Panax,a genus of the Araliaceae family,is an important herbal group in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Nine species and three varieties are included in the genus of Panax,in which nearly all species have been used f...Panax,a genus of the Araliaceae family,is an important herbal group in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Nine species and three varieties are included in the genus of Panax,in which nearly all species have been used for medicinal purposes.Among them,Panax notoginseng(Burk)F.H.Chen,Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer and Panax quinquefolius L.are the most representative and valuable herbs world-wide,with a long history of cultivation.As the main bioactive chemical constituents,saponins with different aglycones are the major components in various Panax spp.,and their pharmacological activities are mainly reflected in the effects on blood system,cardio-and cerebro-vascular systems,nervous system,metabolism,and immune regulation.Researchers of Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),have put many efforts into conducting the investigations on Panax species.Herein,we reviewed the research progress on Panax spp.in KIB,CAS,over the past few decades,from the aspects of history and origin,phytochemistry and pharmacological activities.展开更多
The development of new taxonomical theories and approaches, particularly molecular phylogenetics, has led to the expansion of traditional morphology-based taxonomy into the concept of "integrative taxonomy."...The development of new taxonomical theories and approaches, particularly molecular phylogenetics, has led to the expansion of traditional morphology-based taxonomy into the concept of "integrative taxonomy." Taxonomic knowledge has assumed greater significance in recent years, particularly because of growing concerns over the looming biodiversity crisis. Since its establishment in 1938, the Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB), which is located in Yunnan province in Southwest China, has focused attention on the taxonomy and conservation of the flora of China. For the forthcoming 80 th anniversary of KIB, we review the achievements of researchers at KIB and their associates with respect to the taxonomy of land plants, fungi, and lichen. Major taxonomic advances are summarized for families of Calymperaceae,Cryphaeaceae, Lembophyllaceae, Neckeraceae, Polytrichaceae and Pottiaceae of mosses, Pteridaceae and Polypodiaceae of ferns, Taxaceae and Cycadaceae of gymnosperms, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Ericaceae,Euphorbiaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Orobanchaceae, Poaceae, Theaceae and Urticaceae of angiosperms, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Physalacriaceae Russulaceae, Suillaceae and Tuberaceae of fungi, and Ophioparmaceae and Parmeliaceae of lichens. Regarding the future development of taxonomy at KIB, we recommend that taxonomists continue to explore the biodiversity of China, integrate new theories and technologies with traditional taxonomic approaches,and engage in creative monographic work, with support from institutions, funding agencies, and the public.展开更多
The scientific discipline of ethnobotany-the study of human interactions with plants e has applications in many fields of current global concern,including food security,climate change,biodiversity conservation and hum...The scientific discipline of ethnobotany-the study of human interactions with plants e has applications in many fields of current global concern,including food security,climate change,biodiversity conservation and human health.Ethnobotanical studies can provide insights into the ways that societies interact locally with their environmental resources.Ethnobotanical studies have the potential to bring together and integrate local and scientific knowledge to advance the cause of achieving biocultural conservation(Gaoue et al.,2017;Prance,2007).This Special Issue of Plant Diversity contains recent ethnobotanical studies that aim to contribute to determining the most useful ways ethnobotany can be used to confront human problems in the future.Specifically,this issue shows ways in which ethnobotany can contribute to the conservation of biodiversity,especially with regards to documentation and maintenance of indigenous and local knowledge of plants.The research in this issue also describes innovative practices communities have adopted to maintain their plant resources。展开更多
Euclea undulata(E. undulata) is traditionally used for the treatment of body pains, chest complaints, cough, diabetes, diarrhoea, headaches, heart diseases and toothaches in southern Africa. This study was aimed at re...Euclea undulata(E. undulata) is traditionally used for the treatment of body pains, chest complaints, cough, diabetes, diarrhoea, headaches, heart diseases and toothaches in southern Africa. This study was aimed at reviewing the botany, ethnopharmacology and biological activities of E. undulata in southern Africa. Results presented in this study are based on review of literature using search engines such as Science Direct, Springerlink,Scopus, Pub Med, Web of Science, Bio Med Central and Google Scholar. Herbal medicine is prepared from the decoctions of the roots, bark and leaves, and extracts of these plant parts have demonstrated anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antiplasmodial, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities. Multiple classes of phytochemical compounds such alkaloids, diterpenes, fatty acids, flavonoids, glycosides, naphthoquinones, phenolics, phytosterols, reducing sugars, saponins and tannins have been isolated from the species. E. undulata has a lot of potential as herbal medicine in tropical Africa, and advanced research is required aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties.展开更多
Prof.Zhou Jun,Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences(1999),is a phytochemist and medicinal chemist of China.He is one of the pioneers of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS and a major founder of the State Key Laborat...Prof.Zhou Jun,Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences(1999),is a phytochemist and medicinal chemist of China.He is one of the pioneers of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS and a major founder of the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China.The chemical compositions of some TCM from genus of Dioscorea,Aconitum,Panax,Paris,Cynanchum,Gastrodia,Dendrobium etc.and family Asclepiadaceae,Caryophyllaceae,Hypoxidaceae etc.have been explored by Prof.Zhou's team as steroids,triterpenoids,alkaloids,cyclic peptides and phenols etc.,which revealed the main active composition of those TCM such as Panax notoginseng,Paris yunnanensis and Gastrodia elata.展开更多
Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy,District Swat,invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes.Based on their traditional local uses,fifty-seven species (45.2...Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy,District Swat,invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes.Based on their traditional local uses,fifty-seven species (45.2%) were classified as medicinal,forty-seven as fire wood (37.3%),forty-five as forage (35.7%),twenty-eight as honey bee species (22.2%),twenty-seven as vegetable species (21.4%),25 as edible fruits (14 wild and 11cultivated),thirteen as timber wood (10.3%),twelve as ornamental (9.5%),eleven as furniture wood,ten as shelter and thatch makers (7.9%),ten as fencing (7.9%),five as poisonous (4%),four as religious/superstitious species,three species used in making hand sticks and wooden tools (2.4%),three as utensil cleaner species (2.4%),three as evil repellent and one as fish poisoning species.The area is in plant resources and traditional knowledge but it needs ecological management for its sustainability.展开更多
