Recently, we have demonstrated the ability of naringin, a well-known flavanone glycoside of grapefruits and citrus fruits, to prevent neurodegeneration in a neurotoxin model of Parkinson＇s disease. Intraperitoneal in...Recently, we have demonstrated the ability of naringin, a well-known flavanone glycoside of grapefruits and citrus fruits, to prevent neurodegeneration in a neurotoxin model of Parkinson＇s disease. Intraperitoneal injection of naringin protected the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection by increasing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression and decreasing the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in dopaminergic neurons and microglia, respectively. These results suggest that naringin can impart to the adult dopaminergic neurons the ability to produce glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor against Parkinson＇s disease with anti-inflammatory effects. Based on these results, we would like to describe an important perspective on its possibility as a therapeutic agent for Parkinson＇s disease.展开更多
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)is a highly aggressive and devastating disease arising primarily from the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity,pharynx,and larynx.HNSCC ranks as the sixth most common cance...Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)is a highly aggressive and devastating disease arising primarily from the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity,pharynx,and larynx.HNSCC ranks as the sixth most common cancer worldwide,carrying significant morbidity and mortality.HPV-positive HNSCC can be partially prevented with the FDA-approved HPV vaccine and generally exhibits a more favorable prognosis compared to HPV-negative cases.However,effective screening and treatment approaches remain elusive for HPV-negative HNSCC.While precancerous lesions may precede invasive cancer in certain situations,most patients present with advanced disease without prior indication of precancerous conditions.Despite robust immune cell infiltration in HNSCC tumors,the extent and composition of immune infiltration vary widely among patients,and these tumors often evade immune surveillance through diverse mechanisms.Given the heterogeneous nature of HNSCC influenced by anatomical location and etiological factors,precise identification of biomarkers and personalized treatment strategies are imperative.In this study,we aim to explore the possibility of establishing an effective treatment strategy to overcome obstacles to targeted treatment and enable long-term survival through detailed molecular characterization and immune profiling of HNSCC.展开更多
AIM: To investigate long-term effects of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), weight-loss supplement, on adiposity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese mice. METHODS: Obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet ...AIM: To investigate long-term effects of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), weight-loss supplement, on adiposity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese mice. METHODS: Obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45 kcal% fat) with or without GC (1%, w/w) for 16 wk. The HFD contained 45 kcal% fat, 20 kcal% protein and 35 kcal% carbohydrate. They were given free access to food and distilled water, and food consumption and body weight were measured daily and weekly, respectively. Data were expressed as the mean ± SE. Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package for the social science software program. Student's t test was used to assess the differences between the groups. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in body weight and food intake between the groups. However, the supplementation of GC significantly lowered visceral fat accumulation and adipocyte size via inhibition of fatty acid synthase activity and its mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue, along with enhanced enzymatic activity and gene expression involved in adipose fatty acid β-oxidation. Moreover, GC supplementation resulted in significant reductions in glucose intolerance and the plasma resistin level in the HFD-fed mice. However, we first demonstrated that it increased hepatic collagen accumulation, lipid peroxidation and mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and inflammatory responses (tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) as well as plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels, although HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was not altered. CONCLUSION: GC protects against HFD-induced obesity by modulating adipose fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation but induces hepatic fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.展开更多
The progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic（DA）neurons and the biochemical reduction of striatal dopamine levels are associated with major clinical symptoms,including tremor at rest,rigidity of the limbs,slo...The progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic（DA）neurons and the biochemical reduction of striatal dopamine levels are associated with major clinical symptoms,including tremor at rest,rigidity of the limbs,slowness and paucity of voluntary movement（bradykinesia）.展开更多
Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic （DA） neurons and a decrease in striatal dopamine, which is associated with clinical movement disorders including a tremor ...Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic （DA） neurons and a decrease in striatal dopamine, which is associated with clinical movement disorders including a tremor at rest, rigidity of the limbs, bra- dykinesia （slowness and paucity of voluntary movement） and postural instability （a tendency to fall even in the absence of weakness or cerebellar balance disturbance） （Kim et al., 2012）. Although the lack of fully understanding of the etiology of PD, accumulating evidence suggests that microglial activation （Kim et al., 2010） and insufficient support of neurotrophic factors （Kim et al., 2012; Nam et al., 2014） may be crucial for the ini- tiation and progression of PD. Thus the control of microglial activation and the support of neurotrophic factors may be useful to prevent the degeneration of the nigrostriatal DA pro- jections in the adult brain.展开更多
