losses were evaluated in the lateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, immediate reward or pun- ishment was found to modulate the functional interactions between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and distinct regions in both the gains and losses domains： in the gains domain, the mesolimbic regions; in the losses domain, the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula. These findings suggest that intertemporal choice of gains and losses might involve distinct valuation systems, and more importantly, separate neural interactions may implement the intertemporal choices of gains and losses. These findings may provide a new biological perspective for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying intertemporal choice of gains and losses.
基金'This study was supported by grants from the National 973 Program of China(No.201 lCB707805)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91132301)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2014CFB732).
文摘Auditory verbal hallucination(AVH)is emphasized as a pathological hallmark of schizophrenia.Neuroimaging studies provide evidence linking AVH to overlapping functional abnormalities in distributed networks.However,no clear conclusion has still been reached.This study aimed to further explore the brain activity of patients with schizophrenia having AVH from both local activity(LA)and functional connectivity(FC)insights,while excluding confounding factors from other positive symptoms.A total of 42 patients with AVH(AVH patients group,APG),26 without AVH(non-AVH patients group,NPG),and 82 normal controls(NC)underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI).LA measures,including regional homogeneity(ReHo)and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(fALFF),and FC measures were evaluated to understand the neuroimaging mechanism of AVH.APG showed increased ReHo and fALFF in the bilateral putamen(Put)compared with NPG and NC.FC analysis(using bilateral putamen as seeds)revealed that all patients showed abnormal FC of multiple resting state network regions,including the anterior and post cingulate cortex,middle frontal gyrus,inferior parietal gyrus,and left angular gyrus.Interestingly,APG showed significantly decreased FC of insula extending to the superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus compared with NPG and NC.The present findings suggested a significant correlation of abnormal LA and dysfunctional putamen-auditory cortical connectivity with the neuropathological mechanism of AVH,providing evidence for the functional disconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871109,32071083,and 31900779)Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science—Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions(2021SHIBS0003).
文摘People as third-party observers,without direct self-interest,may punish norm violators to maintain social norms.However,third-party judgment and the follow-up punishment might be susceptible to the way we frame(i.e.,verbally describe)a norm violation.We conducted a behavioral and a neuroimaging experiment to investigate the above phenomenon,which we call the“third-party framing effect”.In these experiments,participants observed an anonymous perpetrator deciding whether to keep her/his economic benefit while exposing a victim to a risk of physical pain(described as“harming others”in one condition and“not helping others”in the other condition),then they had a chance to punish that perpetrator at their own cost.Our results showed that the participants were more willing to execute third-party punishment under the harm frame compared to the help frame,manifesting a framing effect.Self-reported anger toward perpetrators mediated the relationship between empathy toward victims and the framing effect.Meanwhile,activation of the insula mediated the relationship between mid-cingulate cortex activation and the framing effect;the functional connectivity between these regions significantly predicted the size of the framing effect.These findings shed light on the psychological and neural mechanisms of the third-party framing effect.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1309902 to CGY)National Basic Research Program (2015CB351702 to XNZ)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of China (81671774 and 81630031 to CGY, 81471740, 81220108014 to XNZ)the Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y5CX072006 to CGY)Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission (Z161100000216152 to CGY)the National Institutes of Health (U01MH099059 to MPM)the Child Mind Institute (1FDN2012-1 to MPM)
文摘Various resting-state fMRI(R-fMRI) measures have been developed to characterize intrinsic brain activity. While each of these measures has gained a growing presence in the literature, questions remain regarding the common and unique aspects these indices capture. The present work provided a comprehensive examination of inter-individual variation and intra-individual temporal variation for commonly used measures, including fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, regional homogeneity,voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity, network centrality and global signal correlation. Regardless of whether examining intra-individual or inter-individual variation, we found that these definitionally distinct R-fMRI indices tend to exhibit a relatively high degree of covariation, which doesn't exist in phase randomized surrogate data. As a measure of intrinsic brain function, concordance for R-fMRI indices was negatively correlated with age across individuals(i.e., concordance among functional indices decreased with age). To understand the functional significance of concordance, we noted that higher concordance was generally associated with higher strengths of R-fMRI indices, regardless of whether looking through the lens of inter-individual(i.e., high vs. low concordance participants) or intra-individual(i.e., high vs.low concordance states identified via temporal dynamic analyses) differences. We also noted a linear increase in functional concordance together with the R-fMRI indices through the scan, which may suggest a decrease in arousal. The current study demonstrated an enriched picture regarding the relationship among the R-fMRI indices, as well as provided new insights in examining dynamic states within and between individuals.