Applied ethnobotany is a new subject in ethnobiological sciences referring to the transferring,reviving and cultivating ethnobotanical knowledge among different social groups within intra-and-inter-communities.Much re...Applied ethnobotany is a new subject in ethnobiological sciences referring to the transferring,reviving and cultivating ethnobotanical knowledge among different social groups within intra-and-inter-communities.Much research related to biodiversity in many countries is largely devoted to the gathering of more academic information,rather than to more incise studies focusing on finding answers to pressing challenges related to the use of plants by communities.China is a country possessing rich biodiversity and cultural diversity.The long history of Chinese traditional medicine,diversity of cultivated crops and utilization of wild plant species are great cultural traditions to the country.Today,many societies of the country are still intricately linked to the natural environment economically as well as societies and groups within China.However,China is facing major changes in modernization of the country’s economy,and globalization to form part of the world exchange system.Increasingly high levels of consumptions of natural plants,as well as national and international trades on plant products have resulted,space in over-harvesting of wild resources and accelerated environmental degradation.Local social structures and cultural traditions have also changed in order to cope with policy changes.In this background,over the last decade,applied ethnobotany for rural community development and conservation has been employed in different field projects and ethnic minority communities in Yunnan province of China.The applied ethnobotany has focused on work at community level to achieve sustainable use of natural resources and conservation.This presentation discusses findings and lessons learned from the projects on alternatives and innovations to shifting cultivation in Xishuangbanna,southwestern China.展开更多
Diospyros lycioides Desf.(D. lycioides) is traditionally used as herbal medicine against various human and animal ailments in tropical Africa. The present paper reviewed information on botany, medicinal uses, phytoche...Diospyros lycioides Desf.(D. lycioides) is traditionally used as herbal medicine against various human and animal ailments in tropical Africa. The present paper reviewed information on botany, medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of D. lycioides. This review was compiled using scientific literature from electronic search engine such as PubMed,Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springerlink, BioMed Central, Scielo, Medline and Science domain.Additional literatures were obtained from book chapters, books, dissertations, websites and other scientific publications. D. lycioides is used as traditional medicine in 50% of the countries where the species is native in tropical Africa. This study recorded 22 medicinal uses of D.lycioides which included abdominal pains, infertility in women, sexually transmitted infections,and used as chewing sticks(or mouthwash), toothbrushes and ethnoveterinary medicine. D.lycioides extracts demonstrated anti-adhesive, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, antioxidant,antifungal, antiproliferative, mutagenicity and antibacterial activities. Future research should focus on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, clinical trials and pharmacokinetics of D. lycioides which will enhance the therapeutic potential of the species.展开更多
The community living around the Cikaniki Area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park(CAGHSNP)uses various plants to fulfill their needs.Their habits are related to indigenous knowledge of using plants as food,medicine,...The community living around the Cikaniki Area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park(CAGHSNP)uses various plants to fulfill their needs.Their habits are related to indigenous knowledge of using plants as food,medicine,construction,and household utilities,which dynamic societal changes have not displaced.This study aimed to inventory and update potential plants used as food,medicine,construction,and household utilities by local communities in the Cikaniki area,and measure and analyze their cultural and ethnobotanical value.This study objected to five hamlets in the Cikaniki at Malasari Village,Nanggung District,Bogor Regency,West Java,Indonesia.The quantitative analysis was calculated based on the Informant Consensus Factor,Fidelity Level,and Use Value.We analyzed the qualitative data based on the data collection through observation,interviews,and documentation from informants and respondents in five hamlets.The study recorded 199 plant species from 75 families used by the community of CA-GHSNP.The most utilized species in Cikaniki were Staurogyne elongata,Caryota mitis,Blumea balsamifera,Castanopsis argentea,Pilea melastomoides,and Piper betle.There are 72 species of plants used as food,122species for medicinal purposes,and 50 species of plants used for construction and household utilities.The potential plant species in the CA-GHSNP,their utilization categories,and recommendation for conservation strategy are discussed.展开更多
Licochalcone A(LCA)is a characteristic compound in licorice Glycyrrhiza inflata and is widely utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.However,the biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms of LCA remain...Licochalcone A(LCA)is a characteristic compound in licorice Glycyrrhiza inflata and is widely utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.However,the biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms of LCA remain poorly understood.In this study,we first found the accumulation of LCA is induced by methyl jasmonate(MeJA).Given that MYB transcriptional factors are well-documented as key regulators of flavonoid biosynthesis,we identified a total of 147 GiR2R3-MYB genes in G.inflata,which were classified into 28 subgroups.The chromosome distributions,sequence characteristics,gene structures,duplication events and cis-acting elements were also investigated.Through integrated analysis of GiR2R3-MYBs expression patterns across different tissues and under MeJA treatment,along with phylogenetic relationship,we identified GiMYB76—a MeJA-inducible MYB transcription factor—as a potential regulator of LCA accumulation.Functional validation showed that transgenic hairy roots overexpressing GiMYB76 exhibited a significant increase in LCA content.DAP-seq analysis of GiMYB76 revealed potential target genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis regulation.Subsequent promoter activity assay verified that GiMYB76 can bind to the promoter and activate the expression of GiCHS4.Consistently,overexpression of GiCHS4 in G.inflata hairy roots also significantly enhanced LCA production.This study not only clarifies that GiMYB76 transcriptionally activated GiCHS4 to promote LCA biosynthesis but also provides valuable insights for basic research on licorice and the development of related industries.展开更多