Neuroinflammation,an intricate inflammatory process occurring in the central nervous system(CNS),plays an important role in host defense.Glial cells,including astrocytes and microglia,along with cytokines,chemokines,a...Neuroinflammation,an intricate inflammatory process occurring in the central nervous system(CNS),plays an important role in host defense.Glial cells,including astrocytes and microglia,along with cytokines,chemokines,and the complement system are important components of neuroinflammation.A low level of neuroinflammation is associated with and contributes to various homeostatic and neuroprotective processes,such as removing pathogens or cellular debris and promoting tissue repair after brain injury.展开更多
A critical unaddressed problem in Parkinson’s disease is the lack of therapy that slows or hampers neurodegeneration.While medications effectively manage symptoms,they offer no long-term benefit because they fail to ...A critical unaddressed problem in Parkinson’s disease is the lack of therapy that slows or hampers neurodegeneration.While medications effectively manage symptoms,they offer no long-term benefit because they fail to address the underlying neuronal loss.This highlights that the elusive goals of halting progression and restoring damaged neurons limit the long-term impact of current approaches.Recent clinical trials using gene therapy have demonstrated the safety of various vector delivery systems,dosages,and transgenes expressed in the central nervous system,signifying tangible and substantial progress in applying gene therapy as a promising Parkinson’s disease treatment.Intriguingly,at diagnosis,many dopamine neurons remain in the substantia nigra,offering a potential window for recovery and survival.We propose that modulating these surviving dopamine neurons and axons in the substantia nigra and striatum using gene therapy offers a potentially more impactful therapeutic approach for future research.Moreover,innovative gene therapies that focus on preserving the remaining elements may have significant potential for enhancing long-term outcomes and the quality of life for patients with Parkinson’s disease.In this review,we provide a perspective on how gene therapy can protect vulnerable elements in the substantia nigra and striatum,offering a novel approach to addressing Parkinson’s disease at its core.展开更多
Neuroinflammation has been identified as a crucial element in several neurological disorders. Glial cells play a critical role in directing neuroinflammation, both in deleterious and beneficial ways.
The defining neuropathological feature of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic （DA） projections. This results in striatal dopamine levels and a biochemical reduction of movement diso...The defining neuropathological feature of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic （DA） projections. This results in striatal dopamine levels and a biochemical reduction of movement disorders, such as a tremor at rest, rigidity of the limbs, bradykinesia, and postural instability （Kim et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012; Burke and O＇Malley, 2013; Leem et al., 2014; Namet al., 2014）.展开更多
Biological roles of astrocyte elevated gene-1(AEG-1):AEG-1,also known as metadherin,was originally identified as a human immunodeficiency virus-1-and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-inducible gene in human fetal astrocyte...Biological roles of astrocyte elevated gene-1(AEG-1):AEG-1,also known as metadherin,was originally identified as a human immunodeficiency virus-1-and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-inducible gene in human fetal astrocytes.The increase in AEG-1 expression is a well-established and important oncogenic event in various types of human cancer,and its upregulation triggers evasion of cellular apoptosis,metastasis,and invasion in cancer(Emdad at al.,2016;Dhiman et al.,2019).AEG-1 can promote tumor progression via multiple phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)pathways,contributing to an invasive phenotype and angiogenesis(Emdad at al.,2016;Dhiman et al.,2019).In addition,there is evidence for a functional link between AEG-1 and pro-survival mechanisms in various cancers(Dhiman et al.,2019),suggesting that AEG-1 is a key molecule for oncogenic events in cancer.展开更多
Neurotrophic factors against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and Parkinson’s disease(PD):A clear understanding of the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases,such as AD and PD remains elusiv...Neurotrophic factors against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and Parkinson’s disease(PD):A clear understanding of the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases,such as AD and PD remains elusive.Although there is still no therapy to prevent or block neurodegeneration,in vivo and in vitro experimental results have shown that the direct administration of neurotrophic factors,such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF),and the induction of these neurotrophic factors via specific gene delivery may protect neurons against neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease models(Kim et al.,2012;Jeong et al.,2013,2015).展开更多
Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease(PD): Oxidative stress is the imbalance between oxidants, which generate reactive oxygen species(ROS;free radicals), and antioxidants, which remove free radicals.Under health...Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease(PD): Oxidative stress is the imbalance between oxidants, which generate reactive oxygen species(ROS;free radicals), and antioxidants, which remove free radicals.Under healthy conditions, the levels of oxidants and antioxidants are wellbalanced.However, excessive production of ROS and a deficiency of antioxidants leads to oxidative stress, which may be the cause of accelerating the development of neurodegenerative diseases(Hwang, 2013), suggesting that the prevention of ROS production and reduction of oxidative stress is critical for both the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including PD.展开更多
Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease:Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the prooxidative and anti-oxidative states that are part of normal cell metabolism that results in the elevated production of re...Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease:Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the prooxidative and anti-oxidative states that are part of normal cell metabolism that results in the elevated production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and free radicals.These products oxidize lipids,proteins,and DNA,significantly threatening the integrity of neurons(Pratico,2008;Padurariu et al.,2013).展开更多
Neurodegenerative diseases,a group of disorders associated with advanced age,are typified by the disease-specific accumulation of mutant proteins and neuroinflammation.For decades,treatment modalities for these disord...Neurodegenerative diseases,a group of disorders associated with advanced age,are typified by the disease-specific accumulation of mutant proteins and neuroinflammation.For decades,treatment modalities for these disorders have focused on addressing neuronal malfu nction,which has resulted in the failure of therapies.Recent studies have identified the crucial role of glial cells in exacerbating neurodegenerative processes via the release of neuroinflammatory mediators.Glia,the major immune component of the central nervous system (CNS),undergo numerous phenotypic transitions and regulate the outcomes of various pathologies (Afridi et al.,2022).展开更多
Microglial activation in Alzheimer’s disease(AD):In 1907,Dr.Alois Alzheimer,a Bavarian-born German psychiatrist and neuropathologist,published an article describing the clinical and neuropathological features of an u...Microglial activation in Alzheimer’s disease(AD):In 1907,Dr.Alois Alzheimer,a Bavarian-born German psychiatrist and neuropathologist,published an article describing the clinical and neuropathological features of an unclassified psychiatric disorder.The disorder was later named AD and is currently the most common brain disorder(Takata et al.,2021).AD involves the accumulation of amyloid-β(Aβ)and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in the brain,which are associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles,respectively(Vergara et al.,2019;Takata et al.,2021).AD is characterized by cognitive impairment and memory loss with hippocampal neurodegeneration(Kim et al.,2021).展开更多
In a recent publication in Cell,Liebana and colleagues demonstrate that dopamine acts as a circuit-specific teaching signal,shaping individual learning trajectories over time.These reward prediction error(RPE)signals ...In a recent publication in Cell,Liebana and colleagues demonstrate that dopamine acts as a circuit-specific teaching signal,shaping individual learning trajectories over time.These reward prediction error(RPE)signals refine behavior by selectively reinforcing neural pathways,revealing a key mechanism through which dopamine guides personalized learning strategies beyond classical reward-based models.展开更多
Dear Editor Aging is linked to changes in brain function that lead to physical decline,including motor deficits and skeletal muscle loss.while maintaining motor activity is crucial for improving the quality of life in...Dear Editor Aging is linked to changes in brain function that lead to physical decline,including motor deficits and skeletal muscle loss.while maintaining motor activity is crucial for improving the quality of life in the elderly,there is limited research on strategies to prevent motor function decline and preserve skeletal muscle.Additionally.approaches to preserving the function of critical neural systems to mitigate age-related motor decline remain underexplored.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government,No.2008-0061888 and 2012R1A1A1039140
文摘Recently, we have demonstrated the ability of naringin, a well-known flavanone glycoside of grapefruits and citrus fruits, to prevent neurodegeneration in a neurotoxin model of Parkinson＇s disease. Intraperitoneal injection of naringin protected the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection by increasing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression and decreasing the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in dopaminergic neurons and microglia, respectively. These results suggest that naringin can impart to the adult dopaminergic neurons the ability to produce glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor against Parkinson＇s disease with anti-inflammatory effects. Based on these results, we would like to describe an important perspective on its possibility as a therapeutic agent for Parkinson＇s disease.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(Nos.2022R1C1C1006181,RS-2023-00208416).
文摘Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)is a highly aggressive and devastating disease arising primarily from the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity,pharynx,and larynx.HNSCC ranks as the sixth most common cancer worldwide,carrying significant morbidity and mortality.HPV-positive HNSCC can be partially prevented with the FDA-approved HPV vaccine and generally exhibits a more favorable prognosis compared to HPV-negative cases.However,effective screening and treatment approaches remain elusive for HPV-negative HNSCC.While precancerous lesions may precede invasive cancer in certain situations,most patients present with advanced disease without prior indication of precancerous conditions.Despite robust immune cell infiltration in HNSCC tumors,the extent and composition of immune infiltration vary widely among patients,and these tumors often evade immune surveillance through diverse mechanisms.Given the heterogeneous nature of HNSCC influenced by anatomical location and etiological factors,precise identification of biomarkers and personalized treatment strategies are imperative.In this study,we aim to explore the possibility of establishing an effective treatment strategy to overcome obstacles to targeted treatment and enable long-term survival through detailed molecular characterization and immune profiling of HNSCC.
