For nickel-based superalloys with medium volume-fractionγʹphase(20%-40%),dual or multi-stage aging treatments are usually conducted to generate a microstructure containing the multimodal distri-bution ofγʹfor a bala...For nickel-based superalloys with medium volume-fractionγʹphase(20%-40%),dual or multi-stage aging treatments are usually conducted to generate a microstructure containing the multimodal distri-bution ofγʹfor a balance of strength and plasticity.In the present study,the microstructure and high-temperature properties of a novel cast nickel-based superalloy K4800 were investigated after being sub-jected to three heat treatments(HT)procedures,namely HT1:1180℃/4 h+1090℃/2 h+800℃/16 h,HT2:1180℃/4 h+1060℃/2 h+800℃/16 h and HT3:1180℃/4 h+800℃/16 h.It was found that the sub-solvus aging treatments at 1090 and 1060℃ precipitated sub-micron-sized(∼300 nm)primaryγʹphase which enhanced the ductility during 800℃ tensile(the total elongation of T1,T2,and T3 sam-ples were 6.75%,7.3%,and 3.25%,respectively)without evidently impairing the strength.After careful microstructure observation and deformation mechanism analysis,the enhancement of elongation was ra-tionalized that the precipitation of the sub-micron-sized primaryγʹphase decreased the volume-fraction and size of the nanometer-sizedγʹphase which was precipitated at 800℃,and simultaneously,pro-moted the dislocation movement by suppressing the non-planar slip.However,an excessive amount of the sub-micron-sized primaryγʹphase led to a faster ripening process of the nanometer-sizedγʹduring creep,which decreased the creep life at 800℃/430 MPa(T1:125 h,T2:199 h,and T3:198 h).Based on this,we monitored the number density of nanometer-sizedγʹphase coexisting with different amounts of largeγʹduring creep.An area fraction less than 7%of the sub-micron-sizedγʹphase was considered to have little detrimental effect on the creep life of K4800 alloy,which corresponded to a sub-solvus temperature range about 1080-1090℃.展开更多
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)plays a central role in long-term climate variations through its heat and freshwater transports,which can collapse under a rapid increase of greenhouse gas forcing in c...Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)plays a central role in long-term climate variations through its heat and freshwater transports,which can collapse under a rapid increase of greenhouse gas forcing in climate models.Previous studies have suggested that the deviation of model parameters is one of the major factors in inducing inaccurate AMOC simulations.In this work,with a low-resolution earth system model,the authors try to explore whether a reasonable adjustment of the key model parameter can help to re-establish the AMOC after its collapse.Through a new optimization strategy,the extra freshwater flux(FWF)parameter is determined to be the dominant one affecting the AMOC’s variability.The traditional ensemble optimal interpolation(EnOI)data assimilation and new machine learning methods are adopted to optimize the FWF parameter in an abrupt 4×CO_(2) forcing experiment to improve the adaptability of model parameters and accelerate the recovery of AMOC.The results show that,under an abrupt 4×CO_(2) forcing in millennial simulations,the AMOC will first collapse and then re-establish by the default FWF parameter slowly.However,during the parameter adjustment process,the saltier and colder sea water over the North Atlantic region are the dominant factors in usefully improving the adaptability of the FWF parameter and accelerating the recovery of AMOC,according to their physical relationship with FWF on the interdecadal timescale.展开更多
Marine heatwave(MHW)events refer to periods of significantly elevated sea surface temperatures(SST),persisting from days to months,with significant impacts on marine ecosystems,including increased mortality among mari...Marine heatwave(MHW)events refer to periods of significantly elevated sea surface temperatures(SST),persisting from days to months,with significant impacts on marine ecosystems,including increased mortality among marine life and coral bleaching.Forecasting MHW events are crucial to mitigate their harmful effects.This study presents a twostep forecasting process:short-term SST prediction followed by MHW event detection based on the forecasted SST.Firstly,we developed the“SST-MHW-DL”model using the ConvLSTM architecture,which incorporates an attention mechanism to enhance both SST forecasting and MHW event detection.The model utilizes SST data from the preceding 60 d to forecast SST and detect MHW events for the subsequent 15 d.Verification results for SST forecasting demonstrate a root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.64℃,a mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)of 2.05%,and a coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.85,indicating the model’s ability to accurately predict future temperatures by leveraging historical sea temperature information.For MHW event detection using forecasted SST,the evaluation metrics of“accuracy”,“precision”,and“recall”achieved values of 0.77,0.73,and 0.43,respectively,demonstrating the model’s capability to capture the occurrence of MHW events accurately.Furthermore,the attention-enhanced mechanism reveals that recent SST variations within the past 10 days have the most significant impact on forecasting accuracy,while variations in deep-sea regions and along the Taiwan Strait significantly contribute to the model’s efficacy in capturing spatial characteristics.Additionally,the proposed model and temporal mechanism were applied to detect MHWs in the Atlantic Ocean.By inputting 30 d of SST data,the model predicted SST with an RMSE of 1.02℃and an R^(2)of 0.94.The accuracy,precision,and recall for MHW detection were 0.79,0.78,and 0.62,respectively,further demonstrating the model’s robustness and usability.展开更多
While viral infections can disturb the host gut microbiome,the dynamic alterations in microbial composition following infection remain poorly characterized.This study identified SRV-8-infected monkeys and classified t...While viral infections can disturb the host gut microbiome,the dynamic alterations in microbial composition following infection remain poorly characterized.This study identified SRV-8-infected monkeys and classified them into five groups based on infection progression.16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed significant alterations in the relative and inferred absolute abundance of bacterial genera UCG-002,Agathobacter,Coprococcus,and Holdemanella during the early stage of SRV-8 infection,coinciding with provirus formation.These microbial shifts were accompanied by functional modifications in bacterial communities at the same stage.In contrast,ITS amplicon sequencing indicated no significant differences in fungal composition between healthy wild-type and SRV-8-infected monkeys.Spearman correlation analyses demonstrated close interactions between intestinal bacteria and fungi following SRV-8 infection.Additionally,SRV-8 seropositive groups exhibited significantly elevated mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory(TNF-α,IFN-γ,IL-1β,and IL-6)and anti-inflammatory(IL-10)cytokine genes,highlighting close associations between inflammatory cytokines and immune responses.Overall,these findings provide a comprehensive characterization of bacterial and fungal microbiota dynamics and inflammatory cytokine responses associated with SRV-8 infection,clarifying the pathobiological mechanisms underlying SRV-8 infection from the perspective of the gut microbiome.展开更多
The prediction of new fluorooxoborates as ultraviolet(UV)/deep ultraviolet(DUV)opto-electronic functional materials from a largely unexplored chemical space is a challenging task.It has been suggested that the anionic...The prediction of new fluorooxoborates as ultraviolet(UV)/deep ultraviolet(DUV)opto-electronic functional materials from a largely unexplored chemical space is a challenging task.It has been suggested that the anionic frameworks formed by B–O and B–O–F units significantly determine the physical properties of fluorooxoborates.Therefore,the rational design of anionic frameworks could facilitate the materials discovery process.Herein,we propose that a candidate anionic framework can be efficiently derived from an existing one by slightly altering its oxygen content.Following this idea,we hypothesized the existence of a 1D[B_(3)O_(5)F]_(∞)chain from the wellknown 2D[B_(6)O_(9)F_(2_)]_(∞)layer.Accordingly,seven CaB_(3)O_(5)F structures with the expected anionic framework were successfully predicted.First-principles calculations show that all these structures have potential in the UV/DUV birefringent or nonlinear optical(NLO)material field,indicating that the 1D[B_(3)O_(5)F]_(∞)chain is indeed a promising anionic framework for achieving UV/DUV birefringent and NLO performance.展开更多
