The No.1 Central Document of 2024 emphasizes the need to learn from and apply the experience of the"Thousand-Village Demonstration,Ten-Thousand-Village Renovation"project to paint a new picture of livable,wo...The No.1 Central Document of 2024 emphasizes the need to learn from and apply the experience of the"Thousand-Village Demonstration,Ten-Thousand-Village Renovation"project to paint a new picture of livable,workable,harmonious,and beautiful villages,thereby accelerating agricultural and rural modernization and better advancing the construction of Chinese modernization.This paper,based on elucidating the scientific connotations and logical pathways of the"Thousand-Village Demonstration,Ten-Thousand-Village Renovation"project and"harmonious and beautiful villages",analyzes the practices of building"harmonious and beautiful villages"in Gansu Province.It proposes learning from the experience of coordinated advancement in the"Thousand-Village Demonstration,Ten-Thousand-Village Renovation"project to strengthen infrastructure and public service construction;learning from the experience of adapting to local conditions to reinforce rural industrial drive and integrated development;learning from the experience of environmental optimization and shaping to accelerate the improvement of human settlements and ecological civilization construction;and learning from the experience of co-construction,co-governance,and sharing to speed up rural governance and spiritual civilization development,thereby aiding the construction of harmonious and beautiful villages in Gansu.展开更多
The Trombe Wall(TW)is a low-cost,passive heating system known for its high thermal efficiency,particularly in cold and temperate climates.Recent research has explored its adaptability to warm-dry climates with high th...The Trombe Wall(TW)is a low-cost,passive heating system known for its high thermal efficiency,particularly in cold and temperate climates.Recent research has explored its adaptability to warm-dry climates with high thermal variability,such as those found in central Mexico.This study presents a dynamic simulation-based analysis of the TW’s thermal performance in a representative social housing unit located in Pachuca de Soto,Hidalgo.Two models were compared—one with a south-facing TW system and one without—to evaluate indoor thermal comfort throughout a full annual cycle.The simulations were conducted using OpenStudio and EnergyPlus,integrating detailed climate data and construction parameters.Results indicate significant improvements in interior temperature stability and comfort during winter,with temperature increases of up to 5.1℃ in living areas.The system’s implementation made it possible to attain a new level of average winter indoor temperature of 18.3℃ by using solar energy,up from 14.4℃ without mechanical heating.The introduction of the TW significantly reduces the interior thermal oscillation and enhances the habitability conditions during the winter,with an increase of 167%in the annual number of hours within the thermal comfort range of 18℃–24℃ vs.the base model.Currently,temperature fluctuations inside buildings due to climate change affect the health of users.The system presented in this study reduces these temperature fluctuations to improve quality of life.展开更多
Dear Editor,Dengue virus(DENV)is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family,which causes dengue—a disease affecting over 400 million people annually worldwide.DENV is transmitted ...Dear Editor,Dengue virus(DENV)is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family,which causes dengue—a disease affecting over 400 million people annually worldwide.DENV is transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes from the Aedes genus,primarily Aedes aegypti,and has a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas(de Souza et al.,2022).展开更多
This study assesses the portfolio concentration of socially responsible investment(SRI)pension funds,which may be subject to a potentially limited asset universe and have a higher concentration and lower performance t...This study assesses the portfolio concentration of socially responsible investment(SRI)pension funds,which may be subject to a potentially limited asset universe and have a higher concentration and lower performance than conventional funds.Nonetheless,in contrast to previous studies on SRI funds,this study considers the informationadvantage theory,positing that skilled managers should increase their concentration in assets in which they possess valuable information,departing from optimization models to achieve outperformance.This study first compares actual fund concentration with concentration obtained from several traditional and modern portfolio optimization techniques(minimum variance,global minimum variance,optimal portfolio,naïve diversification,risk parity,and reward-to-risk timing)to understand whether SRI pension funds concentrate portfolios and deviate from optimization model solutions.Unlike previous studies,the actual fund assets are considered in the optimization models to take into account the real investment profiles of SRI funds.The results indicate that SRI pension funds are less concentrated than conventional funds,and SRI and conventional pension funds largely diversify their portfolios,presenting lower concentration than portfolios formed with the optimization models.Furthermore,concentration strategies positively influence performance in SRI and conventional funds,revealing the use of information advantage.However,SRI and conventional fund managers present poor skills(picking,timing,and trading)to exploit information advantages due to overconfidence issues,which affect performance with concentration strategies.This situation may be modified if SRI funds follow modern optimization models and conventional funds follow traditional optimization models,improving managers’performance and skills.展开更多