基金Supported by The Basic Science Research Program, No.2011-0022387the SRC program, Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics: No. 2012-0000644 through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology
文摘AIM: To investigate long-term effects of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), weight-loss supplement, on adiposity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese mice. METHODS: Obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45 kcal% fat) with or without GC (1%, w/w) for 16 wk. The HFD contained 45 kcal% fat, 20 kcal% protein and 35 kcal% carbohydrate. They were given free access to food and distilled water, and food consumption and body weight were measured daily and weekly, respectively. Data were expressed as the mean ± SE. Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package for the social science software program. Student's t test was used to assess the differences between the groups. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in body weight and food intake between the groups. However, the supplementation of GC significantly lowered visceral fat accumulation and adipocyte size via inhibition of fatty acid synthase activity and its mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue, along with enhanced enzymatic activity and gene expression involved in adipose fatty acid β-oxidation. Moreover, GC supplementation resulted in significant reductions in glucose intolerance and the plasma resistin level in the HFD-fed mice. However, we first demonstrated that it increased hepatic collagen accumulation, lipid peroxidation and mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and inflammatory responses (tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) as well as plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels, although HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was not altered. CONCLUSION: GC protects against HFD-induced obesity by modulating adipose fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation but induces hepatic fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.
基金supported by grants from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare (HI15C1928)the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017R1A2B4002675)
文摘The progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic（DA）neurons and the biochemical reduction of striatal dopamine levels are associated with major clinical symptoms,including tremor at rest,rigidity of the limbs,slowness and paucity of voluntary movement（bradykinesia）.
文摘Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic （DA） neurons and a decrease in striatal dopamine, which is associated with clinical movement disorders including a tremor at rest, rigidity of the limbs, bra- dykinesia （slowness and paucity of voluntary movement） and postural instability （a tendency to fall even in the absence of weakness or cerebellar balance disturbance） （Kim et al., 2012）. Although the lack of fully understanding of the etiology of PD, accumulating evidence suggests that microglial activation （Kim et al., 2010） and insufficient support of neurotrophic factors （Kim et al., 2012; Nam et al., 2014） may be crucial for the ini- tiation and progression of PD. Thus the control of microglial activation and the support of neurotrophic factors may be useful to prevent the degeneration of the nigrostriatal DA pro- jections in the adult brain.
基金the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(Nos.NRF2017R1A5A2015391,2020M3E5D9079764,to KS)。
文摘Neuroinflammation,an intricate inflammatory process occurring in the central nervous system(CNS),plays an important role in host defense.Glial cells,including astrocytes and microglia,along with cytokines,chemokines,and the complement system are important components of neuroinflammation.A low level of neuroinflammation is associated with and contributes to various homeostatic and neuroprotective processes,such as removing pathogens or cellular debris and promoting tissue repair after brain injury.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(RS-2023-00245298)the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D(HI21C1795)grants,funded by the Korean government(to SRK).
文摘A critical unaddressed problem in Parkinson’s disease is the lack of therapy that slows or hampers neurodegeneration.While medications effectively manage symptoms,they offer no long-term benefit because they fail to address the underlying neuronal loss.This highlights that the elusive goals of halting progression and restoring damaged neurons limit the long-term impact of current approaches.Recent clinical trials using gene therapy have demonstrated the safety of various vector delivery systems,dosages,and transgenes expressed in the central nervous system,signifying tangible and substantial progress in applying gene therapy as a promising Parkinson’s disease treatment.Intriguingly,at diagnosis,many dopamine neurons remain in the substantia nigra,offering a potential window for recovery and survival.We propose that modulating these surviving dopamine neurons and axons in the substantia nigra and striatum using gene therapy offers a potentially more impactful therapeutic approach for future research.Moreover,innovative gene therapies that focus on preserving the remaining elements may have significant potential for enhancing long-term outcomes and the quality of life for patients with Parkinson’s disease.In this review,we provide a perspective on how gene therapy can protect vulnerable elements in the substantia nigra and striatum,offering a novel approach to addressing Parkinson’s disease at its core.
基金supported by a grant from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation(NRF),which is funded by the Korean government(MSIP)(NRF-2020M3E5D9079764)(to KS)。
文摘Neuroinflammation has been identified as a crucial element in several neurological disorders. Glial cells play a critical role in directing neuroinflammation, both in deleterious and beneficial ways.
文摘The defining neuropathological feature of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic （DA） projections. This results in striatal dopamine levels and a biochemical reduction of movement disorders, such as a tremor at rest, rigidity of the limbs, bradykinesia, and postural instability （Kim et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012; Burke and O＇Malley, 2013; Leem et al., 2014; Namet al., 2014）.
