Present industrial decarbonization technologies require an active CO_(2)-concentration system,often based on lime reaction or amine binding reactions,which is energy intensive and carries a high CO_(2)-footprint.Here ...Present industrial decarbonization technologies require an active CO_(2)-concentration system,often based on lime reaction or amine binding reactions,which is energy intensive and carries a high CO_(2)-footprint.Here instead,an effective process without active CO_(2)concentration is demonstrated in a new process-termed IC2CNT(Insulationdiffusion facilitated CO_(2) to Carbon Nanomaterial Technology)decarbonization process.Molten carbonates such as Li_(2)CO_(3)(mp 723℃)are highly insoluble to industrial feed gas principal components(N2,O_(2),and H2O).However,CO_(2) can readily dissolve and react in molten carbonates.We have recently characterized high CO_(2) diffusion rates through porous aluminosilicate and calcium-magnesium silicate thermal insulations.Here,the CO_(2) in ambient feed gas passes through these membranes into molten Li_(2)CO_(3).The membrane also concurrently insulates the feed gas from the hot molten carbonate chamber,obviating the need to heat the(non-CO_(2))majority of the feed gas to high temperature.In this insulation facilitated decarbonization process CO_(2)is split by electrolysis in the molten carbonate producing sequestered,high-purity carbon nanomaterials(such as CNTs)and O_(2).展开更多
Among the current technologies for post-combustion CO2 capture,amine-based chemical absorption appears to be the most technologically mature and commercially viable method.This review highlights the opportunities and ...Among the current technologies for post-combustion CO2 capture,amine-based chemical absorption appears to be the most technologically mature and commercially viable method.This review highlights the opportunities and challenges in post-combustion CO2 capture using amine-based chemical absorption technologies.In addition,this review provides current types and emerging trends for chemical solvents.The issues and performance of amine solvents are reviewed and addressed in terms of thermodynamics,kinetics,mass transfer,regeneration and solvent management.This review also looks at emerging and future trends in post-combustion CO2 capture using chemical solvents in the near to mid-term.展开更多
The emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide is of major concern with regard to increasing the risk of climate change. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) has been proposed as an important pathway for sl...The emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide is of major concern with regard to increasing the risk of climate change. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) has been proposed as an important pathway for slowing the rate of these emissions. Solvent absorption of CO_2 using amino acid solvents has drawn much attention over the last few years due to advantages including their ionic nature, low evaporation rate, low toxicity, high absorption rate and high biodegradation potential, compared to traditional amine solvents. In this review, recent progress on the absorption kinetics of amino acids is summarised, and the engineering potential of using amino acids as carbon capture solvents is discussed. The reaction orders between amino acids and carbon dioxide are typ- ically between 1 and 2. Glycine exhibits a reaction order of 1, whilst, by comparison, lysine, proline and sarcosine have the largest reaction constants with carbon dioxide which is much larger than that of the benchmark solvent monoethanolamine (MEA). Ionic strength, p H and cations such as sodium and potassium have been shown to be important factors influencing the reactivity of amino acids. Corrosivity and reactivity with impurities such as SOx and NOxare not considered to be significant problems for amino acids solvents. The precipitation of CO_2 loaded amino acid salts is thought to be a good pathway for increasing CO_2loading capacity and cutting desorption energy costs if well-controlled. It is recommended that more detailed research on amino acid degradation and overall process energy costs is conducted. Overall, amino acid solvents are recognised as promising potential solvents for car- bon dioxide capture.展开更多
The large-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage(CCS)is becoming increasingly urgent in the global path toward net zero emissions;however,global CCS deployment is significantly lagging behind its expected cont...The large-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage(CCS)is becoming increasingly urgent in the global path toward net zero emissions;however,global CCS deployment is significantly lagging behind its expected contribution to greenhouse gas emission reduction.Reviewing and learning from the examples and history of successful CCS practices in advanced countries will help other countries,including China,to promote and deploy CCS projects using scientific methods.This paper shows that the establishment of major science and technology CCS infrastructures in advanced countries has become the main source of CCS technological innovation,cost reduction,risk reduction,commercial promotion,and talent training in the development and demonstration of key CCS technologies.Sound development of CCS requires a transition from pilot-scale science and technology infrastructures to large-scale commercial infrastructures,in addition to incentive policies;otherwise,it will be difficult to overcome the technical barriers between small-scale demonstrations and the implementation of million-tonne-scale CCS and ten-million-tonne-scale CCS hubs.Geological CO_(2) storage is the ultimate goal of CCS projects and the driving force of CO_(2) capture.Further improving the accuracy of technologies for the measurement,monitoring,and verification(MMV)of CO_(2) storage capacity,emission reduction,and safety remains a problem for geological storage.CO_(2) storage in saline aquifers can better couple multiple carbon emission sources and is currently a priority direction for development.Reducing the energy consumption of lowconcentration CO_(2) capture and the depletion of chemical absorbents and improving the operational efficiency and stability of post-combustion CO_(2) capture systems have become the key constraints to largescale CCS deployment.Enhanced oil recovery(EOR)is also important in order for countries to maximize fossil fuel extraction instead of importing oil from less environmentally friendly oil-producing countries.展开更多