A high-entropy matrix with highly polarizable elements sharing a rare-earth element at the same crystallographic site was designed using the chemical formula Ba_(1/5)Pb_(1/5)Sr_(1/5)RE_(1/5)K_(1/5)TiO_(3)(BPSREKTO),wh...A high-entropy matrix with highly polarizable elements sharing a rare-earth element at the same crystallographic site was designed using the chemical formula Ba_(1/5)Pb_(1/5)Sr_(1/5)RE_(1/5)K_(1/5)TiO_(3)(BPSREKTO),where rare-earth(RE)=La,Nb,Sm,Gd,Dy,Ho,Y,and Lu.Single-phase stability was observed only in the BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm high-entropy compounds.The crystal structure,optical properties,and ferroelectric nature of the single-phase ceramic compounds were investigated.Elemental and structural analyses revealed that all the cations were homogeneously distributed in a global centrosymmetric cubic structure(S.G.Pm3m).Optical absorption showed that the RE=Nd compound is more photoactive in the 200-1000 nm wavelength range,unlike the RE=La,Sm high-entropy compounds.The introduction of RE elements in high-entropy ceramic(HEC)systems affects the indirect bandgap of BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm.It was also found that cationic disorder increases the Urbach energy,leading to a decrease in the indirect energy bandgap in the HEC compound compared to the homologue BaTiO_(3)/SrTiO_(3) single-phase.The dielectric spectra show a broad peak in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss,which are shifted in temperatures with increasing frequencies due to a relaxor ferroelectric transition typical of the diffuse phase transitions.This relaxor behavior was unexpected,because the global crystal structure was centrosymmetric,implying an increase in the number of polar nanoregions(PNRs).These PNRs coexisting with non-polar regions(NPRs)were observed using piezo-force microscopy.Furthermore,the slim polarization loop confirmed the relaxor behavior of BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm.These ferroelectric features make these RE-modified HEC materials good candidates for high-energy storage applications.展开更多
Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints stil...Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints still impose heavy losses—downy mildewcan reduce yields by≈75%in humid regions and gray mold by 20–50%—sustaining the need for resistant cultivars.Producer selection,interspecific crossing,and formal improvement programs have generated~10,000 varieties,although only a few dozen dominate global acreage.Conventional breeding has delivered fungus-resistant“PIWI”cultivars that retain≥85%of the V.vinifera genome;in Austria,national PIWI varieties are gaining acceptance for combined resistance to downy and powdery mildew and strong enological quality,while in Brazil,using‘BRS Isis’as a male parent produced a high proportion of seedless progeny.Over the past two decades,mapping studies have identified>30 resistance loci to Plasmopara viticola(Rpv)and 15 to Erysiphe necator(Ren/Run),enabling MAS and locus pyramiding;widely deployed loci include Rpv1,Rpv3 haplotypes,Rpv10,Rpv12,Run1,Ren1,Ren3,and Ren9.Gene editing further expands options:CRISPR knockout of VvMLO3 confers powdery-mildew resistance,whereas VvPR4b knockout increases susceptibility to P.viticola,highlighting both opportunity and gene-specific risk.To date,no consolidated program-or country-level percentages exist for MAS/CRISPR adoption in grape.Instead,proxy indicators—MAS screening throughput,the number of programs employing MAS,and CRISPR’s laboratory/pilot status with no commercial releases—suggest broad operational MAS and early-stage CRISPR implementation;for example,Germany reported>23 disease-resistant grapevine varieties developed with MAS and the loci above by 2022.Finally,this review analyzes the future of grapevine breeding,with a particular emphasis on the adoption of novel approaches to multi-omics,AI in breeding models,and sustainability for improving breeding schemes.An interdisciplinary effort will be required to find future solutions,as viticulture has entered a precision breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by the industry and the fight for long-term sustainability of grape production.展开更多
Subterranean environments are buffered from external climatic fluctuations due to the absence of light and a delayed thermal response to surface conditions(Mammola 2019).Terrestrial salamanders are often found in subt...Subterranean environments are buffered from external climatic fluctuations due to the absence of light and a delayed thermal response to surface conditions(Mammola 2019).Terrestrial salamanders are often found in subterranean habitats,but few studies have assessed the influence of climatic effects on their long-term spatial distribution and niche breadth.In this study,we investigated the variability over 29 consecutive years of the spatial niche in a terrestrial salamander population inhabiting an artificial subterranean habitat.We hypothesized that juvenile salamanders,which are typically active near cave entrances and more exposed to climatic variability and dehydration(Peterman et al.2013),would exhibit an earlier and more variable behavioral adaptation to increasing external temperatures compared to adults.展开更多