基金supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2020R1A2C2007954)
文摘Biological roles of astrocyte elevated gene-1(AEG-1):AEG-1,also known as metadherin,was originally identified as a human immunodeficiency virus-1-and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-inducible gene in human fetal astrocytes.The increase in AEG-1 expression is a well-established and important oncogenic event in various types of human cancer,and its upregulation triggers evasion of cellular apoptosis,metastasis,and invasion in cancer(Emdad at al.,2016;Dhiman et al.,2019).AEG-1 can promote tumor progression via multiple phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)pathways,contributing to an invasive phenotype and angiogenesis(Emdad at al.,2016;Dhiman et al.,2019).In addition,there is evidence for a functional link between AEG-1 and pro-survival mechanisms in various cancers(Dhiman et al.,2019),suggesting that AEG-1 is a key molecule for oncogenic events in cancer.
基金supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2017R1A2B4002675,to SRK)the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project,funded by the Ministry of Health&Welfare,South Korea(HI14C1135)
文摘Neurotrophic factors against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and Parkinson’s disease(PD):A clear understanding of the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases,such as AD and PD remains elusive.Although there is still no therapy to prevent or block neurodegeneration,in vivo and in vitro experimental results have shown that the direct administration of neurotrophic factors,such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF),and the induction of these neurotrophic factors via specific gene delivery may protect neurons against neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease models(Kim et al.,2012;Jeong et al.,2013,2015).
基金supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea, No.NRF-2020R1A2C2007954(to SRK)。
文摘Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease(PD): Oxidative stress is the imbalance between oxidants, which generate reactive oxygen species(ROS;free radicals), and antioxidants, which remove free radicals.Under healthy conditions, the levels of oxidants and antioxidants are wellbalanced.However, excessive production of ROS and a deficiency of antioxidants leads to oxidative stress, which may be the cause of accelerating the development of neurodegenerative diseases(Hwang, 2013), suggesting that the prevention of ROS production and reduction of oxidative stress is critical for both the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including PD.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020R1A2C2007954)the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D (HI21C1795) grants funded by the Korean government (to SRK)。
文摘Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease:Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the prooxidative and anti-oxidative states that are part of normal cell metabolism that results in the elevated production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and free radicals.These products oxidize lipids,proteins,and DNA,significantly threatening the integrity of neurons(Pratico,2008;Padurariu et al.,2013).
基金National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (NRF-2017R1A5A2015391,2020M3E5D9079764)(to KS)。
文摘Neurodegenerative diseases,a group of disorders associated with advanced age,are typified by the disease-specific accumulation of mutant proteins and neuroinflammation.For decades,treatment modalities for these disorders have focused on addressing neuronal malfu nction,which has resulted in the failure of therapies.Recent studies have identified the crucial role of glial cells in exacerbating neurodegenerative processes via the release of neuroinflammatory mediators.Glia,the major immune component of the central nervous system (CNS),undergo numerous phenotypic transitions and regulate the outcomes of various pathologies (Afridi et al.,2022).
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2020R1A2C2007954)the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D(HI21C1795)grants funded by the Korean government
文摘Microglial activation in Alzheimer’s disease(AD):In 1907,Dr.Alois Alzheimer,a Bavarian-born German psychiatrist and neuropathologist,published an article describing the clinical and neuropathological features of an unclassified psychiatric disorder.The disorder was later named AD and is currently the most common brain disorder(Takata et al.,2021).AD involves the accumulation of amyloid-β(Aβ)and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in the brain,which are associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles,respectively(Vergara et al.,2019;Takata et al.,2021).AD is characterized by cognitive impairment and memory loss with hippocampal neurodegeneration(Kim et al.,2021).
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant(RS-2024-00408736).
文摘In a recent publication in Cell,Liebana and colleagues demonstrate that dopamine acts as a circuit-specific teaching signal,shaping individual learning trajectories over time.These reward prediction error(RPE)signals refine behavior by selectively reinforcing neural pathways,revealing a key mechanism through which dopamine guides personalized learning strategies beyond classical reward-based models.
基金supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea(MSIT:RS-2024-00408736,NRF-2020R1A2C2007954,and2017R1A2B4002675)funded by the Korean government.
文摘Dear Editor Aging is linked to changes in brain function that lead to physical decline,including motor deficits and skeletal muscle loss.while maintaining motor activity is crucial for improving the quality of life in the elderly,there is limited research on strategies to prevent motor function decline and preserve skeletal muscle.Additionally.approaches to preserving the function of critical neural systems to mitigate age-related motor decline remain underexplored.