To the Editor:Boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)comprises a type of radiotherapy that fuses heavy-ion cancer therapy with the delivery of boron-containing drugs,based on the principle that compounds with the boron-10...To the Editor:Boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)comprises a type of radiotherapy that fuses heavy-ion cancer therapy with the delivery of boron-containing drugs,based on the principle that compounds with the boron-10 isotope(10B)are absorbed into the body,rapidly gather in tumor cells,and then neutron beams generated from a reactor or an accelerator can be used to irradiate the tumor.Compared with conventional radiotherapy,BNCT can more effectively kill tumor cells and cause less damage to normal cells,making it one of the most advanced cancer treatments currently available.展开更多
The development of new accelerators has given a new impetus to the development of new drugs and treatment technologies using boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT).We analyzed the current status and future directions of ...The development of new accelerators has given a new impetus to the development of new drugs and treatment technologies using boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT).We analyzed the current status and future directions of BNCT for cancer treatment,as well as the main issues related to its introduction.This review highlights the principles of BNCT and the key milestones in its development:new boron delivery drugs and different types of charged particle accelerators are described;several important aspects of BNCT implementation are discussed.BCNT could be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy,and it is evaluated in light of the outlined issues.For the speedy implementation of BCNT in medical practice,it is necessary to develop more selective boron delivery agents and to generate an epithermal neutron beamwith definite characteristics.Pharmacological companies and research laboratories should have access to accelerators for large-scale screening of new,more specific boron delivery agents.展开更多
A nuclear reaction-induced dynamic therapy,denoted as nucleodynamic therapy(NDT),has been invented that triggers immunogenic cell death and successfully treats metastatic tumors due to its unexpected abscopal effect.G...A nuclear reaction-induced dynamic therapy,denoted as nucleodynamic therapy(NDT),has been invented that triggers immunogenic cell death and successfully treats metastatic tumors due to its unexpected abscopal effect.Gadolinium neutron capture therapy(GdNCT)is binary radiotherapy based on a localized nuclear reaction that produces high-energy radiations(e.g.,Auger electrons,γ-rays,etc.)in cancer cells when^(157Gd)is irradiated with thermal neutrons.Yet,its clinical application has been postponed due to the poor ability of Auger electrons andγ-rays to kill cells.Here,we engineered a^(157Gd)-porphyrin framework that synergizes GdNCT and dynamic therapy to efficiently produce both•OH and immunogenic 1O2 in cancer cells,thereby provoking a strong antitumor immune response.This study unveils the fact and mechanism that NDT heats tumor immunity.Another unexpected finding is that the Auger electron can be the most effective energy-transfer medium for radiation-induced activation of nanomedicines because its nanoscale trajectory perfectlymatches the size of nanomaterials.Inmouse tumormodels,NDT causes nearly complete regression of both primary and distant tumor grafts.Thus,this^(157Gd)-porphyrin framework radioenhancer endows GdNCT with the exotic function of triggering dynamic therapy;its applicationmay expand in clinics as a new radiotherapy modality that utilizes GdNCT to provoke whole-body antitumor immune response for treating metastases,which are responsible for 90%of all cancer deaths.展开更多
Rural domestic sewage treatment is critical for environmental protection.This study defines the spatial pattern of villages from the perspective of rural sewage treatment and develops an integrated decision-making sys...Rural domestic sewage treatment is critical for environmental protection.This study defines the spatial pattern of villages from the perspective of rural sewage treatment and develops an integrated decision-making system to propose a sewage treatment mode and scheme suitable for local conditions.By considering the village spatial layout and terrain factors,a decision tree model of residential density and terrain type was constructed with accuracies of 76.47%and 96.00%,respectively.Combined with binary classification probability unit regression,an appropriate sewage treatment mode for the village was determined with 87.00%accuracy.The Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),combined with the Technique for Order Preference(TOPSIS)by Similarity to an Ideal Solution model,formed the basis for optimal treatment process selection under different emission standards.Verification was conducted in 542 villages across three counties of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,focusing on the standard effluent effect(0.3773),low investment cost(0.3196),and high standard effluent effect(0.5115)to determine the best treatment process for the same emission standard under different needs.The annual environmental and carbon emission benefits of sewage treatment in these villages were estimated.This model matches village density,geographic feature,and social development level,and provides scientific support and a theoretical basis for rural sewage treatment decision-making.展开更多
The present work investigates the volumetric and viscometric properties of an aqueous solution of 1,2-dimethylethylenediamine(DEEDA)over an entire concentration range and an absorber operating temperature range of 313...The present work investigates the volumetric and viscometric properties of an aqueous solution of 1,2-dimethylethylenediamine(DEEDA)over an entire concentration range and an absorber operating temperature range of 313.15K-333.15K at atmospheric pressure.The investigated volumetric properties included the density,excess molar volume,partial molar volume,and the investigated viscometric properties included the viscosity,viscosity deviation,free energy for activation of viscous flow,excess free energy for activation of viscous flow,and excess entropy for activation of viscous flow.The results indicated that there are strong intermolecular interactions and suitable molecular packing in the binary DEEDA-water mixture.Hence,the mixture was found to deviate from a real mixture according to the calculated excess properties.The DEEDA solvent's preliminary volumetric and viscometric properties revealed convincing potential as a novel amine for carbon capture.Additionally,the Redlich-Kister-based correlations showed favorable correlative performance for excess molar volume,viscosity deviation,and excess entropy for activation of viscous flow.展开更多