Dear Editor,Sturge-Weber Syndrome(SWS)is a rare congenital neurocutaneous syndrome[1,2],with an estimated prevalence of 0.19 in 100,000 annually[3].It is a non-hereditary disease linked to a somatic mutation in the GN...Dear Editor,Sturge-Weber Syndrome(SWS)is a rare congenital neurocutaneous syndrome[1,2],with an estimated prevalence of 0.19 in 100,000 annually[3].It is a non-hereditary disease linked to a somatic mutation in the GNAQ,GNA11,or GNB2 gene[1],leading to vascular malformations in the cutaneous forehead,cerebral cortex,and eye[1,2].Notably,~70%of pediatric patients diagnosed with SWS exhibit brain calcification(BC)[4],though the prevalence of BC ranges from only 1%in young individuals to>20%in the senior population(>60 years old)[5].Similar to the elderly,BC in pediatric SWS patients is identified as vascular calcification[6,7],whereas BC in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis and tumors has been previously described as dystrophic calcification[6].展开更多
Osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease accompanied with the loss of cartilage and consequent nociceptive symptoms.Normal articular cartilage maintains at aneural state.Neuron guidance factor Semaphorin 3A(S...Osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease accompanied with the loss of cartilage and consequent nociceptive symptoms.Normal articular cartilage maintains at aneural state.Neuron guidance factor Semaphorin 3A(Sema3A)is a membrane-associated secreted protein with chemorepulsive properties for axons.However,the role of Sema3A in articular cartilage is still not clear.In the present studies,we investigated the functions of Sema3A in OA development in mice,non-human primates,and patients with OA.Sema3A has a protective effect on cartilage degradation,validated by the organoid culture in vitro and confirmed in chondrocyte-specific Sema3A conditional knockout mice.We demonstrated that Sema3A is a key molecule in maintaining cartilage homeostasis from chondrocyte hypertrophy via activating the PI3K pathway.The potential usage of Sema3A for OA treatment was validated in mouse and Rhesus macaque OA models through intra-articular injection of Sema3A,and also in patients by administering Sema3A containing platelet-rich plasma into the knee joints.Our studies demonstrated that Sema3A exerts a critical role in inhibiting neurite ingrowth and preventing chondrocyte hypertrophy in cartilage,and could be potentially used for OA treatment.展开更多
Whether direct manipulation of Parkinson’s disease(PD)risk genes in the adult monkey brain can elicit a Parkinsonian phenotype remains an unsolved issue.Here,we used an adeno-associated virus serotype 9(AAV9)-deliver...Whether direct manipulation of Parkinson’s disease(PD)risk genes in the adult monkey brain can elicit a Parkinsonian phenotype remains an unsolved issue.Here,we used an adeno-associated virus serotype 9(AAV9)-delivered CRISPR/Cas9 system to directly co-edit PINK1 and DJ-1 genes in the substantia nigras(SNs)of two monkey groups:an old group and a middle-aged group.After the operation,the old group exhibited all the classic PD symptoms,including bradykinesia,tremor,and postural instability,accompanied by key pathological hallmarks of PD,such as severe nigral dopaminergic neuron loss(>64%)and evidentα-synuclein pathology in the gene-edited SN.In contrast,the phenotype of their middle-aged counterparts,which also showed clear PD symptoms and pathological hallmarks,were less severe.In addition to the higher final total PD scores and more severe pathological changes,the old group were also more susceptible to gene editing by showing a faster process of PD progression.These results suggested that both genetic and aging factors played important roles in the development of PD in the monkeys.Taken together,this system can effectively develop a large number of genetically-edited PD monkeys in a short time(6–10 months),and thus provides a practical transgenic monkey model for future PD studies.展开更多
Alfalfa(Medicago sativa.L.)is a globally significant autotetraploid legume forage crop.However,despite its importance,establishing efficient gene editing systems for cultivated alfalfa remains a formidable challenge.I...Alfalfa(Medicago sativa.L.)is a globally significant autotetraploid legume forage crop.However,despite its importance,establishing efficient gene editing systems for cultivated alfalfa remains a formidable challenge.In this study,we pioneered the development of a highly effective ultrasonic-assisted leaf disc transformation system for Gongnong 1 alfalfa,a variety widely cultivated in Northeast China.Subsequently,we created a single transcript CRISPR/Cas9(CRISPR_2.0)toolkit,incorporating multiplex gRNAs,designed for gene editing in Gongnong 1.Both Cas9 and gRNA scaffolds were under the control of the Arabidopsis ubiquitin-10 promoter,a widely employed polymeraseⅡconstitutive promoter known for strong transgene expression in dicots.To assess the toolkit’s efficiency,we targeted PALM1,a gene associated with a recognizable multifoliate phenotype.Utilizing the CRISPR_2.0 toolkit,we directed PALM1 editing at two sites in the wild-type Gongnong 1.Results indicated a 35.1%occurrence of editing events all in target 2 alleles,while no mutations were detected at target 1 in the transgenic-positive lines.To explore more efficient sgRNAs,we developed a rapid,reliable screening system based on Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation,incorporating the visible reporter MtLAP1.This screening system demonstrated that most purple visible hairy roots underwent gene editing.Notably,sgRNA3,with an 83.0%editing efficiency,was selected using the visible hairy root system.As anticipated,tetra-allelic homozygous palm1 mutations exhibited a clear multifoliate phenotype.These palm1 lines demonstrated an average crude protein yield increase of 21.5%compared to trifoliolate alfalfa.Our findings highlight the modified CRISPR_2.0 system as a highly efficient and robust gene editing tool for autotetraploid alfalfa.展开更多
An electroencephalographic(EEG)signature of auditory hallucinations(AHs)is important for facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of AHs in schizophrenia.We recorded EEG from 25 schizophrenia patients with recurrent A...An electroencephalographic(EEG)signature of auditory hallucinations(AHs)is important for facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of AHs in schizophrenia.We recorded EEG from 25 schizophrenia patients with recurrent AHs.During the period of AHs,EEG recordings exhibited significantly elevated beta2-band power in the temporal region,as compared to those recorded in the absence of AHs or during stimulation with verbal sounds.We further generated methamphetamine-treated rhesus monkeys exhibiting psychosis-like behaviors,including repetitive sudden searching actions in the absence of external intrusion,suggesting the occurrence of AHs.Epidural EEG beta2-band power in the temporal region of these monkeys was enhanced immediately after methamphetamine treatment and positively correlated with the frequency of sudden searching actions.Thus,the enhancement of temporal beta2-band oscillations represents a signature for AHs in both patients and a monkey model of psychosis,and this monkey model can be used for developing closed-loop neuromodulation approaches for the treatment of refractory AHs in schizophrenia.展开更多