Lichens exhibit exceptional ecological adaptability,thriving in diverse habitats ranging from temperate forests to extreme environments.They colonize various substrates,including tree bark,rocks,soil,and artificial su...Lichens exhibit exceptional ecological adaptability,thriving in diverse habitats ranging from temperate forests to extreme environments.They colonize various substrates,including tree bark,rocks,soil,and artificial surfaces,playing critical roles as bioindicators of air quality and environmental change.Despite their ecological and economic importance,regions like Pakistan remain underexplored for lichen diversity,leaving significant gaps in knowledge about local lichen flora.This study hypothesizes that the ecological diversity and environmental gradients in the Hazara Division,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,significantly influence the distribution,composition,and community structure of lichens.Field surveys were conducted from March 2021 to December 2023 across 48 locations in the Hazara Division,covering diverse altitudes,aspects,and vegetation types.Epiphytic lichens were sampled using standardized transect methods with vertical grids on tree stems.Specimens were collected,shade-dried,and identified using chemical spot tests.Multivariate analyses,including TWINSPAN,CCA,and DCA,were employed to examine species-environment relationships.A total of 97 lichen species were identified across 44 genera and 19 families.Physciaceae was the dominant family(24 species).Foliose lichens represented 55%of the total species,highlighting morphological diversity.Among the recorded species,11 were new to Pakistan,and 30 were newly documented for the Himalayan region of Hazara.The study documented 52 host tree species across 36 genera,with Quercus being the most dominant genus.Multivariate analyses identified seven distinct lichen communities.Altitude and road distance emerged as the strongest drivers of lichen distribution,with specific species exhibiting distinct responses to environmental gradients.In DCA ordination the Eigen value was maximum for axis 1,(0.67)followed by axis 2(0.56).The maximum gradients was 5.87 recorded axis 1.Canonical Correspondence Analysis captured 15.09%of the total variation,with significant contributions from altitude,temperature,and substrate type.The per mutation result for all axis were pseudo(F=1.1,P=0.01).The result showed that species,stand and environmental variables were in linear combination with each other.This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of lichen diversity and ecology in the Hazara Division,unveiling significant species-environment relationships and ecological patterns.The findings underscore the importance of multivariate analysis in lichen studies and highlight the region's potential for further ecological and conservation research.展开更多
Rice cultivation,vital to global food security and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),faces increasing threats from industrial pollution,which contaminates soil and water,endangers human health,and...Rice cultivation,vital to global food security and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),faces increasing threats from industrial pollution,which contaminates soil and water,endangers human health,and weakens agricultural resilience.Studies indicate that contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants,radioactive elements,dyes,and potentially toxic elements,particularly from mining and industrial activities,significantly degrade soil fertility,impair plant health,and introduce harmful residues into the food chain.This contamination compromises food safety and diminishes agricultural productivity,posing a serious challenge to sustainability.Addressing these impacts requires sustainable industrial practices,advanced technologies,and eco-friendly remediation techniques.Solutions like biochar applications,precision farming,and artificial intelligence(AI)-driven pollution detection provide effective measures for restoring soil health,protecting crop integrity,and ensuring the resilience of rice farming.These approaches align rice cultivation with global sustainability goals by integrating sustainable soil and water management,adaptive crop selection,and AI innovations.Protecting rice cultivation upholds farmer livelihoods and strengthens global commitments to SDGs Zero Hunger and a resilient,safe food supply,underscoring the essential balance between industrial progress and sustainable rice cultivation.展开更多
The present paper briefly introduces information about proposals received and funded, statistics and analysis of evaluation of peer review, and supporting strategies and reforms in program reviewing and administration...The present paper briefly introduces information about proposals received and funded, statistics and analysis of evaluation of peer review, and supporting strategies and reforms in program reviewing and administration in the Division of Botany at the Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC） in 2005. A list of general programs and the abstract of key programs funded by this Division in 2005 are also provided.展开更多
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle,an endangered Ayurvedic medicinal plant,is predominantly found in the alpine and subalpine zones of the Himalayas.This study aimed to enhance seed germination under various soil co...Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle,an endangered Ayurvedic medicinal plant,is predominantly found in the alpine and subalpine zones of the Himalayas.This study aimed to enhance seed germination under various soil conditions,to facilitate conservation and provide opportunities for income generation through large-scale cultivation.The selection of soil treatments was based on their contrasting physicochemical properties and known influence on seed germination in related high altitude species.The study was conducted in a mist chamber at the Deoban nursery in Dehradun,India,using five soil conditions:normal forest soil(NS),vermiculite(Vc),vermiculite+normal forest soil(Vc+NS),normal forest soil+sand(NS+S),and a mixture of soil,sand,vermiculite,and vermicompost(NS+S+Vc+VCo).All the soil treatments were replicated ten times under the controlled environmental conditions.These substrates were selected to represent a gradient of water retention,aeration,nutrient content,and organic matter composition,which are known to affect seed germination and early seedling development.Results showed significant different among treatments in terms of physical and chemical soil properties in sand,silt,clay,pH,organic carbon,organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,as well as growth parameters such as,seed vigor index,root length,plant length,and leaf number across soil conditions.Among all treatments,vermiculite alone showed the highest germination rate(73.33%),peak germination value(0.719),and seed vigor index(24.02),along with superior growth parameters and the lowest seed mortality index(2.45).These findings in addition to its low seed mortality underscore vermiculite's potential as a suitable growth medium for the ex-situ cultivation of A.heterophyllum offering a promising alternative to wild harvesting while supporting conservation and sustainable use of this valuable Himalayan species.展开更多
Rapid colonization by invasive plants threatened local biodiversity worldwide;however,their distributional hotspots and future habitat shifts remain poorly understood in developing nations such as Nigeria.Using MaxEnt...Rapid colonization by invasive plants threatened local biodiversity worldwide;however,their distributional hotspots and future habitat shifts remain poorly understood in developing nations such as Nigeria.Using MaxEnt model,we investigated present and future habitat suitability for two aggressive invaders,C.odorata and T.diversifolia,across Nigeria's urban landscapes.We used a dataset consisting of 327 and 108 occurrence points for C.odorata and T.diversifolia,respectively,along with twenty-three(23)environmental variables to identify occurrence and areas of concern under current climatic fluctuations.The results revealed that the model performed strongly(AUC>0.85)and identified precipitation seasonality as the dominant predictor for both species.The finding indicates that precipitation seasonality of≤59 CV,isothermality of≥57%and precipitation of wettest month of≥170 mm enhance niche occupancy of C.odorata,while precipitation seasonality of 62-70 CV,precipitation of wettest quarter and maximum temperature of warmest month of≥450 mm and 35℃,respectively enhance that of T.differsifolia.Current predictions place C.odorata primarily along the southern coast,while T.diversifolia is most suitable in the southwest and extends into the northcentral.Future suitable area for C.odorata will slightly expand by 2050 and 2070,encroaching into southeastern and some central states.In contrast,T.diversifolia contracts under CNRM-CM5 but shows a modest expansion under GFDL-CM3.These projections indicate that climate change may reinforce the dominance of C.odorata in southern Nigeria,whereas T.differsifolia may exhibit divergent trajectories from southern to certain northern states in the future.展开更多