Polymeric membrane-based gas separation has found wide applications in industry,such as carbon capture,hydrogen recovery,natural gas sweetening,as well as oxygen enrichment.Commercial gas separation membranes are requ...Polymeric membrane-based gas separation has found wide applications in industry,such as carbon capture,hydrogen recovery,natural gas sweetening,as well as oxygen enrichment.Commercial gas separation membranes are required to have high gas permeability and selectivity,while being cost-effective to process.Mixed matrix membranes(MMMs)have a composite structure that consists of polymers and fillers,therefore featuring the advantages of both materials.Much effort has been made to improve the gas separation performance of MMMs as well as general membrane properties,such as mechanical strength and thermal stability.This perspective describes potential use of MMMs for carbon capture applications,explores their limitations in fabrication and methods to overcome them,and addresses their performance under industry gas conditions.展开更多
Introduction The National Carbon Capture Center is the primary carbon-capture research facility for the US Department of Energy(DOE).Through its role as a neutral test site,the centre is advancing technologies to redu...Introduction The National Carbon Capture Center is the primary carbon-capture research facility for the US Department of Energy(DOE).Through its role as a neutral test site,the centre is advancing technologies to reduce greenhouse-gas(GHG)emis-sions from fossil-fueled power plants,while also supporting the development of technology solutions for carbon-dioxide(CO_(2))utilization and direct air capture(DAC).展开更多
The substantial emissions of greenhouse gases,particularly CO_(2),constitute a primary driver of global warming.CCUS is proposed as an effective mitigation strategy which is often estimated to account for about 15%of ...The substantial emissions of greenhouse gases,particularly CO_(2),constitute a primary driver of global warming.CCUS is proposed as an effective mitigation strategy which is often estimated to account for about 15%of cumulative carbon emission reduction.In-situ CO_(2) mineralization sequestration,compared to conventional geological storage methods such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs,unmineable coal seams,and deep saline aquifers,offers the advantage of permanent immobilization of injected carbon.However,uncertainties persist regarding the characteristics of geochemical interactions under reservoir pore conditions,as well as the kinetic mechanisms of mineralization reactions.Additionally,geochemical reactions may lead to solid particle transport and deposition,potentially causing pore throat occlusion.Pilot projects in Iceland and the United States have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology,but the field remains in the early deployment stage.In this review,the mechanisms of in-situ mineralization have been elucidated,the primary factors influencing the reaction kinetics have been discussed,and the current research status in this field has been summarized.It is emphasized that establishing a reliable system for evaluating storage capacity and understanding the kinetic mechanisms governing CO_(2) conversion into minerals at multi-phase interfaces are key priorities for future work.展开更多
Plantshave evolvedvariousmechanismsto interact withmicroorganisms,which help them acquire nutrients from the soil and enhance their tolerance to environmental stresses.One of the most widespread mutualistic interactio...Plantshave evolvedvariousmechanismsto interact withmicroorganisms,which help them acquire nutrients from the soil and enhance their tolerance to environmental stresses.One of the most widespread mutualistic interactions is arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)symbiosis,which is formed by 80%-90%of terrestrial plants in association with AM fungi.In AM symbiosis,plants acquire mineral nutrients from the fungi in exchange for fatty acids and sugars that are produced during photosynthesis(Jiang et al.,2017).展开更多
Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction is a sustainable method for producing fuels and chemicals using renewable energy sources.Sn is a widely employed catalyst for formate production,with its performance closely influenced...Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction is a sustainable method for producing fuels and chemicals using renewable energy sources.Sn is a widely employed catalyst for formate production,with its performance closely influenced by the catalyst ink formulations and reac-tion conditions.The present study explores the influence of catalyst loading,current density,and binder choice on Sn-based CO_(2) reduc-tion systems.Decreasing catalyst loading from 10 to 1.685 mg·cm^(-2) and increasing current density in highly concentrated bicarbonate solutions significantly enhances formate selectivity,achieving 88%faradaic efficiency(FE)at a current density of−30 mA·cm^(-2) with a cathodic potential of−1.22 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)and a catalyst loading of 1.685 mg·cm^(-2).This low-loading strategy not only reduces catalyst costs but also enhances surface utilization and suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction.Nafion enhances formate production when applied as a surface coating rather than pre-mixed in the ink,as evidenced by improved faradaic efficiency and lower cathodic potentials.However,this performance still does not match that of binder-free systems because Sn-based catalysts intrinsic-ally exhibit high catalytic activity,making the binder contribution less significant.Although modifying the electrode surface with binders leads to blocked active sites and increased resistance,polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)remains promising because of its stability,strength,and conductivity,achieving up to 72%FE to formate at−30 mA·cm^(-2) and−1.66 V vs.RHE.The findings of this research reveal method-ologies for optimizing the catalyst ink formulations and binder utilization to enhance the conversion of CO_(2) to formate,thereby offering crucial insights for the development of a cost-efficient catalyst for high-current-density operations.展开更多