The presence of heterozygous individuals in a population is crucial for maintaining genetic diversity,which can positively affect fitness and adaptability to environmental changes.While inbreeding generally reduces th...The presence of heterozygous individuals in a population is crucial for maintaining genetic diversity,which can positively affect fitness and adaptability to environmental changes.While inbreeding generally reduces the proportion of heterozygous individuals in a population,polyploidy tends to increase the proportion.North American Populus tremuloides is one of the most widely distributed and ecologically important tree species in the Northern Hemisphere.However,genetic variation in Mexican populations of P.tremuloides,including the genetic signatures of their adaptation to a variety of environments,remains largely uncharacterized.The aim of this study was to analyze how inbreeding coefficient(FIS)and ploidy are associated with clonal richness,population cover,climate and soil traits in 91 marginal to small,isolated populations of this tree species throughout its entire distribution in Mexico.Genetic variables were determined using 36,810 filtered SNPs derived from genome re-sequencing.We found that FIS was approximately between 0 and e1,indicating an extreme heterozygosity excess.One key contributor to the observed extreme heterozygosity excess was asexual reproduction,although ploidy levels cannot explain this excess.Analysis of all neutral SNPs showed that asexual reproduction was positively correlated with observed heterozygosity(Ho)but negatively correlated with expected heterozygosity(He).Analysis of outlier SNPs also showed that asexual reproductionwas positively correlated with Ho and negatively correlated with He,although this latter correlation was not significant.These findings support the presence of a Meselson effect.展开更多
The freeze-thaw process is crucial for forming soil macropore structure to promote movement of water and salt downward by preferential flow in seasonally frozen regions.However,the freeze-thaw process of soil is hinde...The freeze-thaw process is crucial for forming soil macropore structure to promote movement of water and salt downward by preferential flow in seasonally frozen regions.However,the freeze-thaw process of soil is hindered by the snowpack,and the effects of the snowpack on the soil macropore structure and its implications on the formation of preferential flow are not well understood.This study collected soil samples from Da’an City,Northeast China,on July 15 and 16,2022,and conducted an indoor soil column snowpack-freeze-thaw tracing experiment on October 10 to 30,2022,to reveal the impact of snowpack and freeze-thaw cycles(FTC)on the forma-tion of preferential flow.The experiments were carried out with three levels of initial moisture content(IMC)of the soil column,the times of freeze-thaw cycles(T-FTC),and the snowpack thickness(SPT).Results show that increases in both IMC and SPT decreased the max infiltration depth(MID)of preferential flow.Greater T-FTC increased the MID and non-uniformity of the wet front trace and promoted the creation of preferential flow.The T-FTC and IMC both increased the overall variability of preferential flow,but this vari-ability decreased with greater SPT.The length index(LI)had the most significant impact on the preferential flow index(PFI)with an entropy weight of 0.2340,while the height difference of the multifractal spectrum(Δf(α))had the most negligible impact with a weight of 0.0753.Finally,results of redundancy analysis(RDA)and structural equation model(SEM)show that multifractal characteristic in-dicators have a much stronger ability to reflect the degree of preferential flow than developmental characteristic indicators.The T-FTC was the most important factor driving the formation of preferential flow in snowpack-freeze-thaw cycles.Therefore,conducting re-search on preferential flow in cold and arid regions is greatly significant for the utilization of regional water resources and the improve-ment of soil ecological environments.展开更多
The environmental impact of combustion gas emissions during the cremation process in the municipality of Tlalmanalco,State of Mexico,was investigated.A TESTO 340 combustion analyzer was used over nine days to evaluate...The environmental impact of combustion gas emissions during the cremation process in the municipality of Tlalmanalco,State of Mexico,was investigated.A TESTO 340 combustion analyzer was used over nine days to evaluate 30 cremation services.The average emission values obtained were 84.03 g/h for NO_(2),7,050.9 g/h for SO_(2),and 46,194.4 g/h for CO.Using this data,the dispersion of these pollutants was analyzed with HYSPLIT software and compared with air quality standards.Results showed that the gases dispersed effectively in the air within 1 h,ensuring no risk to the population.However,CO emissions exceeded the limit set by the NADF-017-AIRE-2017 standard for fixed sources,while NO_(2)emissions remained below the permissible limit.展开更多
Climate change is a pressing global issue primarily driven by increased concentrations of GHGs(Greenhouse Gases)in the atmosphere.GHGs such as CO_(2)(Carbon Dioxide),CH_(4)(Methane),and N_(2)O(Nitrous Oxide)trap solar...Climate change is a pressing global issue primarily driven by increased concentrations of GHGs(Greenhouse Gases)in the atmosphere.GHGs such as CO_(2)(Carbon Dioxide),CH_(4)(Methane),and N_(2)O(Nitrous Oxide)trap solar radiation,contributing to global warming.This study presents a GHG emissions inventory for an agrochemical production plant based on ISO(International Organization for Standardization)14064-1:2018.Emissions from both direct(fuel combustion)and indirect(electricity consumption)sources were quantified.Results indicate that indirect emissions from electricity use account for 91%of total GHGs,while direct emissions from fossil fuel combustion contribute 9%.Electricity consumption emerged as the primary contributor to the plant’s carbon footprint.展开更多
Herein,we present the electrocatalytic four-electron hydrogenation of oxalic acid into glycolic acid using black TiO_(2)as an electrocatalyst.Oxalic acid is an abundant compound found in several sources of organic was...Herein,we present the electrocatalytic four-electron hydrogenation of oxalic acid into glycolic acid using black TiO_(2)as an electrocatalyst.Oxalic acid is an abundant compound found in several sources of organic waste.The results showed a high selectivity of black TiO_(2)toward glycolic acid,with the formation of glyoxylic acid being the rate-limiting step (glyoxylic acid is the two-electron intermediate).The highest Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 69.6%±8.3% was achieved at 10.2 mA cm^(-2)in 4 h of electrolysis using an H-type cell operated at room temperature,with 50.2%±3.8% of oxalic acid conversion (degradation kinetic constant k=0.0042±0.0001 min-1),58.8%±7.0%of reaction yield and 1.2±0.18 g L-1of glycolic acid production.A theoretical model of black TiO_(2)coming from anatase TiO_(2)was implemented by introducing Ti3+defects,which gave black TiO_(2)the theoretical capability to easily transform oxalic acid into glycolic acid as experimentally observed.The reaction mechanism was supported and described in detail by density functional theory calculations,which revealed that surface Ti^(3+)states were the main catalytic sites.This is the first time that a detailed step-by-step mechanism at the atomic level has been proposed for this electrocatalytic reaction,which represents a valuable contribution to the understanding of this process of high energy/environmental interest.This is also the first time that black TiO_(2)has been used as an electrocatalyst for this sustainable process.展开更多