Magnetite from hydrothermal deposits may show compositional zoning with various mineral inclusions in response to the evolution of hydrothermal fluids.Magnetite from the Fenghuangshan Cu-Fe-Au skarn deposit(eastern Ch...Magnetite from hydrothermal deposits may show compositional zoning with various mineral inclusions in response to the evolution of hydrothermal fluids.Magnetite from the Fenghuangshan Cu-Fe-Au skarn deposit(eastern China)is a common mineral formed in the earlier stage of skarnization.Magnetite grains have dark gray and light gray zones and contain diverse mineral inclusions.Dark gray zones have higher Si,Ca,Al,and Mg contents than light gray zones.The magnetite matrix from dark gray zones shows superstructure along the[0-11]zone axis in fast Fourier transform patterns,different from magnetite in light gray zones with normal structure.Three types of mineral inclusions are identified within magnetite:nano-,micron-and submicron-nanometer inclusions.Nanoinclusions hosted in dark gray zones are actinolite,diopside,and trace element-rich magnetite,and these are likely formed by growth entrapment during magnetite crystallization at the skarn stage.The chainwidth order-disorder intergrowths of diopside nanoinclusion likely indicate fluctuating fluid compositions in a lattice scale.Submicron to nanometer inclusions at the boundary between dark gray and light gray zones are quartz,titanite,and Ti-rich magnetite,which were formed via a dissolution and reprecipitation process at the quartz-sulfide stage.Micron-inclusions randomly distributed in both dark and light gray zones include calcite,ankerite,quartz,and chlorite,and these were formed via penetration of fluids at the carbonate stage.Zoned magnetite was formed by fluid replacement,overgrowth,and fluid infilling.Our study highlights the importance of mineral inclusion assemblages,and textural and chemical zonation of magnetite in constraining fluid evolution.展开更多
Casting speed,casting temperature and secondary cooling water flow rate are the main process parameters affecting the DC casting process.These parameters significantly influence the flow and temperature fields during ...Casting speed,casting temperature and secondary cooling water flow rate are the main process parameters affecting the DC casting process.These parameters significantly influence the flow and temperature fields during casting,which are crucial for the quality of the ingot and can determine the success or failure of the casting operation.Numerical simulation,with the advantages of low cost,rapid execution,and visualized results,is an important method to study and optimize the DC casting process.In the present work,a simulation model of DC casting 2024 aluminum alloy was established,and the reliability of the model was verified.Then,the influence of casting parameters on flow field and temperature field was studied in detail by numerical simulation method.Results show that with the increase of casting speed,the melt flow becomes faster,the depths of slurry zone and mushy zone increase,and the variation of slurry zone depth is greater than that of mushy zone.With an increase in casting temperature,the melt flow rate increases,the depth of the slurry zone becomes shallower,and the depth of the mushy zone experiences only minor changes.The simulation results further indicate that the increase of the flow rate of the secondary cooling water slightly reduces the depths of both slurry and mushy zone.展开更多
Eremurus was described at the beginning of the 19th century.However,due to limited sampling and the small number of gene markers to date,its phylogeny and evolution are largely unknown.In this study,we analyzed plasto...Eremurus was described at the beginning of the 19th century.However,due to limited sampling and the small number of gene markers to date,its phylogeny and evolution are largely unknown.In this study,we analyzed plastomes from 27 species belonging to 2 subgenera and 3 sections of Eremurus,which are found in Central Asia(its center of diversity)and China.We also analyzed nuclear DNA ITS of 33 species,encompassing all subgenera and sections of the genus in Central Asia,southwest Asia and China.Our findings revealed that the genus was monophyletic,although both subgenera Eremurus and Henningia were found to be paraphyletic.Both plastome and nrDNA-based phylogenetic trees had three clades that did not reflect the current taxonomy of the genus.Our biogeographical and time-calibrated trees suggest that Eremurus originated in the ancient Tethyan area in the second half of the Eocene.Diversification of Eremurus occurred from the early Oligocene to the late Miocene.Paratethys Sea retreat and several orogenetic events,such as the progressive uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding mountain belts(Altai,Pamir,Tian Shan),caused serious topographic and climate(aridification)changes in Central Asia that may have triggered a split of clades and speciation.In this transformed Central Asia,speciation proceeded rapidly driven mainly by vicariance caused by numerous mountain chains and specialization to a variety of climatic,topographic and soil conditions that exist in this region.展开更多
With the loss of substantial natural wetlands in coastal zones,artificial wetlands provide alternative habitats for many shorebirds.Scientific management of artificial wetlands used by shorebirds plays an important ro...With the loss of substantial natural wetlands in coastal zones,artificial wetlands provide alternative habitats for many shorebirds.Scientific management of artificial wetlands used by shorebirds plays an important role in maintaining the stability of shorebird population.Satellite tracking technique can obtain high-precision location information of individuals day and night,providing a good technical support for the study of quantitative relationship between waterfowls and their habitats.In this study,satellite tracking method,Remote Sensing(RS)and Geographic Information System(GIS)technology were used to analyze the activity pattern and habitat utilization characteristics of Pied Avocet during breeding period in an artificial wetland complex in the Yellow River Delta(YRD),China.The results showed that the breeding Pied Avocets had a small range of activity,with a total core and main home range of 33.10 km^(2) and 216.30 km^(2),respectively.This species tended to forage in the pond and salt pan during the day and night,respectively,with an unfixed staying time in the breeding ground.The distance between breeding ground and feeding ground was less than 6 km.It is emphasized that in addition to improving the conditions of the remaining natural habitats,effective managing artificial habitats is a priority for shorebird conservation.This research could provide reference for the management of artificial wetlands in coastal zones and supply technique support for the protection of shorebirds and their habitats,and alleviate human-bird conflicts and sustainable development of coastal zones.展开更多
Studies of converted S-wave data recorded on the ocean bottom seismometer(OBS)allow for the estimation of crustal S-wave velocity,from which is further derived the Vp/Vs ratio to constrain the crustal lithology and ge...Studies of converted S-wave data recorded on the ocean bottom seismometer(OBS)allow for the estimation of crustal S-wave velocity,from which is further derived the Vp/Vs ratio to constrain the crustal lithology and geophysical properties.Constructing a precise S-wave velocity model is important for deep structural research,and inversion of converted S-waves provides a potential solution.However,the inversion of the converted S-wave remains a weakness because of the complexity of the seismic ray path and the inconsistent conversion interface.In this study,we introduced two travel time correction methods for the S-wave velocity inversion and imaged different S-wave velocity structures in accordance with the corresponding corrected S-wave phases using seismic data of profile EW6 in the northeastern South China Sea(SCS).The two inversion models show a similar trend in velocities,and the velocity difference is<0.15 km/s(mostly in the range of 0–0.1 km/s),indicating the accuracy of the two travel time correction methods and the reliability of the inversion results.According to simulations of seismic ray tracing based on different models,the velocity of sediments is the primary influencing factor in ray tracing for S-wave phases.If the sedimentary layer has high velocities,the near offset crustal S-wave refractions cannot be traced.In contrast,the ray tracing of Moho S-wave reflections was not significantly impacted by the velocity of the sediments.The two travel time correction methods have their own advantages,and the application of different approaches is based on additional requirements.These works provide an important reference for future improvements in converted S-wave research.展开更多