Photothermal catalysis represents an emerging technology for solar energy conversion that combines the principles and advantages of photoand thermal catalytic mechanisms[1–5].Driven by the inter/intra-band transition...Photothermal catalysis represents an emerging technology for solar energy conversion that combines the principles and advantages of photoand thermal catalytic mechanisms[1–5].Driven by the inter/intra-band transitions and subsequent electron-phonon scattering processes,photothermal catalysts can achieve rapid and highly localized heating,providing thermal activation to the chemical conversions.Besides,direct participation of photo-generated charge carriers could also drastically reduce the activation energy barriers and modulate the catalytic pathways.However,distinction between thermal and non-thermal contributions remains a key challenge for both fundamental understandings and large-scale applications of photothermal catalysis[6,7].This issue is largely due to a lack of precise in-situ surface-temperature measurement techniques that accurately quantify the light-to-heat conversion under reaction conditions at the nanoscale.Conventional macroscopic temperature measurement techniques,such as infrared cameras and thermocouples,suffer from the lack of spatiotemporal resolutions required for the localized photothermal conversion.They are,thus,measuring an average temperature of the ambient medium.Besides,they typically cannot be applied in in-situ temperature measurements,which is crucial since inaccurate heat dissipation rates may be predicted by ex-situ temperature measurement techniques.For instance,differences in gas pressure,composition and flow rate could lead to significantly different convective heat fluxes.展开更多
In the context of complex tectonic evolution,due to the control of tectonic compression stress and faults on tectonic fractures,the formation and development of tectonic fractures in the T_3x~2 tight reservoirs presen...In the context of complex tectonic evolution,due to the control of tectonic compression stress and faults on tectonic fractures,the formation and development of tectonic fractures in the T_3x~2 tight reservoirs present significant variations across different tectonic segments in the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin.We clarified the control of differential tectonic evolution on the formation and development of tectonic fractures in different tectonic segments through field-based observations,core samples,image logging,as well as fluid inclusion petrography and temperature determinations of fracture-filling materials,combined with 2D balanced cross-section restoration.The study area primarily manifests two types of tectonic fractures in the tight reservoirs:orogen-related fractures(regional fractures)and fault-related fractures.The orientations of these fractures are predominantly E-W,nearly N-S,NE,and NW.Specifically,the northern segment area only shows the development of regional fractures,while the southern and middle segments exhibit the development of both regional and tectonic fractures.There are three phases of tectonic fractures in different tectonic segments,and their formation times are relatively consistent.The Mesozoic tectonic events had a significant impact on the northern and central segments,with the amount of tectonic shortening and the rate of stratigraphic shortening gradually decreasing from the northeast to the southwest.The compressional stress resulting from tectonic compression also decreases from the northeast to the southwest.As a result,the development of first-phase and second-phase tectonic shear fractures is more pronounced in the northern and middle segments compared to the southern segment.Under the significant control of faults,the development of N-S-and NE-oriented fault-related fractures is more pronounced in the southern segment,while the development of NE-oriented fault-related fractures is relatively higher in the middle segment.Overall,there is an increased density of fractures and an increasing trend in fracture scale from the northern to the middle and then to the southern segment.展开更多
During the CO_(2)injection and geological storage process,the integrity of the cap rock significantly influences the long-term safety of CO_(2)storage.Natural fractures within the cap rock serve as potential pathways ...During the CO_(2)injection and geological storage process,the integrity of the cap rock significantly influences the long-term safety of CO_(2)storage.Natural fractures within the cap rock serve as potential pathways for CO_(2)migration,thereby increasing the risk of CO_(2)leakage.In this study,we determined the types,developmental characteristics,permeability changes,and CO_(2)-H_(2)O-Rock reactions of natural fractures in the mudstone cap rocks of the Sanduo Formation(E_(3)s)and Dainan Formation(E_(2)d)in the Gaoyou Sag of the Subei Basin using core observations,thin-section analysis,rock mechanics experiments,and paleomagnetic directional analysis.We identified four tectonic fracture sets(NNW,NWW,EW,and NE);high-angle shear fractures,ranging from 60°to 90°(average 82°)and typically measuring4-12 cm(average 7.5 cm),dominate the assemblage,while slip fractures,ranging from 32°to 50°(average 36°)and measuring 3-6 cm(average 3.9 cm),are also present.At the microscale,shear fractures average 160μm,and bedding fractures average 82μm.Notably,85.78%of shear fractures are unfilled,with calcite filling observed in 14.22%,while other fracture types show no filling.Permeability tests on samples without fractures reveal that permeability declines rapidly below 9 MPa,especially in shallower samples,followed by a slower reduction between 9 and 13 MPa,and ultimately stabilizes at approximately 0.00003 mD.In contrast,samples with fractures exhibit permeability that is 3-4 orders of magnitude higher;their fracture permeability decays according to a power law with pressure yet remains above 10 mD even at 46 MPa.Fractures with larger dip angles and those aligned with the maximum principal stress demonstrate the highest permeability.While silicate-filled fractures exhibit negligible changes in permeability,carbonate-filled fractu res experience a temporary enhancement due to dissolution;however,subsequent permeability remains controlled by factors such as effective stress and fracture orientation.展开更多