In contrast to glaciological studies in Mexico,periglacial studies are very recent and limited to the analysis of the general permafrost cover in the high mountains of the country.Although some of the studies on the r...In contrast to glaciological studies in Mexico,periglacial studies are very recent and limited to the analysis of the general permafrost cover in the high mountains of the country.Although some of the studies on the reconstruction of Pleistocene glaciers in Mexico mention the existence of rock glaciers,to date no work has been done to study their physical properties or determining their state of conservation.Since rock glaciers are the most important visible indicators of mountain permafrost(along with features such as gelifluction lobes and patterned ground)and given that the“Nevado”rock glacier is the main example of its kind in Mexico,this study analyzes its internal temperature and assesses its state of conservation.The investigation was carried out by drilling and thermal monitoring of rock profiles as well as air.The results indicate that at present,the“Nevado”seems to lack permafrost inside.Although there is evidence of surface freezing during the winter months in the upper part of the rock glacier,in the lower portion it is almost unnoticed;and in both parts the internal temperature shows a tendency towards positive values as depth increases,a situation that predominates throughout the year.In addition,according to the records of the climatological station located in the lower part of the rock glacier,although the annual rainfall regime could be favorable for the formation and feeding of interstitial or segregated ice,the air temperature conditions throughout the year prevent permanent freezing.The sum of the above determines that at present the“Nevado”could be considered as an inactive and relict-type rock glacier;the presence of vegetation on the surface of the debris that make it up corroborates its inactivity.展开更多
Bioclimatic classification(WBCS),which examines the relationship between vegetation distribution and climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature,is essential for understanding the ecological dynamics.This...Bioclimatic classification(WBCS),which examines the relationship between vegetation distribution and climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature,is essential for understanding the ecological dynamics.This research focuses on producing a detailed bioclimatic map of Oaxaca,Mexico,at a spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds,using the methodology developed by Rivas-Martínez et al.(2011).Oaxaca,characterised by its complex topography and diverse climatic conditions,provides a unique opportunity to study bioclimatic patterns in a tropical region.Using high-resolution climate data from Chelsa database,we identified and mapped different bioclimates,variants,thermotypes and ombrotypes horizons and levels of continentality within the tropical macrobioclimate.Our analysis revealed a rich diversity of bioclimatic zones,reflecting the complex interplay between Oaxaca's physical geography and its bioclimates.The results,presented in high resolution maps,highlight the spatial variability and complexity of Oaxaca's bioclimatic landscape.These findings are crucial for several applications,including biodiversity conservation,agricultural planning and climate change adaptation strategies.By providing an accurate bioclimatic classification,this study makes a significant contribution to bioclimatology and could give valuable insights into climate-vegetation relationships in tropical regions.This detailed bioclimatic map improves our understanding of the current ecological status of Oaxaca and serves as a critical tool for future environmental planning and conservation efforts.Furthermore,it could be the basis for planning in national programs that consider agriculture and forests in Mexico such as Programa Sembrando Vida(PSV).展开更多
The effect of MnO4- and silver content on electrochemical behaviour of five commercial Pb-Ag alloy anodes was studied in acid zinc sulphate electrolyte with and without MnO4- ions at 38 °C during potential decay ...The effect of MnO4- and silver content on electrochemical behaviour of five commercial Pb-Ag alloy anodes was studied in acid zinc sulphate electrolyte with and without MnO4- ions at 38 °C during potential decay periods. When the anodes were immersed into acid zinc sulphate electrolyte without MnO4- ions, the Pb-0.72%Ag anode entered complete passivation state in the shortest time among the five anodes, followed by anodes Pb-0.67%Ag, Pb-0.60%Ag, Pb-0.58%Ag and Pb-0.29%Ag-0.1%Ca by measurement of open circuit potential. During immersion of the anodes, MnO4 ions accelerated the passivation and increased the corrosion current density of the anodes. After immersion in zinc electrolyte with MnO4-, the anode Pb-0.72%Ag had the best corrosion resistance, followed by anodes Pb-0.67%Ag, Pb-0.60%Ag, then the close anodes Pb-0.58%Ag and Pb-0.29%Ag-0.1%Ca by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） analysis.展开更多
基金Supported by 2025 Gansu Provincial Party School(Institute of Administration)System Social Science Planning Project(QSDXYB2025046).