Retrograde adeno-associated viruses(AAVs)are capable of infecting the axons of projection neurons and serve as a powerful tool for the anatomical and functional characterization of neural networks.However,few retro-gr...Retrograde adeno-associated viruses(AAVs)are capable of infecting the axons of projection neurons and serve as a powerful tool for the anatomical and functional characterization of neural networks.However,few retro-grade AAV capsids have been shown to offer access to cor-tical projection neurons across different species and enable the manipulation of neural function in non-human primates(NHPs).Here,we report the development of a novel retro-grade AAV capsid,AAV-DJ8R,which efficiently labeled cortical projection neurons after local administration into the striatum of mice and macaques.In addition,intrastriatally injected AAV-DJ8R mediated opsin expression in the mouse motor cortex and induced robust behavioral alterations.Moreover,AAV-DJ8R markedly increased motor cortical neuron firing upon optogenetic light stimulation after viral delivery into the macaque putamen.These data demonstrate the usefulness of AAV-DJ8R as an efficient retrograde tracer for cortical projection neurons in rodents and NHPs and indicate its suitability for use in conducting functional interrogations.展开更多
Creep behavior is a very important attribute of shale and is crucial in the design of hydraulic fracturing schemes to ensure the long-term stable development of shale gas.However,how different shale minerals,organic m...Creep behavior is a very important attribute of shale and is crucial in the design of hydraulic fracturing schemes to ensure the long-term stable development of shale gas.However,how different shale minerals,organic matter,bedding planes,and pores affect the micro-creep behavior of Upper Ordovician Wufeng and Lower Silurian Longmaxi(WFeLMX)Formation shales is poorly understood.In this study,we employed a nanoindentation mechanical testing technique alongside rock mineralogical,major elemental,and pore analyses to investigate the creep behavior and influencing factors of WFeLMX shales at the microscale.The results show that(1)the creep displacement(△h)and indentation creep parameter(C_(IT))are each positively correlated with clay,total pore volume,and clay+total organic carbon(TOC)contents but negatively correlated with the content of quartz,excess SiO_(2),and TOC.We found weak or no correlation between the occurrence of minor rock con-stituents,such as feldspar,carbonates,and pyrite,and the shale creep properties;(2)the creep parameters(△h,C_(IT),and stress exponent(n))exhibit anisotropy due to the layering of shale,with values 7.3%e24.2%higher in the plane perpendicular to bedding(X1)than those in the plane parallel to bedding(X3).The creep displacement exhibits negative correlations with Young's modulus,hardness,and stress exponent(n),especially for the X1 direction;(3)compared with those of China's Yanchang shale,the stress exponents of WFeLMX shale are relatively high(8.5-30),indicating that the average creep capacity of WFeLMX shale is relatively weak.Overall,nanoindentation technology has shown great potential in studying shale creep and provides quantitative data support for macroscopic shale creep research.展开更多
Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a s...Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a slow process, partly due to the difficulty of delivering drugs effectively. Nanoparticles, with their targeted delivery capabilities, biocompatibility, and enhanced bioavailability over conventional drugs, are garnering attention for spinal cord injury treatment. This review explores the current mechanisms and shortcomings of existing treatments, highlighting the benefits and progress of nanoparticle-based approaches. We detail nanoparticle delivery methods for spinal cord injury, including local and intravenous injections, oral delivery, and biomaterial-assisted implantation, alongside strategies such as drug loading and surface modification. The discussion extends to how nanoparticles aid in reducing oxidative stress, dampening inflammation, fostering neural regeneration, and promoting angiogenesis. We summarize the use of various types of nanoparticles for treating spinal cord injuries, including metallic, polymeric, protein-based, inorganic non-metallic, and lipid nanoparticles. We also discuss the challenges faced, such as biosafety, effectiveness in humans, precise dosage control, standardization of production and characterization, immune responses, and targeted delivery in vivo. Additionally, we explore future directions, such as improving biosafety, standardizing manufacturing and characterization processes, and advancing human trials. Nanoparticles have shown considerable progress in targeted delivery and enhancing treatment efficacy for spinal cord injuries, presenting significant potential for clinical use and drug development.展开更多
The rich resources and unique environment of the Moon make it an ideal location for human expansion and the utilization of extraterrestrial resources.Oxygen,crucial for supporting human life on the Moon,can be extract...The rich resources and unique environment of the Moon make it an ideal location for human expansion and the utilization of extraterrestrial resources.Oxygen,crucial for supporting human life on the Moon,can be extracted from lunar regolith,which is highly rich in oxygen and contains polymetallic oxides.This oxygen and metal extraction can be achieved using existing metallurgical techniques.Furthermore,the ample reserves of water ice on the Moon offer another means for oxygen production.This paper offers a detailed overview of the leading technologies for achieving oxygen production on the Moon,drawing from an analysis of lunar resources and environmental conditions.It delves into the principles,processes,advantages,and drawbacks of water-ice electrolysis,two-step oxygen production from lunar regolith,and one-step oxygen production from lunar regolith.The two-step methods involve hydrogen reduction,carbothermal reduction,and hydrometallurgy,while the one-step methods encompass fluorination/chlorination,high-temperature decomposition,molten salt electrolysis,and molten regolith electrolysis(MOE).Following a thorough comparison of raw materials,equipment,technology,and economic viability,MOE is identified as the most promising approach for future in-situ oxygen production on the Moon.Considering the corrosion characteristics of molten lunar regolith at high temperatures,along with the Moon's low-gravity environment,the development of inexpensive and stable inert anodes and electrolysis devices that can easily collect oxygen is critical for promoting MOE technology on the Moon.This review significantly contributes to our understanding of in-situ oxygen production technologies on the Moon and supports upcoming lunar exploration initiatives.展开更多
In addition to being driven by tidal winds,the sporadic E(Es)layers are modulated by gravity waves(GWs),although the effects are not yet comprehensively understood.In this article,we discuss the effects of mesoscale G...In addition to being driven by tidal winds,the sporadic E(Es)layers are modulated by gravity waves(GWs),although the effects are not yet comprehensively understood.In this article,we discuss the effects of mesoscale GWs on the Es layers determined by using a newly developed model,MISE-1D(one-dimensional Model of Ionospheric Sporadic E),with low numerical dissipation and high resolution.Driven by the wind fields resolved by the high-resolution version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension(WACCM-X),the MISE-1D simulation revealed that GWs significantly influence the evolution of the Es layer above 100 km but have a very limited effect at lower altitudes.The effects of GWs are diverse and complex,generally including the generation of fluctuating wavelike structures on the Es layer with frequencies similar to those of the GWs.The mesoscale GWs can also cause increases in the density of Es layers,or they can disperse or diffuse the Es layers and increase their thickness.In addition,the presence of GWs is a key factor in sustaining the Es layers in some cases.展开更多