文摘Present industrial decarbonization technologies require an active CO_(2)-concentration system,often based on lime reaction or amine binding reactions,which is energy intensive and carries a high CO_(2)-footprint.Here instead,an effective process without active CO_(2)concentration is demonstrated in a new process-termed IC2CNT(Insulationdiffusion facilitated CO_(2) to Carbon Nanomaterial Technology)decarbonization process.Molten carbonates such as Li_(2)CO_(3)(mp 723℃)are highly insoluble to industrial feed gas principal components(N2,O_(2),and H2O).However,CO_(2) can readily dissolve and react in molten carbonates.We have recently characterized high CO_(2) diffusion rates through porous aluminosilicate and calcium-magnesium silicate thermal insulations.Here,the CO_(2) in ambient feed gas passes through these membranes into molten Li_(2)CO_(3).The membrane also concurrently insulates the feed gas from the hot molten carbonate chamber,obviating the need to heat the(non-CO_(2))majority of the feed gas to high temperature.In this insulation facilitated decarbonization process CO_(2)is split by electrolysis in the molten carbonate producing sequestered,high-purity carbon nanomaterials(such as CNTs)and O_(2).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21276068,U1362112and 21376067,21476064)the National Key Technology R&D Program(2012BAC26B01)+4 种基金Innovative Research Team Development Plan of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China(IRT1238)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20130161110025)Technology Development contract(Shanyan 12-34)Innovative Research Program for Graduate Student of Hunan Province,China(CX2013B158)Key project of international®ional scientific and technological cooperation of Hunan Provincial science and technology plan(2014WK2037)
文摘Among the current technologies for post-combustion CO2 capture,amine-based chemical absorption appears to be the most technologically mature and commercially viable method.This review highlights the opportunities and challenges in post-combustion CO2 capture using amine-based chemical absorption technologies.In addition,this review provides current types and emerging trends for chemical solvents.The issues and performance of amine solvents are reviewed and addressed in terms of thermodynamics,kinetics,mass transfer,regeneration and solvent management.This review also looks at emerging and future trends in post-combustion CO2 capture using chemical solvents in the near to mid-term.
文摘The emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide is of major concern with regard to increasing the risk of climate change. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) has been proposed as an important pathway for slowing the rate of these emissions. Solvent absorption of CO_2 using amino acid solvents has drawn much attention over the last few years due to advantages including their ionic nature, low evaporation rate, low toxicity, high absorption rate and high biodegradation potential, compared to traditional amine solvents. In this review, recent progress on the absorption kinetics of amino acids is summarised, and the engineering potential of using amino acids as carbon capture solvents is discussed. The reaction orders between amino acids and carbon dioxide are typ- ically between 1 and 2. Glycine exhibits a reaction order of 1, whilst, by comparison, lysine, proline and sarcosine have the largest reaction constants with carbon dioxide which is much larger than that of the benchmark solvent monoethanolamine (MEA). Ionic strength, p H and cations such as sodium and potassium have been shown to be important factors influencing the reactivity of amino acids. Corrosivity and reactivity with impurities such as SOx and NOxare not considered to be significant problems for amino acids solvents. The precipitation of CO_2 loaded amino acid salts is thought to be a good pathway for increasing CO_2loading capacity and cutting desorption energy costs if well-controlled. It is recommended that more detailed research on amino acid degradation and overall process energy costs is conducted. Overall, amino acid solvents are recognised as promising potential solvents for car- bon dioxide capture.
基金Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation(2021JCW-04)of Department of Science and Technology of Shaanxi for Northwest University.
文摘The large-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage(CCS)is becoming increasingly urgent in the global path toward net zero emissions;however,global CCS deployment is significantly lagging behind its expected contribution to greenhouse gas emission reduction.Reviewing and learning from the examples and history of successful CCS practices in advanced countries will help other countries,including China,to promote and deploy CCS projects using scientific methods.This paper shows that the establishment of major science and technology CCS infrastructures in advanced countries has become the main source of CCS technological innovation,cost reduction,risk reduction,commercial promotion,and talent training in the development and demonstration of key CCS technologies.Sound development of CCS requires a transition from pilot-scale science and technology infrastructures to large-scale commercial infrastructures,in addition to incentive policies;otherwise,it will be difficult to overcome the technical barriers between small-scale demonstrations and the implementation of million-tonne-scale CCS and ten-million-tonne-scale CCS hubs.Geological CO_(2) storage is the ultimate goal of CCS projects and the driving force of CO_(2) capture.Further improving the accuracy of technologies for the measurement,monitoring,and verification(MMV)of CO_(2) storage capacity,emission reduction,and safety remains a problem for geological storage.CO_(2) storage in saline aquifers can better couple multiple carbon emission sources and is currently a priority direction for development.Reducing the energy consumption of lowconcentration CO_(2) capture and the depletion of chemical absorbents and improving the operational efficiency and stability of post-combustion CO_(2) capture systems have become the key constraints to largescale CCS deployment.Enhanced oil recovery(EOR)is also important in order for countries to maximize fossil fuel extraction instead of importing oil from less environmentally friendly oil-producing countries.
