Objective:Bone metastasis is a clinically important outcome of prostate carcinoma(PC).We focused on the phenotypic and functional characterization of a particularly aggressive phenotype within the androgen-independent...Objective:Bone metastasis is a clinically important outcome of prostate carcinoma(PC).We focused on the phenotypic and functional characterization of a particularly aggressive phenotype within the androgen-independent bone metastasis-derived PC3 cell line.These cells,originated from the spontaneous conversion of a CD44-negative subpopulation,stably express the CD44 v8-10 isoform(CD44 v8-10 pos)and display stem cell-like features and a marked invasive phenotype in vitro that is lost upon CD44 v8-10 silencing.Methods:Flow cytometry,enzyme-linked immunoassay,immunofluorescence,and Western blot were used for phenotypic and immunologic characterization.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and functional assays were used to assess osteomimicry.Results:Analysis of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers showed that CD44 v8-10 pos PC3 cells surprisingly display epithelial phenotype and can undergo osteomimicry,acquiring bone cell phenotypic and behavioral traits.Use of specific si RNA evidenced the ability of CD44 v8-10 variant to confer osteomimetic features,hence the potential to form bone-specific metastasis.Moreover,the ability of tumors to activate immunosuppressive mechanisms which counteract effective immune responses is a sign of the aggressiveness of a tumor.Here we report that CD44 v8-10 pos cells express programmed death ligand 1,a negative regulator of anticancer immunity,and secrete exceptionally high amounts of interleukin-6,favoring osteoclastogenesis and immunosuppression in bone microenvironment.Notably,we identified a novel pathway activated by CD44 v8-10,involving tafazzin(TAZ)and likely the Wnt/TAZ axis,known to play a role in upregulating osteomimetic genes.Conclusions:CD44 v8-10 could represent a marker of a more aggressive bone metastatic PC population exerting a driver role in osteomimicry in bone.A novel link between TAZ and CD44 v8-10 is also shown.展开更多
The basic tissue engineering paradigm is tissue induction and morphogenesis by combinatorial molecular protocols whereby soluble molecular signals are combined with insoluble signals or substrata.The insoluble signal ...The basic tissue engineering paradigm is tissue induction and morphogenesis by combinatorial molecular protocols whereby soluble molecular signals are combined with insoluble signals or substrata.The insoluble signal acts as a three-dimensional scaffold for the initiation of de novo tissue induction and morphogenesis. The osteogenic soluble molecular signals of the transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) supergene family,the bone morphogenetic/osteogenic proteins(BMPs/OPs) and,uniquely in the non-human primate Papio ursinus(P.ursinus),the three mammalian TGF-βisoforms induce bone formation as a recapitulation of embryonic development.In this paper,I discuss the pleiotropic activity of the BMPs/OPs in the non-human primate P. ursinus,the induction of bone by transitional uroepithelium,and the apparent redundancy of molecular signals initiating bone formation by induction including the three mammalian TGF-βisoforms.Amongst all mammals tested so far,the three mammalian TGF-βisoforms induce endochondral bone formation in the non-human primate P.ursinus only.Bone tissue engineering starts by erect-ing scaffolds of biomimetic biomaterial matrices that mimic the supramolecular assembly of the extracellular matrix of bone.The molecular scaffolding lies at the hearth of all tissue engineering strategies including the induction of bone formation.The novel concept of tissue engineering is the generation of newly formed bone by the implantation of"smart"intelligent biomimetic matrices that per se initiate the ripple-like cascade of bone differentiation by induction without exogenously applied BMPs/OPs of the TGF-βsupergene family.A comprehensive digital iconographic material presents the modified tissue engineering paradigm whereby the induction of bone formation is initiated by intelligent smart biomimetic matrices that per se initiate the induction of bone formation without the exogenous application of the soluble osteogenic molecular signals. The driving force of the intrinsic induction of bone formation by bioactive biomimetic matrices is the shape of the implanted substratum.The language of shape is the language of geometry;the language of geometry is the language of a sequence of repetitive concavities,which biomimetizes the remodelling cycle of the primate osteonic bone.展开更多
基金supported by funding by Ateneo Sapienza University(Grant Nos.RP 11816427B97420 and RG11916B7AF0C02D)to A.R.