Plant tissue culture represents an advanced biotechnological technique for propagating and conserving threatened plant species efficiently.This method enables the rapid production of genetically identical plants under...Plant tissue culture represents an advanced biotechnological technique for propagating and conserving threatened plant species efficiently.This method enables the rapid production of genetically identical plants under controlled sterile laboratory conditions(in vitro).Its applications span forestry,horticulture,and,crucially,plant breeding.Nanoparticles have emerged as innovative tools to address limitations in conventional plant tissue culture,offering diverse functionalities based on their unique physicochemical properties.This review focuses on the utilization of nanotechnology in enhancing various aspects of plant tissue culture.Nanoparticles,such as silver and zinc oxide,have demonstrated significant roles as antimicrobial agents and anti-browning agents.They also serve as elicitors,stimulating callus proliferation,root elongation,rapid shoot formation,and the enhanced production of bioactive compounds on a large scale.Furthermore,nanoparticles contribute to mitigating oxidative stress within cells,thereby promoting increased callus formation,elongated roots,and elevated production of secondary metabolites.Their influence extends to somaclonal variation and genetic transformation processes within plant tissue culture.These contributions collectively underscore the potential of nanoparticles to foster more efficient,sustainable,and scalable biotechnological solutions in in vitro culture.The implications extend to reducing resource dependency and mitigating environmental impacts,positioning nanotechnology as a transformative approach in sustainable plant biotechnology.展开更多
The informal term‘dahongjun’or‘big red mushroom’is a group of red-coloured russulas widely collected and consumed in southern China,originally mistakenly recognized as the European Russula vinosa.Russula griseocar...The informal term‘dahongjun’or‘big red mushroom’is a group of red-coloured russulas widely collected and consumed in southern China,originally mistakenly recognized as the European Russula vinosa.Russula griseocarnosa was described from China in 2009,and since then,it has become the only available scientific name for‘dahongjun’.Nevertheless,several lineages exist within this complex,and whether these lineages represent real species is still an open question.Sampling in major producing areas of‘dahongjun’and phylogenetic species recognition using multi-locus data were conducted.Besides R.griseocarnosa nine additional species were identified under the commercial name‘dahongjun’,including R.dhakuriana,R.quercina,R.purpureozonata,R.yanheensis and a new species sister to R.griseocarnosa here described as R.occulta.The others were undescribed species close to R.laricina,R.lepida,and R.purpureozonata respectively.Six evolutionary lineages within R.griseocarnosa were defined by genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition based on five-locus DNA data.Conflicts among different genealogies suggested that R.griseocarnosa is best considered as a single phylogenetic species,comprising several infraspecific taxa.Lower coverage whole genome sequencing of R.griseocarnosa holotype discovered that its three individuals belong to three different clades.Lectotypification was made using one of the three individuals.A new variety R.griseocarnosa var.ailaoshanensis is described to name one of the terminal clades that is mainly distributed in Ailao Mountains.This variety differs morphologically from the type variety in its nearly white context,bigger spores and more inflated hyphae in the pileipellis.The morphological and molecular data provided in this study are helpful to identify wild edible mushrooms of Russula subgen.Russula.展开更多
Plant-parasitic nematodes(PPNs)(Meloidogyne sp.,Globodera sp.,and Pratylenchus sp.)and fungi are two of the most economically important groups of organisms affecting agricultural productivity worldwide.The interaction...Plant-parasitic nematodes(PPNs)(Meloidogyne sp.,Globodera sp.,and Pratylenchus sp.)and fungi are two of the most economically important groups of organisms affecting agricultural productivity worldwide.The interactions among PPNs,biocontrol fungi,and soil ecosystem can significantly impact plant health,disease management,and ecosystem functioning.We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex relationships between PPNs and biocontrol fungi,including pathogenic and biocontrol interactions.We summarized the molecular and ecological mechanisms underlying these interactions,highlighting the key players,signaling pathways,and environmental factors that influence the interactions.We also reviewed current knowledge on fungus-based biocontrol strategies against PPNs,including the development of novel management approaches.Furthermore,we explored the prospects of nematode-fungus interactions in agriculture,including the potential applications and technologies,precision agriculture,and integrated pest management approaches.This review highlights the need for further research on nematode-fungus interactions and their impact on plant infection and productivity,with an emphasis on the development of sustainable and effective strategies for managing PPNs and enhancing plant health in agricultural ecosystems.展开更多
In a pivotal moment for global conservation policy,UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere(MAB)Programme has endorsed the Hangzhou Strategic Action Plan(HSAP)2026–2035(UNESCO,2025),a decade-long roadmap that positions the Wo...In a pivotal moment for global conservation policy,UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere(MAB)Programme has endorsed the Hangzhou Strategic Action Plan(HSAP)2026–2035(UNESCO,2025),a decade-long roadmap that positions the World Network of Biosphere Reserves(WNBR)as central actors in delivering biodiversity,climate and sustainable-development goals(SDGs).The plan—developed and opened for global consultation in the runup to the 5th World Congress of Biosphere Reserves—articulates strategic directions,measurable action targets and practical instruments to strengthen biosphere reserves as living laboratories for people and nature(Ma,2025).展开更多
Different parts of Wrightia tinctoria R.Br.(Apocynaceae)(W.tinctoria),have been extensively used in Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda,Siddha and Unani for the treatment of jaundice,malaria,psoriasis and many...Different parts of Wrightia tinctoria R.Br.(Apocynaceae)(W.tinctoria),have been extensively used in Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda,Siddha and Unani for the treatment of jaundice,malaria,psoriasis and many other ailments.The present review has been primed to describe the existing data on the information on the traditional uses,botany,pharmacognosy,phytochemical constituents,pharmacological activities and toxicology of W.tinctoria.The information was gathered via electronic search(using Google Scholar,NOPR,Pubmed,Elsevier,Medline Plus and Web of Science)and library search for the books on traditional medicine as well as the articles published in peer-reviewed journals.The plant is rich in compounds containing alkaloids,saponins,indoxy yielding O-glycoside(s),phenolics,flavonoids,isatin tryptanthrin,anthranillate,rutin,β-isatin,tryptophan,indigotin,indirubin,wrightial and sterols.The vast number of literature found in database revealed that the extracts of different parts of W.tinctoria showed significant pharmacological actions.Clinical studies indicated a broad range of applications in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin diseases.We suggest that there is a need for further investigations to isolate active principles that confer pharmacological action.Therefore,identification of such active compound is useful for producing safer drugs in the treatments of various ailments.展开更多
基金supported by the Major Science and Technique Programs in Yunnan Province(2016ZF001-001)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Yunnan Province(2013FC008).