基金This study was supported by grants from the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund(Guangdong-Dongguan Joint FundNo.2023B1515120072)+2 种基金the Dongguan Social Science and Technology Development Project(No.20231800900382)the National Clinical Key Specialty Cultivation Project(No.Z202303)the Open Fund of the China Spallation Neutron Source Songshan Lake Science City(No.KFKT2023A02)
文摘To the Editor:Boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)comprises a type of radiotherapy that fuses heavy-ion cancer therapy with the delivery of boron-containing drugs,based on the principle that compounds with the boron-10 isotope(10B)are absorbed into the body,rapidly gather in tumor cells,and then neutron beams generated from a reactor or an accelerator can be used to irradiate the tumor.Compared with conventional radiotherapy,BNCT can more effectively kill tumor cells and cause less damage to normal cells,making it one of the most advanced cancer treatments currently available.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation(projectNo.19-72-30005)the Russian State funded budget project(ICBFM SB RASАААА-А17-117020210023-1).
文摘The development of new accelerators has given a new impetus to the development of new drugs and treatment technologies using boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT).We analyzed the current status and future directions of BNCT for cancer treatment,as well as the main issues related to its introduction.This review highlights the principles of BNCT and the key milestones in its development:new boron delivery drugs and different types of charged particle accelerators are described;several important aspects of BNCT implementation are discussed.BCNT could be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy,and it is evaluated in light of the outlined issues.For the speedy implementation of BCNT in medical practice,it is necessary to develop more selective boron delivery agents and to generate an epithermal neutron beamwith definite characteristics.Pharmacological companies and research laboratories should have access to accelerators for large-scale screening of new,more specific boron delivery agents.
基金funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(Grant No.2021YFA1601400)the Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Projects(No.202138-03)+4 种基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U1867209)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.Z200018)Changping Laboratory under the project number(2021C-07-01)the Special Foundation of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.3500-12020123)Li Ge-Zhao Ning Life Science Youth Research Foundation(LGZNQN202004)to Z.L.We thank the facility support from the Analytical Instrumentation Center of Peking University.
文摘A nuclear reaction-induced dynamic therapy,denoted as nucleodynamic therapy(NDT),has been invented that triggers immunogenic cell death and successfully treats metastatic tumors due to its unexpected abscopal effect.Gadolinium neutron capture therapy(GdNCT)is binary radiotherapy based on a localized nuclear reaction that produces high-energy radiations(e.g.,Auger electrons,γ-rays,etc.)in cancer cells when^(157Gd)is irradiated with thermal neutrons.Yet,its clinical application has been postponed due to the poor ability of Auger electrons andγ-rays to kill cells.Here,we engineered a^(157Gd)-porphyrin framework that synergizes GdNCT and dynamic therapy to efficiently produce both•OH and immunogenic 1O2 in cancer cells,thereby provoking a strong antitumor immune response.This study unveils the fact and mechanism that NDT heats tumor immunity.Another unexpected finding is that the Auger electron can be the most effective energy-transfer medium for radiation-induced activation of nanomedicines because its nanoscale trajectory perfectlymatches the size of nanomaterials.Inmouse tumormodels,NDT causes nearly complete regression of both primary and distant tumor grafts.Thus,this^(157Gd)-porphyrin framework radioenhancer endows GdNCT with the exotic function of triggering dynamic therapy;its applicationmay expand in clinics as a new radiotherapy modality that utilizes GdNCT to provoke whole-body antitumor immune response for treating metastases,which are responsible for 90%of all cancer deaths.
基金supported by the Central Government Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(No.2024SZY0343)the Joint Research Program for Ecological Conservation and High Quality Development of the Yellow River Basin(No.2022-YRUC-01-050205)+2 种基金the Higher Education Scientific Research Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(No.NJZZ23078)the project of Inner Mongolia"Prairie Talents"Engineering Innovation Entrepreneurship Talent Team,the Major Projects of Erdos Science and Technology(No.2022EEDSKJZDZX015)the Innovation Team of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Science and Technology(No.CXTD2023-01-016).
文摘Rural domestic sewage treatment is critical for environmental protection.This study defines the spatial pattern of villages from the perspective of rural sewage treatment and develops an integrated decision-making system to propose a sewage treatment mode and scheme suitable for local conditions.By considering the village spatial layout and terrain factors,a decision tree model of residential density and terrain type was constructed with accuracies of 76.47%and 96.00%,respectively.Combined with binary classification probability unit regression,an appropriate sewage treatment mode for the village was determined with 87.00%accuracy.The Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),combined with the Technique for Order Preference(TOPSIS)by Similarity to an Ideal Solution model,formed the basis for optimal treatment process selection under different emission standards.Verification was conducted in 542 villages across three counties of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,focusing on the standard effluent effect(0.3773),low investment cost(0.3196),and high standard effluent effect(0.5115)to determine the best treatment process for the same emission standard under different needs.The annual environmental and carbon emission benefits of sewage treatment in these villages were estimated.This model matches village density,geographic feature,and social development level,and provides scientific support and a theoretical basis for rural sewage treatment decision-making.
基金supported by the Second Century Fund (C2F),Chulalongkorn Universityfunded by Chulalongkorn University and the National Research Council of Thailand (Mid-Career Research Grant+2 种基金N42A660521)Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University (DIS66230001)The support from Mahidol University,Thailand。
文摘The present work investigates the volumetric and viscometric properties of an aqueous solution of 1,2-dimethylethylenediamine(DEEDA)over an entire concentration range and an absorber operating temperature range of 313.15K-333.15K at atmospheric pressure.The investigated volumetric properties included the density,excess molar volume,partial molar volume,and the investigated viscometric properties included the viscosity,viscosity deviation,free energy for activation of viscous flow,excess free energy for activation of viscous flow,and excess entropy for activation of viscous flow.The results indicated that there are strong intermolecular interactions and suitable molecular packing in the binary DEEDA-water mixture.Hence,the mixture was found to deviate from a real mixture according to the calculated excess properties.The DEEDA solvent's preliminary volumetric and viscometric properties revealed convincing potential as a novel amine for carbon capture.Additionally,the Redlich-Kister-based correlations showed favorable correlative performance for excess molar volume,viscosity deviation,and excess entropy for activation of viscous flow.