文摘The No.1 Central Document of 2024 emphasizes the need to learn from and apply the experience of the"Thousand-Village Demonstration,Ten-Thousand-Village Renovation"project to paint a new picture of livable,workable,harmonious,and beautiful villages,thereby accelerating agricultural and rural modernization and better advancing the construction of Chinese modernization.This paper,based on elucidating the scientific connotations and logical pathways of the"Thousand-Village Demonstration,Ten-Thousand-Village Renovation"project and"harmonious and beautiful villages",analyzes the practices of building"harmonious and beautiful villages"in Gansu Province.It proposes learning from the experience of coordinated advancement in the"Thousand-Village Demonstration,Ten-Thousand-Village Renovation"project to strengthen infrastructure and public service construction;learning from the experience of adapting to local conditions to reinforce rural industrial drive and integrated development;learning from the experience of environmental optimization and shaping to accelerate the improvement of human settlements and ecological civilization construction;and learning from the experience of co-construction,co-governance,and sharing to speed up rural governance and spiritual civilization development,thereby aiding the construction of harmonious and beautiful villages in Gansu.
文摘The Trombe Wall(TW)is a low-cost,passive heating system known for its high thermal efficiency,particularly in cold and temperate climates.Recent research has explored its adaptability to warm-dry climates with high thermal variability,such as those found in central Mexico.This study presents a dynamic simulation-based analysis of the TW’s thermal performance in a representative social housing unit located in Pachuca de Soto,Hidalgo.Two models were compared—one with a south-facing TW system and one without—to evaluate indoor thermal comfort throughout a full annual cycle.The simulations were conducted using OpenStudio and EnergyPlus,integrating detailed climate data and construction parameters.Results indicate significant improvements in interior temperature stability and comfort during winter,with temperature increases of up to 5.1℃ in living areas.The system’s implementation made it possible to attain a new level of average winter indoor temperature of 18.3℃ by using solar energy,up from 14.4℃ without mechanical heating.The introduction of the TW significantly reduces the interior thermal oscillation and enhances the habitability conditions during the winter,with an increase of 167%in the annual number of hours within the thermal comfort range of 18℃–24℃ vs.the base model.Currently,temperature fluctuations inside buildings due to climate change affect the health of users.The system presented in this study reduces these temperature fluctuations to improve quality of life.
文摘Dear Editor,Dengue virus(DENV)is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family,which causes dengue—a disease affecting over 400 million people annually worldwide.DENV is transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes from the Aedes genus,primarily Aedes aegypti,and has a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas(de Souza et al.,2022).
基金supported by Government of Aragon[Grant S38_20R]Ibercaja and University of Zaragoza[Grants JIUZ-2021-SOC-03 and JIUZ2022-CSJ-24]Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and FEDER[PID2022-136818NB-100].
文摘This study assesses the portfolio concentration of socially responsible investment(SRI)pension funds,which may be subject to a potentially limited asset universe and have a higher concentration and lower performance than conventional funds.Nonetheless,in contrast to previous studies on SRI funds,this study considers the informationadvantage theory,positing that skilled managers should increase their concentration in assets in which they possess valuable information,departing from optimization models to achieve outperformance.This study first compares actual fund concentration with concentration obtained from several traditional and modern portfolio optimization techniques(minimum variance,global minimum variance,optimal portfolio,naïve diversification,risk parity,and reward-to-risk timing)to understand whether SRI pension funds concentrate portfolios and deviate from optimization model solutions.Unlike previous studies,the actual fund assets are considered in the optimization models to take into account the real investment profiles of SRI funds.The results indicate that SRI pension funds are less concentrated than conventional funds,and SRI and conventional pension funds largely diversify their portfolios,presenting lower concentration than portfolios formed with the optimization models.Furthermore,concentration strategies positively influence performance in SRI and conventional funds,revealing the use of information advantage.However,SRI and conventional fund managers present poor skills(picking,timing,and trading)to exploit information advantages due to overconfidence issues,which affect performance with concentration strategies.This situation may be modified if SRI funds follow modern optimization models and conventional funds follow traditional optimization models,improving managers’performance and skills.
基金the National Autonomous University of México(UNAM)through the Support Program for Technological Research and Innovation Projects(DGAPAPAPIIT),grants No.IN103623.