文摘The 3rd International Conference on Human Brain Development(ICHBD)was held during October 10–15,2017 in Nanning,Guangxi,China.ICHBD was initiated in 2014 by Drs.Xi-Nian Zuo,Olaf Sporns and Michael P.Milham(co-chairs),and has been consistently supported by a major international collaboration grant from Natural Science Foundation of China(81220108014).The goal of ICHBD is to bring together international scientists from a
基金supported by the National Basic Research (973) Program (2015CB351702)the Natural Science Foundation of China (81471740)+3 种基金Beijing Municipal Science and Tech Commission (Z161100002616023, Z171100000117012)the China – Netherlands CAS-NWO Programme (153111KYSB20160020)the Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China (14ZDB161)the National R&D Infrastructure and Facility Development Program of China, ‘‘Fundamental Science Data Sharing Platform" (DKA2017-12-02-21)
文摘Human brain mapping (HBM)is increasingly becoming a multidisciplinary field where some scientific issues are fundamental for all scientists and applications of using the technology to investigate individual differences.Reliability represents a significant issue for all scientific fields and has particularly been overlooked for decades by the HBM field [1].Meanwhile,recent advances in open science have offered the field big data for developing novel methodological frameworks as well as performing largescale investigations of the brain-mind associations based upon the individual differences assessed with HBM [2].A systematic investigation of reliability seems still far behind these HBM developments. It is critical that reliability is evaluated ahead of these applications, motivating the current commentary on delineation of the anatomy of reliability for future HBM.
文摘The publisher regrets to note that reference citation errors have occurred in panels b,c,e-l in Fig 2 and the sentence“However,the literature reports both decreased and increased intra-network functional connections among patients with depression[115,116].”The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.Fig.2.Principal neuroimaging findings in major depressive disorder.(a)Decreased intra-DMN FC is observed in recurrent MDD patients[35].(b)Eight-week antidepressant treatment reduce extensive large-scale functional networks[107].(c)Reduced global and local efficiency(Eglob/Eloc)are revealed in MDD patients[108].(d)Structural variations of the cortex and subcortical nuclei are found in ENIGMA-MDD studies[82].(e)Accelerated brain aging based on functional MRI is observed in MDD patients[114].(f)Accelerated brain aging based on structural MRI is observed in MDD patients[115].(g)Two subtypes of MDD can be identified through DMN FC[127].(h)A significant schizophrenia PRS by MDD interaction for rostral anterior cingulate cortex thickness is found in the UK Biobank dataset[215].(i)Stability of the four MDD subtypes based on FC[126].(j)The two subtypes of MDD exhibit distinct patterns of FC within and between SMS,DMN,and subcortical structures[130].(k)Performance of the functional connectivity-based classifiers across two multicenter datasets[135].(l)Salient brain regions that serve as important classification features for the graph convolutional network-based classifier[136].Brain-PAD:brain-predicted age difference;DAN:dorsal attention network;DMN:default mode network;FC:functional connectivity;FEDN:first-episode and drug-naïve;FPN:frontoparietal network;GCN:graph convolutional neural network;HC:healthy control;linear-SVM:linear support vector machine;MDD:major depressive disorder;mddrest:REST-meta-MDD dataset;NC:normal control;RACC:rostral anterior cingulate cortex;PRS:polygenic risk score;psymri:PsyMRI dataset;rbf-SVM:radial basis function support vector machine;SCN:subcortical network;SCZ:schizophrenia;SMN:sensorimotor network;SMS:sensory and motor systems;SubC:subcortical network;VAN:ventral attention network;VN:visual network.
文摘In 2011,a court near Milan,Italy,reduced the sentence of a convicted murderer from life to 20years in jail,after considering results from neuroimaging and genetic tests.These tests had been used to convince the judge that the trial's female defendant,Stefania Albertani,was suffering from partial mental illness(http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/09]italian_court_reduces_murde_s.html).The structural MRI images showed that Albertani's grey matter volume was different from the average volume of a randomly-selected group-10healthy women with no history of mental or neurological disorders-in brain areas including the anterior cingulate gyrus(ACC)and insula.The expert testimony concluded that"these alterations(of brain structures)have to be considered in causal relation to the psychiatric symptomatology of the murderer."
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC1309900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82122035,81671774,81630031,and 81571339)+3 种基金the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDBS-SSW-JSC006)the Beijing Nova Program of Science and Technology(Z191010001119104)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2019B030335001)the Scientific Foundation of Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(E3CX1425 and E2CX4425YZ).