文摘Polymeric membrane-based gas separation has found wide applications in industry,such as carbon capture,hydrogen recovery,natural gas sweetening,as well as oxygen enrichment.Commercial gas separation membranes are required to have high gas permeability and selectivity,while being cost-effective to process.Mixed matrix membranes(MMMs)have a composite structure that consists of polymers and fillers,therefore featuring the advantages of both materials.Much effort has been made to improve the gas separation performance of MMMs as well as general membrane properties,such as mechanical strength and thermal stability.This perspective describes potential use of MMMs for carbon capture applications,explores their limitations in fabrication and methods to overcome them,and addresses their performance under industry gas conditions.
文摘Introduction The National Carbon Capture Center is the primary carbon-capture research facility for the US Department of Energy(DOE).Through its role as a neutral test site,the centre is advancing technologies to reduce greenhouse-gas(GHG)emis-sions from fossil-fueled power plants,while also supporting the development of technology solutions for carbon-dioxide(CO_(2))utilization and direct air capture(DAC).
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51604288)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(IS23043)+1 种基金the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum-Beijing(ZX20200133)the Research and Development Fund of China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Technology Research Institute(QNYJJ22-21).
文摘The substantial emissions of greenhouse gases,particularly CO_(2),constitute a primary driver of global warming.CCUS is proposed as an effective mitigation strategy which is often estimated to account for about 15%of cumulative carbon emission reduction.In-situ CO_(2) mineralization sequestration,compared to conventional geological storage methods such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs,unmineable coal seams,and deep saline aquifers,offers the advantage of permanent immobilization of injected carbon.However,uncertainties persist regarding the characteristics of geochemical interactions under reservoir pore conditions,as well as the kinetic mechanisms of mineralization reactions.Additionally,geochemical reactions may lead to solid particle transport and deposition,potentially causing pore throat occlusion.Pilot projects in Iceland and the United States have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology,but the field remains in the early deployment stage.In this review,the mechanisms of in-situ mineralization have been elucidated,the primary factors influencing the reaction kinetics have been discussed,and the current research status in this field has been summarized.It is emphasized that establishing a reliable system for evaluating storage capacity and understanding the kinetic mechanisms governing CO_(2) conversion into minerals at multi-phase interfaces are key priorities for future work.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1001800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32088102)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0630103).
文摘Plantshave evolvedvariousmechanismsto interact withmicroorganisms,which help them acquire nutrients from the soil and enhance their tolerance to environmental stresses.One of the most widespread mutualistic interactions is arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)symbiosis,which is formed by 80%-90%of terrestrial plants in association with AM fungi.In AM symbiosis,plants acquire mineral nutrients from the fungi in exchange for fatty acids and sugars that are produced during photosynthesis(Jiang et al.,2017).
基金financially supported by a PhD Grant from VITO’s Strategic Research Funds(No.2310345).
文摘Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction is a sustainable method for producing fuels and chemicals using renewable energy sources.Sn is a widely employed catalyst for formate production,with its performance closely influenced by the catalyst ink formulations and reac-tion conditions.The present study explores the influence of catalyst loading,current density,and binder choice on Sn-based CO_(2) reduc-tion systems.Decreasing catalyst loading from 10 to 1.685 mg·cm^(-2) and increasing current density in highly concentrated bicarbonate solutions significantly enhances formate selectivity,achieving 88%faradaic efficiency(FE)at a current density of−30 mA·cm^(-2) with a cathodic potential of−1.22 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)and a catalyst loading of 1.685 mg·cm^(-2).This low-loading strategy not only reduces catalyst costs but also enhances surface utilization and suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction.Nafion enhances formate production when applied as a surface coating rather than pre-mixed in the ink,as evidenced by improved faradaic efficiency and lower cathodic potentials.However,this performance still does not match that of binder-free systems because Sn-based catalysts intrinsic-ally exhibit high catalytic activity,making the binder contribution less significant.Although modifying the electrode surface with binders leads to blocked active sites and increased resistance,polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)remains promising because of its stability,strength,and conductivity,achieving up to 72%FE to formate at−30 mA·cm^(-2) and−1.66 V vs.RHE.The findings of this research reveal method-ologies for optimizing the catalyst ink formulations and binder utilization to enhance the conversion of CO_(2) to formate,thereby offering crucial insights for the development of a cost-efficient catalyst for high-current-density operations.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22302137,52172221,52272229,51920105005)the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices(ZZ2201)+1 种基金the Suzhou Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Materialsthe Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science&Technology.