文摘A high-entropy matrix with highly polarizable elements sharing a rare-earth element at the same crystallographic site was designed using the chemical formula Ba_(1/5)Pb_(1/5)Sr_(1/5)RE_(1/5)K_(1/5)TiO_(3)(BPSREKTO),where rare-earth(RE)=La,Nb,Sm,Gd,Dy,Ho,Y,and Lu.Single-phase stability was observed only in the BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm high-entropy compounds.The crystal structure,optical properties,and ferroelectric nature of the single-phase ceramic compounds were investigated.Elemental and structural analyses revealed that all the cations were homogeneously distributed in a global centrosymmetric cubic structure(S.G.Pm3m).Optical absorption showed that the RE=Nd compound is more photoactive in the 200-1000 nm wavelength range,unlike the RE=La,Sm high-entropy compounds.The introduction of RE elements in high-entropy ceramic(HEC)systems affects the indirect bandgap of BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm.It was also found that cationic disorder increases the Urbach energy,leading to a decrease in the indirect energy bandgap in the HEC compound compared to the homologue BaTiO_(3)/SrTiO_(3) single-phase.The dielectric spectra show a broad peak in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss,which are shifted in temperatures with increasing frequencies due to a relaxor ferroelectric transition typical of the diffuse phase transitions.This relaxor behavior was unexpected,because the global crystal structure was centrosymmetric,implying an increase in the number of polar nanoregions(PNRs).These PNRs coexisting with non-polar regions(NPRs)were observed using piezo-force microscopy.Furthermore,the slim polarization loop confirmed the relaxor behavior of BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm.These ferroelectric features make these RE-modified HEC materials good candidates for high-energy storage applications.
文摘Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints still impose heavy losses—downy mildewcan reduce yields by≈75%in humid regions and gray mold by 20–50%—sustaining the need for resistant cultivars.Producer selection,interspecific crossing,and formal improvement programs have generated~10,000 varieties,although only a few dozen dominate global acreage.Conventional breeding has delivered fungus-resistant“PIWI”cultivars that retain≥85%of the V.vinifera genome;in Austria,national PIWI varieties are gaining acceptance for combined resistance to downy and powdery mildew and strong enological quality,while in Brazil,using‘BRS Isis’as a male parent produced a high proportion of seedless progeny.Over the past two decades,mapping studies have identified>30 resistance loci to Plasmopara viticola(Rpv)and 15 to Erysiphe necator(Ren/Run),enabling MAS and locus pyramiding;widely deployed loci include Rpv1,Rpv3 haplotypes,Rpv10,Rpv12,Run1,Ren1,Ren3,and Ren9.Gene editing further expands options:CRISPR knockout of VvMLO3 confers powdery-mildew resistance,whereas VvPR4b knockout increases susceptibility to P.viticola,highlighting both opportunity and gene-specific risk.To date,no consolidated program-or country-level percentages exist for MAS/CRISPR adoption in grape.Instead,proxy indicators—MAS screening throughput,the number of programs employing MAS,and CRISPR’s laboratory/pilot status with no commercial releases—suggest broad operational MAS and early-stage CRISPR implementation;for example,Germany reported>23 disease-resistant grapevine varieties developed with MAS and the loci above by 2022.Finally,this review analyzes the future of grapevine breeding,with a particular emphasis on the adoption of novel approaches to multi-omics,AI in breeding models,and sustainability for improving breeding schemes.An interdisciplinary effort will be required to find future solutions,as viticulture has entered a precision breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by the industry and the fight for long-term sustainability of grape production.
文摘Subterranean environments are buffered from external climatic fluctuations due to the absence of light and a delayed thermal response to surface conditions(Mammola 2019).Terrestrial salamanders are often found in subterranean habitats,but few studies have assessed the influence of climatic effects on their long-term spatial distribution and niche breadth.In this study,we investigated the variability over 29 consecutive years of the spatial niche in a terrestrial salamander population inhabiting an artificial subterranean habitat.We hypothesized that juvenile salamanders,which are typically active near cave entrances and more exposed to climatic variability and dehydration(Peterman et al.2013),would exhibit an earlier and more variable behavioral adaptation to increasing external temperatures compared to adults.
基金We thank the Mexican Consejo Nacional de Humanidades,Ciencias y Tecnologías(CONAHCYT)for the financial support provided to the first author to carry out his training in the Institutional Doctoral Program in Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(PIDCAFUJED)with Scholarship No.334852financial support with agreement number CONACYT-FRQ-2016:279459 for the project“Genome-wide scans for detecting adaptation to climate and soil in Populus tremuloides as the most widely distributed tree species in North America”Dr.Jesús M.Olivas-García assisted in the sampling in the state of Chihuahua,Mexico,and Katrin Groppe,Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics,Germany,provided excellent lab work.The Emerging Leaders of the Americas Program(ELAP)of the Government of Canada awarded a scholarship and the Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology(IBIS)of Laval University allowed the use of its campus and contributed to the training of the first author.