文摘Background:Early-onset schizophrenia(EOS)and autism spectrum disorder(ASD)are two mental disorders with abnormal neurodevelopment and overlapping clinical symptoms.However,few prospective multi-center imaging studies explored their pathophysiological differences and similarities comprehensively.Methods:We utilized a large cohort of functional magnetic resonance imaging data with standardized scanning protocols from 594 participants(276 participants with high-functioning ASD,187 participants with EOS,and 131 normal controls(NCs))recruited at five centers.A comprehensive evaluation of anatomical and connectomic features,in-cluding cortical thickness,subcortical nuclei volume,functional connectivity,functional gradients,and network efficiency,was conducted,culminating in the construction of imaging-based neuro-profiles for individuals with EOS and ASD.Results:The derived neuro-profiles revealed that EOS is characterized by more pro-nounced reductions in cortical thickness and subcortical nuclei volumes.In contrast,ASD exhibited more pronounced abnormalities in connectomic attributes.The de-creased network functional connectivity and compressed functional gradients in ASD are likely to contribute to reduced network efficiency.Classifiers based on imaging profiles successfully distinguished individuals with EOS,ASD,and NCs with com-mendable performance in leave-site-out cross-validation(area under the operating characteristic curve(AUC)for ASD vs.NC:0.769,AUC for ASD vs.EOS:0.792,AUC for EOS vs.NC:0.854).Conclusion:The neuro-profiles revealed that EOS and ASD exhibit overlapping as well as unique imaging characteristics;however,EOS exhibits greater structural variation,while ASD presents with more subtle connectomic abnormalities.These findings offer valuable insights into the distinct neurobiological mechanisms of EOS and ASD and enhance the prospect of early diagnosis through objective imaging-based biomarkers.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB351702)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (2016084)
文摘Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rf MRI),previous studies showed that the APOE e4 allele might affect the functional connectivity between remote brain regions[1,2].However,the local functional connectivity of APOE e4 carriers has rarely been explored.Regional homogeneity(Re Ho)has been widely used to
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC1309902 to CY)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81671774,81630031 to CY)+4 种基金the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XXH13505 to CY)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDBS-SSWJSC006 to CY)Beijing Nova Program of Science and Technology(Z191100001119104 to CY)Scientific Foundation of Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y9CX422005 to XC),China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M660847 to XC)China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20200360 to XC)。
文摘Background:As one of the leading causes of global disability,major depressive disorder(MDD)places a noticeable burden on individuals and society.Despite the great expectation on finding accurate biomarkers and effective treatment targets of MDD,studies in applying functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)are still faced with challenges,including the representational ambiguity,small sample size,low statistical power,relatively high false positive rates,etc.Thus,reviewing studies with solid methodology may help achieve a consensus on the pathology of MDD.Methods:In this systematic review,we screened fMRI studies on MDD through strict criteria to focus on reliable studies with sufficient sample size,adequate control of head motion,and a proper multiple comparison control strategy.Results:We found consistent evidence regarding the dysfunction within and among the default mode network(DMN),the frontoparietal network(FPN),and other brain regions.However,controversy remains,probably due to the heterogeneity of participants and data processing strategies.Conclusion:Future studies are recommended to apply a comprehensive set of neuro-behavioral measurements,consider the heterogeneity of MDD patients and other potentially confounding factors,apply surface-based neuroscientific network fMRI approaches,and advance research transparency and open science by applying state-ofthe-art pipelines along with open data sharing.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China no.2017YFC1309902the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant numbers 82122035,81671774,and 81630031+3 种基金the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences grant no.XXH13505the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences no.ZDBS-SSW-JSC006Beijing Nova Program of Science and Technology no.Z191100001119104the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents no.BX20200360.
文摘Despite a growing neuroimaging literature on the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder(MDD),repro-ducible findings are lacking,probably reflecting mostly small sample sizes and heterogeneity in analytic approaches.To address these issues,the Depression Imaging REsearch ConsorTium(DIRECT)was launched.The REST-meta-MDD project,pooling 2428 functional brain images processed with a standardized pipeline across all participating sites,has been the first effort from DIRECT.In this review,we present an overview of the moti-vations,rationale,and principal findings of the studies so far from the REST-meta-MDD project.Findings from the first round of analyses of the pooled repository have included alterations in functional connectivity within the default mode network,in whole-brain topological properties,in dynamic features,and in functional lat-eralization.These well-powered exploratory observations have also provided the basis for future longitudinal hypothesis-driven research.Following these fruitful explorations,DIRECT has proceeded to its second stage of data sharing that seeks to examine ethnicity in brain alterations in MDD by extending the exclusive Chinese original sample to other ethnic groups through international collaborations.A state-of-the-art,surface-based preprocessing pipeline has also been introduced to improve sensitivity.Functional images from patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia will be included to identify shared and unique abnormalities across diag-nosis boundaries.In addition,large-scale longitudinal studies targeting brain network alterations following antidepressant treatment,aggregation of diffusion tensor images,and the development of functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided neuromodulation approaches are underway.Through these endeavours,we hope to accelerate the translation of functional neuroimaging findings to clinical use,such as evaluating longitudinal effects of antidepressant medications and developing individualized neuromodulation targets,while building an open repository for the scientific community.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82071517,U21A20364,31771217,and 31900731)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFE0126500),and the Scientific Foundation of Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.E2CX4115CX).