文摘Photothermal catalysis represents an emerging technology for solar energy conversion that combines the principles and advantages of photoand thermal catalytic mechanisms[1–5].Driven by the inter/intra-band transitions and subsequent electron-phonon scattering processes,photothermal catalysts can achieve rapid and highly localized heating,providing thermal activation to the chemical conversions.Besides,direct participation of photo-generated charge carriers could also drastically reduce the activation energy barriers and modulate the catalytic pathways.However,distinction between thermal and non-thermal contributions remains a key challenge for both fundamental understandings and large-scale applications of photothermal catalysis[6,7].This issue is largely due to a lack of precise in-situ surface-temperature measurement techniques that accurately quantify the light-to-heat conversion under reaction conditions at the nanoscale.Conventional macroscopic temperature measurement techniques,such as infrared cameras and thermocouples,suffer from the lack of spatiotemporal resolutions required for the localized photothermal conversion.They are,thus,measuring an average temperature of the ambient medium.Besides,they typically cannot be applied in in-situ temperature measurements,which is crucial since inaccurate heat dissipation rates may be predicted by ex-situ temperature measurement techniques.For instance,differences in gas pressure,composition and flow rate could lead to significantly different convective heat fluxes.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42402171)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023MD744255)+6 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(No.2024JC-YBQN-0353)the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(No.23JK0600)the Shaanxi Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023BSHEDZZ324)the project of Theory of Hydrocarbon Enrichment under Multi-Spheric Interactions of the Earth(No.THEMSIE04010107)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(No.2021KW-10)the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(No.2022PT-08)the SINOPEC CCUS Fund Project(No.33550000-22ZC0613-0326)。
文摘In the context of complex tectonic evolution,due to the control of tectonic compression stress and faults on tectonic fractures,the formation and development of tectonic fractures in the T_3x~2 tight reservoirs present significant variations across different tectonic segments in the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin.We clarified the control of differential tectonic evolution on the formation and development of tectonic fractures in different tectonic segments through field-based observations,core samples,image logging,as well as fluid inclusion petrography and temperature determinations of fracture-filling materials,combined with 2D balanced cross-section restoration.The study area primarily manifests two types of tectonic fractures in the tight reservoirs:orogen-related fractures(regional fractures)and fault-related fractures.The orientations of these fractures are predominantly E-W,nearly N-S,NE,and NW.Specifically,the northern segment area only shows the development of regional fractures,while the southern and middle segments exhibit the development of both regional and tectonic fractures.There are three phases of tectonic fractures in different tectonic segments,and their formation times are relatively consistent.The Mesozoic tectonic events had a significant impact on the northern and central segments,with the amount of tectonic shortening and the rate of stratigraphic shortening gradually decreasing from the northeast to the southwest.The compressional stress resulting from tectonic compression also decreases from the northeast to the southwest.As a result,the development of first-phase and second-phase tectonic shear fractures is more pronounced in the northern and middle segments compared to the southern segment.Under the significant control of faults,the development of N-S-and NE-oriented fault-related fractures is more pronounced in the southern segment,while the development of NE-oriented fault-related fractures is relatively higher in the middle segment.Overall,there is an increased density of fractures and an increasing trend in fracture scale from the northern to the middle and then to the southern segment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42402171)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023MD744255)+6 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2024JC-YBQN-0353)the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(No.23JK0600)the Shaanxi Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023B SHEDZZ324)the project of Theory of Hydrocarbon Enrichment under Multi-Spheric Interactions of the Earth(Grant No.THEMSIE04010107)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2021KW-10)the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2022PT-08)the SINOPEC CCUS Fund Project(Grant No.33550000-22-ZC0613-0326)。
文摘During the CO_(2)injection and geological storage process,the integrity of the cap rock significantly influences the long-term safety of CO_(2)storage.Natural fractures within the cap rock serve as potential pathways for CO_(2)migration,thereby increasing the risk of CO_(2)leakage.In this study,we determined the types,developmental characteristics,permeability changes,and CO_(2)-H_(2)O-Rock reactions of natural fractures in the mudstone cap rocks of the Sanduo Formation(E_(3)s)and Dainan Formation(E_(2)d)in the Gaoyou Sag of the Subei Basin using core observations,thin-section analysis,rock mechanics experiments,and paleomagnetic directional analysis.We identified four tectonic fracture sets(NNW,NWW,EW,and NE);high-angle shear fractures,ranging from 60°to 90°(average 82°)and typically measuring4-12 cm(average 7.5 cm),dominate the assemblage,while slip fractures,ranging from 32°to 50°(average 36°)and measuring 3-6 cm(average 3.9 cm),are also present.At the microscale,shear fractures average 160μm,and bedding fractures average 82μm.Notably,85.78%of shear fractures are unfilled,with calcite filling observed in 14.22%,while other fracture types show no filling.Permeability tests on samples without fractures reveal that permeability declines rapidly below 9 MPa,especially in shallower samples,followed by a slower reduction between 9 and 13 MPa,and ultimately stabilizes at approximately 0.00003 mD.In contrast,samples with fractures exhibit permeability that is 3-4 orders of magnitude higher;their fracture permeability decays according to a power law with pressure yet remains above 10 mD even at 46 MPa.Fractures with larger dip angles and those aligned with the maximum principal stress demonstrate the highest permeability.While silicate-filled fractures exhibit negligible changes in permeability,carbonate-filled fractu res experience a temporary enhancement due to dissolution;however,subsequent permeability remains controlled by factors such as effective stress and fracture orientation.