文摘For nickel-based superalloys with medium volume-fractionγʹphase(20%-40%),dual or multi-stage aging treatments are usually conducted to generate a microstructure containing the multimodal distri-bution ofγʹfor a balance of strength and plasticity.In the present study,the microstructure and high-temperature properties of a novel cast nickel-based superalloy K4800 were investigated after being sub-jected to three heat treatments(HT)procedures,namely HT1:1180℃/4 h+1090℃/2 h+800℃/16 h,HT2:1180℃/4 h+1060℃/2 h+800℃/16 h and HT3:1180℃/4 h+800℃/16 h.It was found that the sub-solvus aging treatments at 1090 and 1060℃ precipitated sub-micron-sized(∼300 nm)primaryγʹphase which enhanced the ductility during 800℃ tensile(the total elongation of T1,T2,and T3 sam-ples were 6.75%,7.3%,and 3.25%,respectively)without evidently impairing the strength.After careful microstructure observation and deformation mechanism analysis,the enhancement of elongation was ra-tionalized that the precipitation of the sub-micron-sized primaryγʹphase decreased the volume-fraction and size of the nanometer-sizedγʹphase which was precipitated at 800℃,and simultaneously,pro-moted the dislocation movement by suppressing the non-planar slip.However,an excessive amount of the sub-micron-sized primaryγʹphase led to a faster ripening process of the nanometer-sizedγʹduring creep,which decreased the creep life at 800℃/430 MPa(T1:125 h,T2:199 h,and T3:198 h).Based on this,we monitored the number density of nanometer-sizedγʹphase coexisting with different amounts of largeγʹduring creep.An area fraction less than 7%of the sub-micron-sizedγʹphase was considered to have little detrimental effect on the creep life of K4800 alloy,which corresponded to a sub-solvus temperature range about 1080-1090℃.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [grant number 2023YFF0805202]the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China [grant number 42175045]the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [grant number XDB42000000]。
文摘Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)plays a central role in long-term climate variations through its heat and freshwater transports,which can collapse under a rapid increase of greenhouse gas forcing in climate models.Previous studies have suggested that the deviation of model parameters is one of the major factors in inducing inaccurate AMOC simulations.In this work,with a low-resolution earth system model,the authors try to explore whether a reasonable adjustment of the key model parameter can help to re-establish the AMOC after its collapse.Through a new optimization strategy,the extra freshwater flux(FWF)parameter is determined to be the dominant one affecting the AMOC’s variability.The traditional ensemble optimal interpolation(EnOI)data assimilation and new machine learning methods are adopted to optimize the FWF parameter in an abrupt 4×CO_(2) forcing experiment to improve the adaptability of model parameters and accelerate the recovery of AMOC.The results show that,under an abrupt 4×CO_(2) forcing in millennial simulations,the AMOC will first collapse and then re-establish by the default FWF parameter slowly.However,during the parameter adjustment process,the saltier and colder sea water over the North Atlantic region are the dominant factors in usefully improving the adaptability of the FWF parameter and accelerating the recovery of AMOC,according to their physical relationship with FWF on the interdecadal timescale.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42376175,42090044 and U2006211。
文摘Marine heatwave(MHW)events refer to periods of significantly elevated sea surface temperatures(SST),persisting from days to months,with significant impacts on marine ecosystems,including increased mortality among marine life and coral bleaching.Forecasting MHW events are crucial to mitigate their harmful effects.This study presents a twostep forecasting process:short-term SST prediction followed by MHW event detection based on the forecasted SST.Firstly,we developed the“SST-MHW-DL”model using the ConvLSTM architecture,which incorporates an attention mechanism to enhance both SST forecasting and MHW event detection.The model utilizes SST data from the preceding 60 d to forecast SST and detect MHW events for the subsequent 15 d.Verification results for SST forecasting demonstrate a root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.64℃,a mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)of 2.05%,and a coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.85,indicating the model’s ability to accurately predict future temperatures by leveraging historical sea temperature information.For MHW event detection using forecasted SST,the evaluation metrics of“accuracy”,“precision”,and“recall”achieved values of 0.77,0.73,and 0.43,respectively,demonstrating the model’s capability to capture the occurrence of MHW events accurately.Furthermore,the attention-enhanced mechanism reveals that recent SST variations within the past 10 days have the most significant impact on forecasting accuracy,while variations in deep-sea regions and along the Taiwan Strait significantly contribute to the model’s efficacy in capturing spatial characteristics.Additionally,the proposed model and temporal mechanism were applied to detect MHWs in the Atlantic Ocean.By inputting 30 d of SST data,the model predicted SST with an RMSE of 1.02℃and an R^(2)of 0.94.The accuracy,precision,and recall for MHW detection were 0.79,0.78,and 0.62,respectively,further demonstrating the model’s robustness and usability.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Program(2021ZD0200900)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF0710901)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(82021001,31825018)Biological Resources Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJBRP-005)111 Project D18007a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)。
文摘While viral infections can disturb the host gut microbiome,the dynamic alterations in microbial composition following infection remain poorly characterized.This study identified SRV-8-infected monkeys and classified them into five groups based on infection progression.16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed significant alterations in the relative and inferred absolute abundance of bacterial genera UCG-002,Agathobacter,Coprococcus,and Holdemanella during the early stage of SRV-8 infection,coinciding with provirus formation.These microbial shifts were accompanied by functional modifications in bacterial communities at the same stage.In contrast,ITS amplicon sequencing indicated no significant differences in fungal composition between healthy wild-type and SRV-8-infected monkeys.Spearman correlation analyses demonstrated close interactions between intestinal bacteria and fungi following SRV-8 infection.Additionally,SRV-8 seropositive groups exhibited significantly elevated mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory(TNF-α,IFN-γ,IL-1β,and IL-6)and anti-inflammatory(IL-10)cytokine genes,highlighting close associations between inflammatory cytokines and immune responses.Overall,these findings provide a comprehensive characterization of bacterial and fungal microbiota dynamics and inflammatory cytokine responses associated with SRV-8 infection,clarifying the pathobiological mechanisms underlying SRV-8 infection from the perspective of the gut microbiome.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52403305)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB0880000)+1 种基金Tianchi Talent Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(Grant No.2024000068)Postdoctoral Fellow-ship Program(Grade C)(Grant No.GZC20232959)。
文摘The prediction of new fluorooxoborates as ultraviolet(UV)/deep ultraviolet(DUV)opto-electronic functional materials from a largely unexplored chemical space is a challenging task.It has been suggested that the anionic frameworks formed by B–O and B–O–F units significantly determine the physical properties of fluorooxoborates.Therefore,the rational design of anionic frameworks could facilitate the materials discovery process.Herein,we propose that a candidate anionic framework can be efficiently derived from an existing one by slightly altering its oxygen content.Following this idea,we hypothesized the existence of a 1D[B_(3)O_(5)F]_(∞)chain from the wellknown 2D[B_(6)O_(9)F_(2_)]_(∞)layer.Accordingly,seven CaB_(3)O_(5)F structures with the expected anionic framework were successfully predicted.First-principles calculations show that all these structures have potential in the UV/DUV birefringent or nonlinear optical(NLO)material field,indicating that the 1D[B_(3)O_(5)F]_(∞)chain is indeed a promising anionic framework for achieving UV/DUV birefringent and NLO performance.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515010297)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100765)+1 种基金the Xiamen Medical Health Science and Technology Project(3502Z20194098)the Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Macao Science and Technology Innovation Project(SGDX2020110309280100).