文摘Objective:Bone metastasis is a clinically important outcome of prostate carcinoma(PC).We focused on the phenotypic and functional characterization of a particularly aggressive phenotype within the androgen-independent bone metastasis-derived PC3 cell line.These cells,originated from the spontaneous conversion of a CD44-negative subpopulation,stably express the CD44 v8-10 isoform(CD44 v8-10 pos)and display stem cell-like features and a marked invasive phenotype in vitro that is lost upon CD44 v8-10 silencing.Methods:Flow cytometry,enzyme-linked immunoassay,immunofluorescence,and Western blot were used for phenotypic and immunologic characterization.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and functional assays were used to assess osteomimicry.Results:Analysis of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers showed that CD44 v8-10 pos PC3 cells surprisingly display epithelial phenotype and can undergo osteomimicry,acquiring bone cell phenotypic and behavioral traits.Use of specific si RNA evidenced the ability of CD44 v8-10 variant to confer osteomimetic features,hence the potential to form bone-specific metastasis.Moreover,the ability of tumors to activate immunosuppressive mechanisms which counteract effective immune responses is a sign of the aggressiveness of a tumor.Here we report that CD44 v8-10 pos cells express programmed death ligand 1,a negative regulator of anticancer immunity,and secrete exceptionally high amounts of interleukin-6,favoring osteoclastogenesis and immunosuppression in bone microenvironment.Notably,we identified a novel pathway activated by CD44 v8-10,involving tafazzin(TAZ)and likely the Wnt/TAZ axis,known to play a role in upregulating osteomimetic genes.Conclusions:CD44 v8-10 could represent a marker of a more aggressive bone metastatic PC population exerting a driver role in osteomimicry in bone.A novel link between TAZ and CD44 v8-10 is also shown.
基金Supported by South African Medical Research Council,University of the Witwatersrand,Johannesburg and the National Research Foundation of South Africa
文摘The basic tissue engineering paradigm is tissue induction and morphogenesis by combinatorial molecular protocols whereby soluble molecular signals are combined with insoluble signals or substrata.The insoluble signal acts as a three-dimensional scaffold for the initiation of de novo tissue induction and morphogenesis. The osteogenic soluble molecular signals of the transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) supergene family,the bone morphogenetic/osteogenic proteins(BMPs/OPs) and,uniquely in the non-human primate Papio ursinus(P.ursinus),the three mammalian TGF-βisoforms induce bone formation as a recapitulation of embryonic development.In this paper,I discuss the pleiotropic activity of the BMPs/OPs in the non-human primate P. ursinus,the induction of bone by transitional uroepithelium,and the apparent redundancy of molecular signals initiating bone formation by induction including the three mammalian TGF-βisoforms.Amongst all mammals tested so far,the three mammalian TGF-βisoforms induce endochondral bone formation in the non-human primate P.ursinus only.Bone tissue engineering starts by erect-ing scaffolds of biomimetic biomaterial matrices that mimic the supramolecular assembly of the extracellular matrix of bone.The molecular scaffolding lies at the hearth of all tissue engineering strategies including the induction of bone formation.The novel concept of tissue engineering is the generation of newly formed bone by the implantation of"smart"intelligent biomimetic matrices that per se initiate the ripple-like cascade of bone differentiation by induction without exogenously applied BMPs/OPs of the TGF-βsupergene family.A comprehensive digital iconographic material presents the modified tissue engineering paradigm whereby the induction of bone formation is initiated by intelligent smart biomimetic matrices that per se initiate the induction of bone formation without the exogenous application of the soluble osteogenic molecular signals. The driving force of the intrinsic induction of bone formation by bioactive biomimetic matrices is the shape of the implanted substratum.The language of shape is the language of geometry;the language of geometry is the language of a sequence of repetitive concavities,which biomimetizes the remodelling cycle of the primate osteonic bone.