文摘Panax,a genus of the Araliaceae family,is an important herbal group in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Nine species and three varieties are included in the genus of Panax,in which nearly all species have been used for medicinal purposes.Among them,Panax notoginseng(Burk)F.H.Chen,Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer and Panax quinquefolius L.are the most representative and valuable herbs world-wide,with a long history of cultivation.As the main bioactive chemical constituents,saponins with different aglycones are the major components in various Panax spp.,and their pharmacological activities are mainly reflected in the effects on blood system,cardio-and cerebro-vascular systems,nervous system,metabolism,and immune regulation.Researchers of Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),have put many efforts into conducting the investigations on Panax species.Herein,we reviewed the research progress on Panax spp.in KIB,CAS,over the past few decades,from the aspects of history and origin,phytochemistry and pharmacological activities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31700182)
文摘The development of new taxonomical theories and approaches, particularly molecular phylogenetics, has led to the expansion of traditional morphology-based taxonomy into the concept of "integrative taxonomy." Taxonomic knowledge has assumed greater significance in recent years, particularly because of growing concerns over the looming biodiversity crisis. Since its establishment in 1938, the Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB), which is located in Yunnan province in Southwest China, has focused attention on the taxonomy and conservation of the flora of China. For the forthcoming 80 th anniversary of KIB, we review the achievements of researchers at KIB and their associates with respect to the taxonomy of land plants, fungi, and lichen. Major taxonomic advances are summarized for families of Calymperaceae,Cryphaeaceae, Lembophyllaceae, Neckeraceae, Polytrichaceae and Pottiaceae of mosses, Pteridaceae and Polypodiaceae of ferns, Taxaceae and Cycadaceae of gymnosperms, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Ericaceae,Euphorbiaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Orobanchaceae, Poaceae, Theaceae and Urticaceae of angiosperms, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Physalacriaceae Russulaceae, Suillaceae and Tuberaceae of fungi, and Ophioparmaceae and Parmeliaceae of lichens. Regarding the future development of taxonomy at KIB, we recommend that taxonomists continue to explore the biodiversity of China, integrate new theories and technologies with traditional taxonomic approaches,and engage in creative monographic work, with support from institutions, funding agencies, and the public.
文摘The scientific discipline of ethnobotany-the study of human interactions with plants e has applications in many fields of current global concern,including food security,climate change,biodiversity conservation and human health.Ethnobotanical studies can provide insights into the ways that societies interact locally with their environmental resources.Ethnobotanical studies have the potential to bring together and integrate local and scientific knowledge to advance the cause of achieving biocultural conservation(Gaoue et al.,2017;Prance,2007).This Special Issue of Plant Diversity contains recent ethnobotanical studies that aim to contribute to determining the most useful ways ethnobotany can be used to confront human problems in the future.Specifically,this issue shows ways in which ethnobotany can contribute to the conservation of biodiversity,especially with regards to documentation and maintenance of indigenous and local knowledge of plants.The research in this issue also describes innovative practices communities have adopted to maintain their plant resources。
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)Govan Mbeki Research and Development Centre(GMRDC),University of Fort Hare
文摘Euclea undulata(E. undulata) is traditionally used for the treatment of body pains, chest complaints, cough, diabetes, diarrhoea, headaches, heart diseases and toothaches in southern Africa. This study was aimed at reviewing the botany, ethnopharmacology and biological activities of E. undulata in southern Africa. Results presented in this study are based on review of literature using search engines such as Science Direct, Springerlink,Scopus, Pub Med, Web of Science, Bio Med Central and Google Scholar. Herbal medicine is prepared from the decoctions of the roots, bark and leaves, and extracts of these plant parts have demonstrated anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antiplasmodial, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities. Multiple classes of phytochemical compounds such alkaloids, diterpenes, fatty acids, flavonoids, glycosides, naphthoquinones, phenolics, phytosterols, reducing sugars, saponins and tannins have been isolated from the species. E. undulata has a lot of potential as herbal medicine in tropical Africa, and advanced research is required aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties.
基金the grants from National Natural and Science Foundations of China,CAS,Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(2018HA001)other grants from Chinese government agencies and enterprise for the career development of Prof.
文摘Prof.Zhou Jun,Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences(1999),is a phytochemist and medicinal chemist of China.He is one of the pioneers of Kunming Institute of Botany,CAS and a major founder of the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China.The chemical compositions of some TCM from genus of Dioscorea,Aconitum,Panax,Paris,Cynanchum,Gastrodia,Dendrobium etc.and family Asclepiadaceae,Caryophyllaceae,Hypoxidaceae etc.have been explored by Prof.Zhou's team as steroids,triterpenoids,alkaloids,cyclic peptides and phenols etc.,which revealed the main active composition of those TCM such as Panax notoginseng,Paris yunnanensis and Gastrodia elata.