文摘Dear Editor,Sturge-Weber Syndrome(SWS)is a rare congenital neurocutaneous syndrome[1,2],with an estimated prevalence of 0.19 in 100,000 annually[3].It is a non-hereditary disease linked to a somatic mutation in the GNAQ,GNA11,or GNB2 gene[1],leading to vascular malformations in the cutaneous forehead,cerebral cortex,and eye[1,2].Notably,~70%of pediatric patients diagnosed with SWS exhibit brain calcification(BC)[4],though the prevalence of BC ranges from only 1%in young individuals to>20%in the senior population(>60 years old)[5].Similar to the elderly,BC in pediatric SWS patients is identified as vascular calcification[6,7],whereas BC in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis and tumors has been previously described as dystrophic calcification[6].
基金partly National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFA1801200,2023YFA1801202)Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2394532)+6 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(82072489)The Foundation of Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions(NYKFKT2019007)Shenzhen Medical Research Fund(B2302011)The Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(SZZYSM202311013)The China Postdoctoral Science Foundational,2023M743679Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Funding(JCYJ20220818101414032)Key Research Project of Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province,China(2024YFFK0041)。
文摘Osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease accompanied with the loss of cartilage and consequent nociceptive symptoms.Normal articular cartilage maintains at aneural state.Neuron guidance factor Semaphorin 3A(Sema3A)is a membrane-associated secreted protein with chemorepulsive properties for axons.However,the role of Sema3A in articular cartilage is still not clear.In the present studies,we investigated the functions of Sema3A in OA development in mice,non-human primates,and patients with OA.Sema3A has a protective effect on cartilage degradation,validated by the organoid culture in vitro and confirmed in chondrocyte-specific Sema3A conditional knockout mice.We demonstrated that Sema3A is a key molecule in maintaining cartilage homeostasis from chondrocyte hypertrophy via activating the PI3K pathway.The potential usage of Sema3A for OA treatment was validated in mouse and Rhesus macaque OA models through intra-articular injection of Sema3A,and also in patients by administering Sema3A containing platelet-rich plasma into the knee joints.Our studies demonstrated that Sema3A exerts a critical role in inhibiting neurite ingrowth and preventing chondrocyte hypertrophy in cartilage,and could be potentially used for OA treatment.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0801403)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2019B030335001)+6 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB32060200)the National Program for Key Basic Research Projects(973 Program:2015CB755605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81471312,81771387,81460352,81500983,31700897,31700910,31800901,31625013,and 91732302)the Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Yunnan Province(2017FB109,2018FB052,2018FB053,2019FA007,and 202001AT070130)Chinese Academy of Sciences"Light of West China"Program,Shanghai Brain-Intelligence Project from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(16JC1420501)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2018SHZDZX05)Open Large Infrastructure Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences,and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M631105).
文摘Whether direct manipulation of Parkinson’s disease(PD)risk genes in the adult monkey brain can elicit a Parkinsonian phenotype remains an unsolved issue.Here,we used an adeno-associated virus serotype 9(AAV9)-delivered CRISPR/Cas9 system to directly co-edit PINK1 and DJ-1 genes in the substantia nigras(SNs)of two monkey groups:an old group and a middle-aged group.After the operation,the old group exhibited all the classic PD symptoms,including bradykinesia,tremor,and postural instability,accompanied by key pathological hallmarks of PD,such as severe nigral dopaminergic neuron loss(>64%)and evidentα-synuclein pathology in the gene-edited SN.In contrast,the phenotype of their middle-aged counterparts,which also showed clear PD symptoms and pathological hallmarks,were less severe.In addition to the higher final total PD scores and more severe pathological changes,the old group were also more susceptible to gene editing by showing a faster process of PD progression.These results suggested that both genetic and aging factors played important roles in the development of PD in the monkeys.Taken together,this system can effectively develop a large number of genetically-edited PD monkeys in a short time(6–10 months),and thus provides a practical transgenic monkey model for future PD studies.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA26030301)Hohhot Key R&D Project(2023-JBGSS-1),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A200206,32071864,32325035)+1 种基金the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong(to Chunxiang Fu)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR202210270038)。
文摘Alfalfa(Medicago sativa.L.)is a globally significant autotetraploid legume forage crop.However,despite its importance,establishing efficient gene editing systems for cultivated alfalfa remains a formidable challenge.In this study,we pioneered the development of a highly effective ultrasonic-assisted leaf disc transformation system for Gongnong 1 alfalfa,a variety widely cultivated in Northeast China.Subsequently,we created a single transcript CRISPR/Cas9(CRISPR_2.0)toolkit,incorporating multiplex gRNAs,designed for gene editing in Gongnong 1.Both Cas9 and gRNA scaffolds were under the control of the Arabidopsis ubiquitin-10 promoter,a widely employed polymeraseⅡconstitutive promoter known for strong transgene expression in dicots.To assess the toolkit’s efficiency,we targeted PALM1,a gene associated with a recognizable multifoliate phenotype.Utilizing the CRISPR_2.0 toolkit,we directed PALM1 editing at two sites in the wild-type Gongnong 1.Results indicated a 35.1%occurrence of editing events all in target 2 alleles,while no mutations were detected at target 1 in the transgenic-positive lines.To explore more efficient sgRNAs,we developed a rapid,reliable screening system based on Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation,incorporating the visible reporter MtLAP1.This screening system demonstrated that most purple visible hairy roots underwent gene editing.Notably,sgRNA3,with an 83.0%editing efficiency,was selected using the visible hairy root system.As anticipated,tetra-allelic homozygous palm1 mutations exhibited a clear multifoliate phenotype.These palm1 lines demonstrated an average crude protein yield increase of 21.5%compared to trifoliolate alfalfa.Our findings highlight the modified CRISPR_2.0 system as a highly efficient and robust gene editing tool for autotetraploid alfalfa.
基金supported by a Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2021SHZDZX,E154N41011)the Lingang Lab Program(LG2021050202 and LG2021060301)+1 种基金the National Nature Science Foundation(82130041)the Shanghai Rising-star Cultivation Program(22YF1439200).
文摘An electroencephalographic(EEG)signature of auditory hallucinations(AHs)is important for facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of AHs in schizophrenia.We recorded EEG from 25 schizophrenia patients with recurrent AHs.During the period of AHs,EEG recordings exhibited significantly elevated beta2-band power in the temporal region,as compared to those recorded in the absence of AHs or during stimulation with verbal sounds.We further generated methamphetamine-treated rhesus monkeys exhibiting psychosis-like behaviors,including repetitive sudden searching actions in the absence of external intrusion,suggesting the occurrence of AHs.Epidural EEG beta2-band power in the temporal region of these monkeys was enhanced immediately after methamphetamine treatment and positively correlated with the frequency of sudden searching actions.Thus,the enhancement of temporal beta2-band oscillations represents a signature for AHs in both patients and a monkey model of psychosis,and this monkey model can be used for developing closed-loop neuromodulation approaches for the treatment of refractory AHs in schizophrenia.