文摘Early-life stress can lead to sustained alterations in regional resting-state brain functions, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Stress can also induce sustained changes in epigenetic modifications across brain regions, which are not limited to a few genes;rather, they often tend to produce global levels of change. The functional implication of these changes also remains to be elucidated. We hypothesize that global epigenetic changes may partly modulate the resting-state functions of brain regions to influence behavior. To test this hypothesis, we used an adolescent social stress (ASS) model in mice and examined the relationship between epigenetic modifications and regional resting-state brain activity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). The results showed that, compared to the control mice, the stressed mice showed increased anxiety and social avoidance behaviors and greater levels of dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In addition, the resting-state activity represented by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) was significantly lower in the mPFC of stressed mice. To verify the relationship of H3K9me2 and ALFF, the specific inhibition of H3Kme2 was performed by using the drug UNC0642, which reversed the anxiety behavior induced by ASS and significantly increase the ALFF value of mPFC in both normal and ASS animals. Our study is the first to report an association between histone modifications and rs-fMRI findings, providing a new perspective for understanding of the significance of regional brain epigenetic changes and a possible molecular explanation for rs-fMRI findings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300933,82122035,81671774,and 81630031)the China Scholarship Council(202104910248)+6 种基金the Sci-Tech Innovation 2030-Major Project of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology(2021ZD0200600)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC1309902)the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XXH13505)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDBS-SSW-JSC006)the Beijing Nova Program of Science and Technology(Z191100001119104 and 20230484465)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(J230040)the Scientific Foundation of Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(E2CX4425YZ).
文摘Background:Rumination is a transdiagnostic psychological process that plays a prominent role in many common psychiatric disorders,albeit its neurophysiological basis remains elusive.Existing neuroimaging studies have highlighted the precuneus and hippocampus as two pivotal brain regions in rumination’s neural underpinnings.Methods:Here,we examined the intracranial electroencephalogram(iEEG)recordings from 21 patients with epilepsy during a naturalistic,continuous,active rumination state and measured the low frequency(1-8 Hz)and high gamma(70-150 Hz)band oscillation powers.Results:We observed enhanced low-frequency power in the precuneus and reduced high gamma power in the hippocampus during the rumination condition compared to the control condition.The hippocampal high gamma power reduction was associated with the self-reported reflection tendency.Conclusions:Our findings provided empirical evidence of the neurophysiological underpinnings of rumination and implicated a precuneus-hippocampus coupling across neural oscillation bands during an active rumination state.
基金supported by Department of Science and Technology, Zhejiang Province (2015C03037)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81520108016, 81661148045, 61671198, 81671774, 81701776, 81471653)
文摘Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI)[1,2] provides relatively high spatial and temporal resolution for mapping spontaneous brain activity non-invasively. It has been widely used in cognitive neuroscience and clinical studies. A number of comprehensive software packages have been developed for RS-fMRI data analysis, among which a MATLAB package named REST (RESing-state fMRI data analysis Toolkit, released in October 2008 at http://www.restfmri.net)[3] is the earliest one dedicated to RS-fMRI analysis. REST focuses on RS-fMRI postprocessing metrics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82122035,81671774,and 81630031)the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XXH13505)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDBS-SSW-JSC006)the Beijing Nova Program of Science and Technology(Z191100001119104)。
文摘Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)is a prevalent technology in brain research of cognition,emotion,development,and brain disorders.The traditional fMRI analysis is based on volume-based preprocessing pipelines and algorithms,which means that the brain MRI data is to be registered to a 3-dimensional(3D)coordinate[1].However,the relatively low spatial resolution of fMRI may lead to partial-volume-effect(e.g.,a 3D region may contain signals from grey matter,white matter and even cerebrospinal fluid).Given the human brain function is organized in a brain surface mesh manner,therefore,a growing number of studies conducted surface-based preprocessing pipelines and algorithms.Surface-based methods reconstructed the brain grey matter into 2-dimensional cortical surface which better represent the curving structure of the brain.Surface-based method is superior to volume-based method on brain registration,signal–noise ratio and reproducibility of algorithms[2].Specifically,the traditional volume-based approach was reported with a spatial localization that is only 35%of the best surface-based method[2].
文摘Mapping of the human brain function in vivo is among the most promising means of uncovering the relationship between brain and behavior. Both the 1000 Functional Connectome Project1 and Human Connectome Project2 have made advancements in the collection, management, and sharing of massive neuroimaging datasets. In China, the government plans to announce the China Brain Project （CBP）, a national brain project aimed at understanding neural mechanisms underlying human cognition with applications of brain disease and brain-inspired computa- tion [1]. Methods for in vivo human brain mapping must be included in the CBP, as they make possible direct assess- ment of brain structure and activity and contribute directly to translational research.