文摘Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy,District Swat,invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes.Based on their traditional local uses,fifty-seven species (45.2%) were classified as medicinal,forty-seven as fire wood (37.3%),forty-five as forage (35.7%),twenty-eight as honey bee species (22.2%),twenty-seven as vegetable species (21.4%),25 as edible fruits (14 wild and 11cultivated),thirteen as timber wood (10.3%),twelve as ornamental (9.5%),eleven as furniture wood,ten as shelter and thatch makers (7.9%),ten as fencing (7.9%),five as poisonous (4%),four as religious/superstitious species,three species used in making hand sticks and wooden tools (2.4%),three as utensil cleaner species (2.4%),three as evil repellent and one as fish poisoning species.The area is in plant resources and traditional knowledge but it needs ecological management for its sustainability.
文摘Applied ethnobotany is a new subject in ethnobiological sciences referring to the transferring,reviving and cultivating ethnobotanical knowledge among different social groups within intra-and-inter-communities.Much research related to biodiversity in many countries is largely devoted to the gathering of more academic information,rather than to more incise studies focusing on finding answers to pressing challenges related to the use of plants by communities.China is a country possessing rich biodiversity and cultural diversity.The long history of Chinese traditional medicine,diversity of cultivated crops and utilization of wild plant species are great cultural traditions to the country.Today,many societies of the country are still intricately linked to the natural environment economically as well as societies and groups within China.However,China is facing major changes in modernization of the country’s economy,and globalization to form part of the world exchange system.Increasingly high levels of consumptions of natural plants,as well as national and international trades on plant products have resulted,space in over-harvesting of wild resources and accelerated environmental degradation.Local social structures and cultural traditions have also changed in order to cope with policy changes.In this background,over the last decade,applied ethnobotany for rural community development and conservation has been employed in different field projects and ethnic minority communities in Yunnan province of China.The applied ethnobotany has focused on work at community level to achieve sustainable use of natural resources and conservation.This presentation discusses findings and lessons learned from the projects on alternatives and innovations to shifting cultivation in Xishuangbanna,southwestern China.
基金supported by Govan Mbeki Research and Development Centre(CMRDC grant number C169)University of Fort Hare and the National Research Foundation(NRF grant number T398)
文摘Diospyros lycioides Desf.(D. lycioides) is traditionally used as herbal medicine against various human and animal ailments in tropical Africa. The present paper reviewed information on botany, medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of D. lycioides. This review was compiled using scientific literature from electronic search engine such as PubMed,Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springerlink, BioMed Central, Scielo, Medline and Science domain.Additional literatures were obtained from book chapters, books, dissertations, websites and other scientific publications. D. lycioides is used as traditional medicine in 50% of the countries where the species is native in tropical Africa. This study recorded 22 medicinal uses of D.lycioides which included abdominal pains, infertility in women, sexually transmitted infections,and used as chewing sticks(or mouthwash), toothbrushes and ethnoveterinary medicine. D.lycioides extracts demonstrated anti-adhesive, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, antioxidant,antifungal, antiproliferative, mutagenicity and antibacterial activities. Future research should focus on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, clinical trials and pharmacokinetics of D. lycioides which will enhance the therapeutic potential of the species.
文摘The community living around the Cikaniki Area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park(CAGHSNP)uses various plants to fulfill their needs.Their habits are related to indigenous knowledge of using plants as food,medicine,construction,and household utilities,which dynamic societal changes have not displaced.This study aimed to inventory and update potential plants used as food,medicine,construction,and household utilities by local communities in the Cikaniki area,and measure and analyze their cultural and ethnobotanical value.This study objected to five hamlets in the Cikaniki at Malasari Village,Nanggung District,Bogor Regency,West Java,Indonesia.The quantitative analysis was calculated based on the Informant Consensus Factor,Fidelity Level,and Use Value.We analyzed the qualitative data based on the data collection through observation,interviews,and documentation from informants and respondents in five hamlets.The study recorded 199 plant species from 75 families used by the community of CA-GHSNP.The most utilized species in Cikaniki were Staurogyne elongata,Caryota mitis,Blumea balsamifera,Castanopsis argentea,Pilea melastomoides,and Piper betle.There are 72 species of plants used as food,122species for medicinal purposes,and 50 species of plants used for construction and household utilities.The potential plant species in the CA-GHSNP,their utilization categories,and recommendation for conservation strategy are discussed.
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2025A1515012679)Open Fund of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources (PFGR202502)
文摘Licochalcone A(LCA)is a characteristic compound in licorice Glycyrrhiza inflata and is widely utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.However,the biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms of LCA remain poorly understood.In this study,we first found the accumulation of LCA is induced by methyl jasmonate(MeJA).Given that MYB transcriptional factors are well-documented as key regulators of flavonoid biosynthesis,we identified a total of 147 GiR2R3-MYB genes in G.inflata,which were classified into 28 subgroups.The chromosome distributions,sequence characteristics,gene structures,duplication events and cis-acting elements were also investigated.Through integrated analysis of GiR2R3-MYBs expression patterns across different tissues and under MeJA treatment,along with phylogenetic relationship,we identified GiMYB76—a MeJA-inducible MYB transcription factor—as a potential regulator of LCA accumulation.Functional validation showed that transgenic hairy roots overexpressing GiMYB76 exhibited a significant increase in LCA content.DAP-seq analysis of GiMYB76 revealed potential target genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis regulation.Subsequent promoter activity assay verified that GiMYB76 can bind to the promoter and activate the expression of GiCHS4.Consistently,overexpression of GiCHS4 in G.inflata hairy roots also significantly enhanced LCA production.This study not only clarifies that GiMYB76 transcriptionally activated GiCHS4 to promote LCA biosynthesis but also provides valuable insights for basic research on licorice and the development of related industries.