基金financially supported by the CAS Hundred Talents Program to Xiao-Wen Huangthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42173070)the Special Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry(No.202101)。
文摘Magnetite from hydrothermal deposits may show compositional zoning with various mineral inclusions in response to the evolution of hydrothermal fluids.Magnetite from the Fenghuangshan Cu-Fe-Au skarn deposit(eastern China)is a common mineral formed in the earlier stage of skarnization.Magnetite grains have dark gray and light gray zones and contain diverse mineral inclusions.Dark gray zones have higher Si,Ca,Al,and Mg contents than light gray zones.The magnetite matrix from dark gray zones shows superstructure along the[0-11]zone axis in fast Fourier transform patterns,different from magnetite in light gray zones with normal structure.Three types of mineral inclusions are identified within magnetite:nano-,micron-and submicron-nanometer inclusions.Nanoinclusions hosted in dark gray zones are actinolite,diopside,and trace element-rich magnetite,and these are likely formed by growth entrapment during magnetite crystallization at the skarn stage.The chainwidth order-disorder intergrowths of diopside nanoinclusion likely indicate fluctuating fluid compositions in a lattice scale.Submicron to nanometer inclusions at the boundary between dark gray and light gray zones are quartz,titanite,and Ti-rich magnetite,which were formed via a dissolution and reprecipitation process at the quartz-sulfide stage.Micron-inclusions randomly distributed in both dark and light gray zones include calcite,ankerite,quartz,and chlorite,and these were formed via penetration of fluids at the carbonate stage.Zoned magnetite was formed by fluid replacement,overgrowth,and fluid infilling.Our study highlights the importance of mineral inclusion assemblages,and textural and chemical zonation of magnetite in constraining fluid evolution.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51674078)。
文摘Casting speed,casting temperature and secondary cooling water flow rate are the main process parameters affecting the DC casting process.These parameters significantly influence the flow and temperature fields during casting,which are crucial for the quality of the ingot and can determine the success or failure of the casting operation.Numerical simulation,with the advantages of low cost,rapid execution,and visualized results,is an important method to study and optimize the DC casting process.In the present work,a simulation model of DC casting 2024 aluminum alloy was established,and the reliability of the model was verified.Then,the influence of casting parameters on flow field and temperature field was studied in detail by numerical simulation method.Results show that with the increase of casting speed,the melt flow becomes faster,the depths of slurry zone and mushy zone increase,and the variation of slurry zone depth is greater than that of mushy zone.With an increase in casting temperature,the melt flow rate increases,the depth of the slurry zone becomes shallower,and the depth of the mushy zone experiences only minor changes.The simulation results further indicate that the increase of the flow rate of the secondary cooling water slightly reduces the depths of both slurry and mushy zone.
基金supported by grants from the Key Projects of the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20149)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0502)+3 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20050203)International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(151853KYSB20180009)the state research project Taxonomic revision of polymorphic plant families of the flora of Uzbekistan’(FZ-20200929321)the State Programs for the years 2021-2025’Grid mapping of the flora of Uzbekistan’and the’Tree of life:monocots of Uzbekistan’of the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
文摘Eremurus was described at the beginning of the 19th century.However,due to limited sampling and the small number of gene markers to date,its phylogeny and evolution are largely unknown.In this study,we analyzed plastomes from 27 species belonging to 2 subgenera and 3 sections of Eremurus,which are found in Central Asia(its center of diversity)and China.We also analyzed nuclear DNA ITS of 33 species,encompassing all subgenera and sections of the genus in Central Asia,southwest Asia and China.Our findings revealed that the genus was monophyletic,although both subgenera Eremurus and Henningia were found to be paraphyletic.Both plastome and nrDNA-based phylogenetic trees had three clades that did not reflect the current taxonomy of the genus.Our biogeographical and time-calibrated trees suggest that Eremurus originated in the ancient Tethyan area in the second half of the Eocene.Diversification of Eremurus occurred from the early Oligocene to the late Miocene.Paratethys Sea retreat and several orogenetic events,such as the progressive uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding mountain belts(Altai,Pamir,Tian Shan),caused serious topographic and climate(aridification)changes in Central Asia that may have triggered a split of clades and speciation.In this transformed Central Asia,speciation proceeded rapidly driven mainly by vicariance caused by numerous mountain chains and specialization to a variety of climatic,topographic and soil conditions that exist in this region.
基金Under the auscpices of Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No.ZR2020QD090)Research Funds of Beijing VMinFull Limted (No.VMF2021RS)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42176221)Seed Project of Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.YICE351030601)。
文摘With the loss of substantial natural wetlands in coastal zones,artificial wetlands provide alternative habitats for many shorebirds.Scientific management of artificial wetlands used by shorebirds plays an important role in maintaining the stability of shorebird population.Satellite tracking technique can obtain high-precision location information of individuals day and night,providing a good technical support for the study of quantitative relationship between waterfowls and their habitats.In this study,satellite tracking method,Remote Sensing(RS)and Geographic Information System(GIS)technology were used to analyze the activity pattern and habitat utilization characteristics of Pied Avocet during breeding period in an artificial wetland complex in the Yellow River Delta(YRD),China.The results showed that the breeding Pied Avocets had a small range of activity,with a total core and main home range of 33.10 km^(2) and 216.30 km^(2),respectively.This species tended to forage in the pond and salt pan during the day and night,respectively,with an unfixed staying time in the breeding ground.The distance between breeding ground and feeding ground was less than 6 km.It is emphasized that in addition to improving the conditions of the remaining natural habitats,effective managing artificial habitats is a priority for shorebird conservation.This research could provide reference for the management of artificial wetlands in coastal zones and supply technique support for the protection of shorebirds and their habitats,and alleviate human-bird conflicts and sustainable development of coastal zones.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42276062 and 42006071the Seismological Research Foundation for Youths of Guangdong Earthquake Agency under contract No.GDDZY202307+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.XDA22020303the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province-Guangdong Collaborative Innovation Center for Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation Technology under contract No.2018B020207011.
文摘Studies of converted S-wave data recorded on the ocean bottom seismometer(OBS)allow for the estimation of crustal S-wave velocity,from which is further derived the Vp/Vs ratio to constrain the crustal lithology and geophysical properties.Constructing a precise S-wave velocity model is important for deep structural research,and inversion of converted S-waves provides a potential solution.However,the inversion of the converted S-wave remains a weakness because of the complexity of the seismic ray path and the inconsistent conversion interface.In this study,we introduced two travel time correction methods for the S-wave velocity inversion and imaged different S-wave velocity structures in accordance with the corresponding corrected S-wave phases using seismic data of profile EW6 in the northeastern South China Sea(SCS).The two inversion models show a similar trend in velocities,and the velocity difference is<0.15 km/s(mostly in the range of 0–0.1 km/s),indicating the accuracy of the two travel time correction methods and the reliability of the inversion results.According to simulations of seismic ray tracing based on different models,the velocity of sediments is the primary influencing factor in ray tracing for S-wave phases.If the sedimentary layer has high velocities,the near offset crustal S-wave refractions cannot be traced.In contrast,the ray tracing of Moho S-wave reflections was not significantly impacted by the velocity of the sediments.The two travel time correction methods have their own advantages,and the application of different approaches is based on additional requirements.These works provide an important reference for future improvements in converted S-wave research.