文摘The presence of heterozygous individuals in a population is crucial for maintaining genetic diversity,which can positively affect fitness and adaptability to environmental changes.While inbreeding generally reduces the proportion of heterozygous individuals in a population,polyploidy tends to increase the proportion.North American Populus tremuloides is one of the most widely distributed and ecologically important tree species in the Northern Hemisphere.However,genetic variation in Mexican populations of P.tremuloides,including the genetic signatures of their adaptation to a variety of environments,remains largely uncharacterized.The aim of this study was to analyze how inbreeding coefficient(FIS)and ploidy are associated with clonal richness,population cover,climate and soil traits in 91 marginal to small,isolated populations of this tree species throughout its entire distribution in Mexico.Genetic variables were determined using 36,810 filtered SNPs derived from genome re-sequencing.We found that FIS was approximately between 0 and e1,indicating an extreme heterozygosity excess.One key contributor to the observed extreme heterozygosity excess was asexual reproduction,although ploidy levels cannot explain this excess.Analysis of all neutral SNPs showed that asexual reproduction was positively correlated with observed heterozygosity(Ho)but negatively correlated with expected heterozygosity(He).Analysis of outlier SNPs also showed that asexual reproductionwas positively correlated with Ho and negatively correlated with He,although this latter correlation was not significant.These findings support the presence of a Meselson effect.
基金Under the auspices of the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42272299)The Key Projects of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.20240203004NC)+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFD1500500)Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University(No.2024CX111)。
文摘The freeze-thaw process is crucial for forming soil macropore structure to promote movement of water and salt downward by preferential flow in seasonally frozen regions.However,the freeze-thaw process of soil is hindered by the snowpack,and the effects of the snowpack on the soil macropore structure and its implications on the formation of preferential flow are not well understood.This study collected soil samples from Da’an City,Northeast China,on July 15 and 16,2022,and conducted an indoor soil column snowpack-freeze-thaw tracing experiment on October 10 to 30,2022,to reveal the impact of snowpack and freeze-thaw cycles(FTC)on the forma-tion of preferential flow.The experiments were carried out with three levels of initial moisture content(IMC)of the soil column,the times of freeze-thaw cycles(T-FTC),and the snowpack thickness(SPT).Results show that increases in both IMC and SPT decreased the max infiltration depth(MID)of preferential flow.Greater T-FTC increased the MID and non-uniformity of the wet front trace and promoted the creation of preferential flow.The T-FTC and IMC both increased the overall variability of preferential flow,but this vari-ability decreased with greater SPT.The length index(LI)had the most significant impact on the preferential flow index(PFI)with an entropy weight of 0.2340,while the height difference of the multifractal spectrum(Δf(α))had the most negligible impact with a weight of 0.0753.Finally,results of redundancy analysis(RDA)and structural equation model(SEM)show that multifractal characteristic in-dicators have a much stronger ability to reflect the degree of preferential flow than developmental characteristic indicators.The T-FTC was the most important factor driving the formation of preferential flow in snowpack-freeze-thaw cycles.Therefore,conducting re-search on preferential flow in cold and arid regions is greatly significant for the utilization of regional water resources and the improve-ment of soil ecological environments.
文摘The environmental impact of combustion gas emissions during the cremation process in the municipality of Tlalmanalco,State of Mexico,was investigated.A TESTO 340 combustion analyzer was used over nine days to evaluate 30 cremation services.The average emission values obtained were 84.03 g/h for NO_(2),7,050.9 g/h for SO_(2),and 46,194.4 g/h for CO.Using this data,the dispersion of these pollutants was analyzed with HYSPLIT software and compared with air quality standards.Results showed that the gases dispersed effectively in the air within 1 h,ensuring no risk to the population.However,CO emissions exceeded the limit set by the NADF-017-AIRE-2017 standard for fixed sources,while NO_(2)emissions remained below the permissible limit.
文摘Climate change is a pressing global issue primarily driven by increased concentrations of GHGs(Greenhouse Gases)in the atmosphere.GHGs such as CO_(2)(Carbon Dioxide),CH_(4)(Methane),and N_(2)O(Nitrous Oxide)trap solar radiation,contributing to global warming.This study presents a GHG emissions inventory for an agrochemical production plant based on ISO(International Organization for Standardization)14064-1:2018.Emissions from both direct(fuel combustion)and indirect(electricity consumption)sources were quantified.Results indicate that indirect emissions from electricity use account for 91%of total GHGs,while direct emissions from fossil fuel combustion contribute 9%.Electricity consumption emerged as the primary contributor to the plant’s carbon footprint.