文摘Lichens exhibit exceptional ecological adaptability,thriving in diverse habitats ranging from temperate forests to extreme environments.They colonize various substrates,including tree bark,rocks,soil,and artificial surfaces,playing critical roles as bioindicators of air quality and environmental change.Despite their ecological and economic importance,regions like Pakistan remain underexplored for lichen diversity,leaving significant gaps in knowledge about local lichen flora.This study hypothesizes that the ecological diversity and environmental gradients in the Hazara Division,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,significantly influence the distribution,composition,and community structure of lichens.Field surveys were conducted from March 2021 to December 2023 across 48 locations in the Hazara Division,covering diverse altitudes,aspects,and vegetation types.Epiphytic lichens were sampled using standardized transect methods with vertical grids on tree stems.Specimens were collected,shade-dried,and identified using chemical spot tests.Multivariate analyses,including TWINSPAN,CCA,and DCA,were employed to examine species-environment relationships.A total of 97 lichen species were identified across 44 genera and 19 families.Physciaceae was the dominant family(24 species).Foliose lichens represented 55%of the total species,highlighting morphological diversity.Among the recorded species,11 were new to Pakistan,and 30 were newly documented for the Himalayan region of Hazara.The study documented 52 host tree species across 36 genera,with Quercus being the most dominant genus.Multivariate analyses identified seven distinct lichen communities.Altitude and road distance emerged as the strongest drivers of lichen distribution,with specific species exhibiting distinct responses to environmental gradients.In DCA ordination the Eigen value was maximum for axis 1,(0.67)followed by axis 2(0.56).The maximum gradients was 5.87 recorded axis 1.Canonical Correspondence Analysis captured 15.09%of the total variation,with significant contributions from altitude,temperature,and substrate type.The per mutation result for all axis were pseudo(F=1.1,P=0.01).The result showed that species,stand and environmental variables were in linear combination with each other.This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of lichen diversity and ecology in the Hazara Division,unveiling significant species-environment relationships and ecological patterns.The findings underscore the importance of multivariate analysis in lichen studies and highlight the region's potential for further ecological and conservation research.
文摘Rice cultivation,vital to global food security and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),faces increasing threats from industrial pollution,which contaminates soil and water,endangers human health,and weakens agricultural resilience.Studies indicate that contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants,radioactive elements,dyes,and potentially toxic elements,particularly from mining and industrial activities,significantly degrade soil fertility,impair plant health,and introduce harmful residues into the food chain.This contamination compromises food safety and diminishes agricultural productivity,posing a serious challenge to sustainability.Addressing these impacts requires sustainable industrial practices,advanced technologies,and eco-friendly remediation techniques.Solutions like biochar applications,precision farming,and artificial intelligence(AI)-driven pollution detection provide effective measures for restoring soil health,protecting crop integrity,and ensuring the resilience of rice farming.These approaches align rice cultivation with global sustainability goals by integrating sustainable soil and water management,adaptive crop selection,and AI innovations.Protecting rice cultivation upholds farmer livelihoods and strengthens global commitments to SDGs Zero Hunger and a resilient,safe food supply,underscoring the essential balance between industrial progress and sustainable rice cultivation.
文摘The present paper briefly introduces information about proposals received and funded, statistics and analysis of evaluation of peer review, and supporting strategies and reforms in program reviewing and administration in the Division of Botany at the Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC） in 2005. A list of general programs and the abstract of key programs funded by this Division in 2005 are also provided.
文摘Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle,an endangered Ayurvedic medicinal plant,is predominantly found in the alpine and subalpine zones of the Himalayas.This study aimed to enhance seed germination under various soil conditions,to facilitate conservation and provide opportunities for income generation through large-scale cultivation.The selection of soil treatments was based on their contrasting physicochemical properties and known influence on seed germination in related high altitude species.The study was conducted in a mist chamber at the Deoban nursery in Dehradun,India,using five soil conditions:normal forest soil(NS),vermiculite(Vc),vermiculite+normal forest soil(Vc+NS),normal forest soil+sand(NS+S),and a mixture of soil,sand,vermiculite,and vermicompost(NS+S+Vc+VCo).All the soil treatments were replicated ten times under the controlled environmental conditions.These substrates were selected to represent a gradient of water retention,aeration,nutrient content,and organic matter composition,which are known to affect seed germination and early seedling development.Results showed significant different among treatments in terms of physical and chemical soil properties in sand,silt,clay,pH,organic carbon,organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,as well as growth parameters such as,seed vigor index,root length,plant length,and leaf number across soil conditions.Among all treatments,vermiculite alone showed the highest germination rate(73.33%),peak germination value(0.719),and seed vigor index(24.02),along with superior growth parameters and the lowest seed mortality index(2.45).These findings in addition to its low seed mortality underscore vermiculite's potential as a suitable growth medium for the ex-situ cultivation of A.heterophyllum offering a promising alternative to wild harvesting while supporting conservation and sustainable use of this valuable Himalayan species.
文摘Rapid colonization by invasive plants threatened local biodiversity worldwide;however,their distributional hotspots and future habitat shifts remain poorly understood in developing nations such as Nigeria.Using MaxEnt model,we investigated present and future habitat suitability for two aggressive invaders,C.odorata and T.diversifolia,across Nigeria's urban landscapes.We used a dataset consisting of 327 and 108 occurrence points for C.odorata and T.diversifolia,respectively,along with twenty-three(23)environmental variables to identify occurrence and areas of concern under current climatic fluctuations.The results revealed that the model performed strongly(AUC>0.85)and identified precipitation seasonality as the dominant predictor for both species.The finding indicates that precipitation seasonality of≤59 CV,isothermality of≥57%and precipitation of wettest month of≥170 mm enhance niche occupancy of C.odorata,while precipitation seasonality of 62-70 CV,precipitation of wettest quarter and maximum temperature of warmest month of≥450 mm and 35℃,respectively enhance that of T.differsifolia.Current predictions place C.odorata primarily along the southern coast,while T.diversifolia is most suitable in the southwest and extends into the northcentral.Future suitable area for C.odorata will slightly expand by 2050 and 2070,encroaching into southeastern and some central states.In contrast,T.diversifolia contracts under CNRM-CM5 but shows a modest expansion under GFDL-CM3.These projections indicate that climate change may reinforce the dominance of C.odorata in southern Nigeria,whereas T.differsifolia may exhibit divergent trajectories from southern to certain northern states in the future.
基金The corresponding author is also deeply grateful to Ministry of Minority Affairs,Government of India,for providing financial assistance(MANF-JAM-99722)during his research work.