基金supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2019YFA0903803 and 2018YFA0801404)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871090,32000730,81961128019,and 81901397)+7 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(JCYJ20190809171003698,JCYJ202103243001018,JCYJ20180507182505475,and JCYJ20180504165804015)Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine(F-2021-Z99-504979)Youth Innovation Promotion Association(CAS 2017120)Chinese Academy of Sciences International Partnership Program(172644KYSB20170004)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M653115.)CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation(2019DP173024)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior(2017B030301017)International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Guangdong Province(2019A050505008).
文摘Retrograde adeno-associated viruses(AAVs)are capable of infecting the axons of projection neurons and serve as a powerful tool for the anatomical and functional characterization of neural networks.However,few retro-grade AAV capsids have been shown to offer access to cor-tical projection neurons across different species and enable the manipulation of neural function in non-human primates(NHPs).Here,we report the development of a novel retro-grade AAV capsid,AAV-DJ8R,which efficiently labeled cortical projection neurons after local administration into the striatum of mice and macaques.In addition,intrastriatally injected AAV-DJ8R mediated opsin expression in the mouse motor cortex and induced robust behavioral alterations.Moreover,AAV-DJ8R markedly increased motor cortical neuron firing upon optogenetic light stimulation after viral delivery into the macaque putamen.These data demonstrate the usefulness of AAV-DJ8R as an efficient retrograde tracer for cortical projection neurons in rodents and NHPs and indicate its suitability for use in conducting functional interrogations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.41802165,Grant No.42272182,Grant No.42002158)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Project of Guangzhou City(Grant No.SL2023A04J00208)+2 种基金the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research,Gansu Province(SZDKFJJ2023009)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(Grant No.GZC20241735)the National Major Scientific Instruments and Equipment Development Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41927801).
文摘Creep behavior is a very important attribute of shale and is crucial in the design of hydraulic fracturing schemes to ensure the long-term stable development of shale gas.However,how different shale minerals,organic matter,bedding planes,and pores affect the micro-creep behavior of Upper Ordovician Wufeng and Lower Silurian Longmaxi(WFeLMX)Formation shales is poorly understood.In this study,we employed a nanoindentation mechanical testing technique alongside rock mineralogical,major elemental,and pore analyses to investigate the creep behavior and influencing factors of WFeLMX shales at the microscale.The results show that(1)the creep displacement(△h)and indentation creep parameter(C_(IT))are each positively correlated with clay,total pore volume,and clay+total organic carbon(TOC)contents but negatively correlated with the content of quartz,excess SiO_(2),and TOC.We found weak or no correlation between the occurrence of minor rock con-stituents,such as feldspar,carbonates,and pyrite,and the shale creep properties;(2)the creep parameters(△h,C_(IT),and stress exponent(n))exhibit anisotropy due to the layering of shale,with values 7.3%e24.2%higher in the plane perpendicular to bedding(X1)than those in the plane parallel to bedding(X3).The creep displacement exhibits negative correlations with Young's modulus,hardness,and stress exponent(n),especially for the X1 direction;(3)compared with those of China's Yanchang shale,the stress exponents of WFeLMX shale are relatively high(8.5-30),indicating that the average creep capacity of WFeLMX shale is relatively weak.Overall,nanoindentation technology has shown great potential in studying shale creep and provides quantitative data support for macroscopic shale creep research.
基金supported by the Key Research Projects of Universities of Henan Province,No.21A320064 (to XS)the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2021YFA1201504 (to LZ)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science,No.XDB36000000 (to CW)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.31971295,12374406 (both to LZ)。
文摘Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a slow process, partly due to the difficulty of delivering drugs effectively. Nanoparticles, with their targeted delivery capabilities, biocompatibility, and enhanced bioavailability over conventional drugs, are garnering attention for spinal cord injury treatment. This review explores the current mechanisms and shortcomings of existing treatments, highlighting the benefits and progress of nanoparticle-based approaches. We detail nanoparticle delivery methods for spinal cord injury, including local and intravenous injections, oral delivery, and biomaterial-assisted implantation, alongside strategies such as drug loading and surface modification. The discussion extends to how nanoparticles aid in reducing oxidative stress, dampening inflammation, fostering neural regeneration, and promoting angiogenesis. We summarize the use of various types of nanoparticles for treating spinal cord injuries, including metallic, polymeric, protein-based, inorganic non-metallic, and lipid nanoparticles. We also discuss the challenges faced, such as biosafety, effectiveness in humans, precise dosage control, standardization of production and characterization, immune responses, and targeted delivery in vivo. Additionally, we explore future directions, such as improving biosafety, standardizing manufacturing and characterization processes, and advancing human trials. Nanoparticles have shown considerable progress in targeted delivery and enhancing treatment efficacy for spinal cord injuries, presenting significant potential for clinical use and drug development.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52404328,52274412,and 52374418)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M753248)。
文摘The rich resources and unique environment of the Moon make it an ideal location for human expansion and the utilization of extraterrestrial resources.Oxygen,crucial for supporting human life on the Moon,can be extracted from lunar regolith,which is highly rich in oxygen and contains polymetallic oxides.This oxygen and metal extraction can be achieved using existing metallurgical techniques.Furthermore,the ample reserves of water ice on the Moon offer another means for oxygen production.This paper offers a detailed overview of the leading technologies for achieving oxygen production on the Moon,drawing from an analysis of lunar resources and environmental conditions.It delves into the principles,processes,advantages,and drawbacks of water-ice electrolysis,two-step oxygen production from lunar regolith,and one-step oxygen production from lunar regolith.The two-step methods involve hydrogen reduction,carbothermal reduction,and hydrometallurgy,while the one-step methods encompass fluorination/chlorination,high-temperature decomposition,molten salt electrolysis,and molten regolith electrolysis(MOE).Following a thorough comparison of raw materials,equipment,technology,and economic viability,MOE is identified as the most promising approach for future in-situ oxygen production on the Moon.Considering the corrosion characteristics of molten lunar regolith at high temperatures,along with the Moon's low-gravity environment,the development of inexpensive and stable inert anodes and electrolysis devices that can easily collect oxygen is critical for promoting MOE technology on the Moon.This review significantly contributes to our understanding of in-situ oxygen production technologies on the Moon and supports upcoming lunar exploration initiatives.
基金supported by the Project of Stable Support for Youth Teams in Basic Research Field,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CASGrant No.YSBR-018)+2 种基金the B-type Strategic Priority Program of CAS(Grant No.XDB41000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42204165)the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2022YFF0504400).
文摘In addition to being driven by tidal winds,the sporadic E(Es)layers are modulated by gravity waves(GWs),although the effects are not yet comprehensively understood.In this article,we discuss the effects of mesoscale GWs on the Es layers determined by using a newly developed model,MISE-1D(one-dimensional Model of Ionospheric Sporadic E),with low numerical dissipation and high resolution.Driven by the wind fields resolved by the high-resolution version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension(WACCM-X),the MISE-1D simulation revealed that GWs significantly influence the evolution of the Es layer above 100 km but have a very limited effect at lower altitudes.The effects of GWs are diverse and complex,generally including the generation of fluctuating wavelike structures on the Es layer with frequencies similar to those of the GWs.The mesoscale GWs can also cause increases in the density of Es layers,or they can disperse or diffuse the Es layers and increase their thickness.In addition,the presence of GWs is a key factor in sustaining the Es layers in some cases.