基金DGAPA (Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Acadé-mico) under Projects No. IA103521, IA209223 and IN111722Supercomputing Department of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México for the computing resources under Projects No. LANCAD-UNAM-DGTIC-427 and LANCAD-UNAM-DGTIC-370CONAHCYT-México for their postdoctoral fellowships。
文摘Herein,we present the electrocatalytic four-electron hydrogenation of oxalic acid into glycolic acid using black TiO_(2)as an electrocatalyst.Oxalic acid is an abundant compound found in several sources of organic waste.The results showed a high selectivity of black TiO_(2)toward glycolic acid,with the formation of glyoxylic acid being the rate-limiting step (glyoxylic acid is the two-electron intermediate).The highest Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 69.6%±8.3% was achieved at 10.2 mA cm^(-2)in 4 h of electrolysis using an H-type cell operated at room temperature,with 50.2%±3.8% of oxalic acid conversion (degradation kinetic constant k=0.0042±0.0001 min-1),58.8%±7.0%of reaction yield and 1.2±0.18 g L-1of glycolic acid production.A theoretical model of black TiO_(2)coming from anatase TiO_(2)was implemented by introducing Ti3+defects,which gave black TiO_(2)the theoretical capability to easily transform oxalic acid into glycolic acid as experimentally observed.The reaction mechanism was supported and described in detail by density functional theory calculations,which revealed that surface Ti^(3+)states were the main catalytic sites.This is the first time that a detailed step-by-step mechanism at the atomic level has been proposed for this electrocatalytic reaction,which represents a valuable contribution to the understanding of this process of high energy/environmental interest.This is also the first time that black TiO_(2)has been used as an electrocatalyst for this sustainable process.
文摘In contrast to glaciological studies in Mexico,periglacial studies are very recent and limited to the analysis of the general permafrost cover in the high mountains of the country.Although some of the studies on the reconstruction of Pleistocene glaciers in Mexico mention the existence of rock glaciers,to date no work has been done to study their physical properties or determining their state of conservation.Since rock glaciers are the most important visible indicators of mountain permafrost(along with features such as gelifluction lobes and patterned ground)and given that the“Nevado”rock glacier is the main example of its kind in Mexico,this study analyzes its internal temperature and assesses its state of conservation.The investigation was carried out by drilling and thermal monitoring of rock profiles as well as air.The results indicate that at present,the“Nevado”seems to lack permafrost inside.Although there is evidence of surface freezing during the winter months in the upper part of the rock glacier,in the lower portion it is almost unnoticed;and in both parts the internal temperature shows a tendency towards positive values as depth increases,a situation that predominates throughout the year.In addition,according to the records of the climatological station located in the lower part of the rock glacier,although the annual rainfall regime could be favorable for the formation and feeding of interstitial or segregated ice,the air temperature conditions throughout the year prevent permanent freezing.The sum of the above determines that at present the“Nevado”could be considered as an inactive and relict-type rock glacier;the presence of vegetation on the surface of the debris that make it up corroborates its inactivity.
基金support is acknowledged from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Project:DGAPA-PAPIIT IN105721,Project IN229325 DGAPAUNAM and Posdoc scholarship for Alejandro González-Pérez(UNAM-DGAPA Postdoctoral Program).
文摘Bioclimatic classification(WBCS),which examines the relationship between vegetation distribution and climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature,is essential for understanding the ecological dynamics.This research focuses on producing a detailed bioclimatic map of Oaxaca,Mexico,at a spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds,using the methodology developed by Rivas-Martínez et al.(2011).Oaxaca,characterised by its complex topography and diverse climatic conditions,provides a unique opportunity to study bioclimatic patterns in a tropical region.Using high-resolution climate data from Chelsa database,we identified and mapped different bioclimates,variants,thermotypes and ombrotypes horizons and levels of continentality within the tropical macrobioclimate.Our analysis revealed a rich diversity of bioclimatic zones,reflecting the complex interplay between Oaxaca's physical geography and its bioclimates.The results,presented in high resolution maps,highlight the spatial variability and complexity of Oaxaca's bioclimatic landscape.These findings are crucial for several applications,including biodiversity conservation,agricultural planning and climate change adaptation strategies.By providing an accurate bioclimatic classification,this study makes a significant contribution to bioclimatology and could give valuable insights into climate-vegetation relationships in tropical regions.This detailed bioclimatic map improves our understanding of the current ecological status of Oaxaca and serves as a critical tool for future environmental planning and conservation efforts.Furthermore,it could be the basis for planning in national programs that consider agriculture and forests in Mexico such as Programa Sembrando Vida(PSV).
基金Project(RDCPJ346365-06)supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaProject(51208193)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(11jj6034)supported by the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation
文摘The effect of MnO4- and silver content on electrochemical behaviour of five commercial Pb-Ag alloy anodes was studied in acid zinc sulphate electrolyte with and without MnO4- ions at 38 °C during potential decay periods. When the anodes were immersed into acid zinc sulphate electrolyte without MnO4- ions, the Pb-0.72%Ag anode entered complete passivation state in the shortest time among the five anodes, followed by anodes Pb-0.67%Ag, Pb-0.60%Ag, Pb-0.58%Ag and Pb-0.29%Ag-0.1%Ca by measurement of open circuit potential. During immersion of the anodes, MnO4 ions accelerated the passivation and increased the corrosion current density of the anodes. After immersion in zinc electrolyte with MnO4-, the anode Pb-0.72%Ag had the best corrosion resistance, followed by anodes Pb-0.67%Ag, Pb-0.60%Ag, then the close anodes Pb-0.58%Ag and Pb-0.29%Ag-0.1%Ca by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） analysis.