文摘Plant tissue culture represents an advanced biotechnological technique for propagating and conserving threatened plant species efficiently.This method enables the rapid production of genetically identical plants under controlled sterile laboratory conditions(in vitro).Its applications span forestry,horticulture,and,crucially,plant breeding.Nanoparticles have emerged as innovative tools to address limitations in conventional plant tissue culture,offering diverse functionalities based on their unique physicochemical properties.This review focuses on the utilization of nanotechnology in enhancing various aspects of plant tissue culture.Nanoparticles,such as silver and zinc oxide,have demonstrated significant roles as antimicrobial agents and anti-browning agents.They also serve as elicitors,stimulating callus proliferation,root elongation,rapid shoot formation,and the enhanced production of bioactive compounds on a large scale.Furthermore,nanoparticles contribute to mitigating oxidative stress within cells,thereby promoting increased callus formation,elongated roots,and elevated production of secondary metabolites.Their influence extends to somaclonal variation and genetic transformation processes within plant tissue culture.These contributions collectively underscore the potential of nanoparticles to foster more efficient,sustainable,and scalable biotechnological solutions in in vitro culture.The implications extend to reducing resource dependency and mitigating environmental impacts,positioning nanotechnology as a transformative approach in sustainable plant biotechnology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170022)the 2023 Biodiversity Monitoring-special Investigation of Wild Fungi Issued by Chuxiong Management Bureau of Yunnan Ailao Mountains National Nature Reserve,the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project(2019HJ2096001006)the“Investigation of Macrofungi of Maguan County”Issued by Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China.
文摘The informal term‘dahongjun’or‘big red mushroom’is a group of red-coloured russulas widely collected and consumed in southern China,originally mistakenly recognized as the European Russula vinosa.Russula griseocarnosa was described from China in 2009,and since then,it has become the only available scientific name for‘dahongjun’.Nevertheless,several lineages exist within this complex,and whether these lineages represent real species is still an open question.Sampling in major producing areas of‘dahongjun’and phylogenetic species recognition using multi-locus data were conducted.Besides R.griseocarnosa nine additional species were identified under the commercial name‘dahongjun’,including R.dhakuriana,R.quercina,R.purpureozonata,R.yanheensis and a new species sister to R.griseocarnosa here described as R.occulta.The others were undescribed species close to R.laricina,R.lepida,and R.purpureozonata respectively.Six evolutionary lineages within R.griseocarnosa were defined by genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition based on five-locus DNA data.Conflicts among different genealogies suggested that R.griseocarnosa is best considered as a single phylogenetic species,comprising several infraspecific taxa.Lower coverage whole genome sequencing of R.griseocarnosa holotype discovered that its three individuals belong to three different clades.Lectotypification was made using one of the three individuals.A new variety R.griseocarnosa var.ailaoshanensis is described to name one of the terminal clades that is mainly distributed in Ailao Mountains.This variety differs morphologically from the type variety in its nearly white context,bigger spores and more inflated hyphae in the pileipellis.The morphological and molecular data provided in this study are helpful to identify wild edible mushrooms of Russula subgen.Russula.
基金supported by the Construction of High Quality and Efficient Mechanized Scientific and Technological Innovation Talent Team of Characteristic Coarse Cereals in Guizhou Province,China(No.BQW[2024]009)the Research and Integrated Application of Key Technologies of Green and High Yield in Characteristic Mountain Agriculture,China(No.[2023]07)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Project of China(No.[2022]091)。
文摘Plant-parasitic nematodes(PPNs)(Meloidogyne sp.,Globodera sp.,and Pratylenchus sp.)and fungi are two of the most economically important groups of organisms affecting agricultural productivity worldwide.The interactions among PPNs,biocontrol fungi,and soil ecosystem can significantly impact plant health,disease management,and ecosystem functioning.We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex relationships between PPNs and biocontrol fungi,including pathogenic and biocontrol interactions.We summarized the molecular and ecological mechanisms underlying these interactions,highlighting the key players,signaling pathways,and environmental factors that influence the interactions.We also reviewed current knowledge on fungus-based biocontrol strategies against PPNs,including the development of novel management approaches.Furthermore,we explored the prospects of nematode-fungus interactions in agriculture,including the potential applications and technologies,precision agriculture,and integrated pest management approaches.This review highlights the need for further research on nematode-fungus interactions and their impact on plant infection and productivity,with an emphasis on the development of sustainable and effective strategies for managing PPNs and enhancing plant health in agricultural ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,China(2022YFE0209400).
文摘In a pivotal moment for global conservation policy,UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere(MAB)Programme has endorsed the Hangzhou Strategic Action Plan(HSAP)2026–2035(UNESCO,2025),a decade-long roadmap that positions the World Network of Biosphere Reserves(WNBR)as central actors in delivering biodiversity,climate and sustainable-development goals(SDGs).The plan—developed and opened for global consultation in the runup to the 5th World Congress of Biosphere Reserves—articulates strategic directions,measurable action targets and practical instruments to strengthen biosphere reserves as living laboratories for people and nature(Ma,2025).
文摘Different parts of Wrightia tinctoria R.Br.(Apocynaceae)(W.tinctoria),have been extensively used in Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda,Siddha and Unani for the treatment of jaundice,malaria,psoriasis and many other ailments.The present review has been primed to describe the existing data on the information on the traditional uses,botany,pharmacognosy,phytochemical constituents,pharmacological activities and toxicology of W.tinctoria.The information was gathered via electronic search(using Google Scholar,NOPR,Pubmed,Elsevier,Medline Plus and Web of Science)and library search for the books on traditional medicine as well as the articles published in peer-reviewed journals.The plant is rich in compounds containing alkaloids,saponins,indoxy yielding O-glycoside(s),phenolics,flavonoids,isatin tryptanthrin,anthranillate,rutin,β-isatin,tryptophan,indigotin,indirubin,wrightial and sterols.The vast number of literature found in database revealed that the extracts of different parts of W.tinctoria showed significant pharmacological actions.Clinical studies indicated a broad range of applications in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin diseases.We suggest that there is a need for further investigations to isolate active principles that confer pharmacological action.Therefore,identification of such active compound is useful for producing safer drugs in the treatments of various ailments.
