Background:A germicide like Izal is chemical agent used for reducing and preventing microbial loads in systems for treating water as well as other industries like agriculture and aquaculture.The environmental impact o...Background:A germicide like Izal is chemical agent used for reducing and preventing microbial loads in systems for treating water as well as other industries like agriculture and aquaculture.The environmental impact of germicide is often more than the target intended by those who use them.The purpose of the current study was to ascertain the toxicity levels and behavioral alterations of Juvenile African catfish,Clarias gariepinus,subjected to Izal exposure.Methods:The stock solution was created from the 100 mL by mixing 1 mL of the Izal with 99 mL of water.After that,different nominal concentrations of Izal were prepared using the stock solution by diluting the toxin with tap water in determined amounts(10 L).The fish were exposed to acute concentrations of 1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 and 3.0 mg/L of Izal had a control that served as a reference point.Results:The lethal concentration of Izal(24 h LC50)was found to be 2.4136 mg/L(95%confidence interval=2.1707–2.6838)for test fish under a semi-static system showing that Izal is moderately poisonous to the species in a dose-dependent manner and time(duration).The highest mortality was recorded in the highest concentration(3.0 mg/L)of Izal while the least mortality was observed in the 1.5 mg/L group.Izal-exposed fish had aberrant behavior,including hyperactivity,gasping of air,respiratory distress,attempts to jump out of the water,erratic swimming,refusal to feed,lethargic movement,and slow response to feed,loss of balance and depigmentation.The severity of the abnormal behavior decreased after 24 h,but remained mildly to moderately high at 2.0 and 2.5 mg/L of Izal.It was found that the death rate increased with Izal concentration and duration.Conclusion:The present study revealed that Izal was moderately toxic to Claris gariepinus juveniles and should be used prudently in the environment to guard against toxicological effect on non-target organisms such as fish.For this reason,the use of the germicides should be with caution especially near water bodies.展开更多
Monoacylglycerols(MAGs) and diacylglycerols(DAGs) are partial glycerides widely used in food industry. They are safe and non-toxic food emulsifiers, especially for MAGs. MAGs account for approximately 75% of the total...Monoacylglycerols(MAGs) and diacylglycerols(DAGs) are partial glycerides widely used in food industry. They are safe and non-toxic food emulsifiers, especially for MAGs. MAGs account for approximately 75% of the total emulsifiers in food industry worldwide. DAGs are recognized as functional cooking oils, they can suppress body fat accumulation and postprandial serum triacylglycerols(TAGs) level. The traditional production of MAGs and DAGs is based on the chemical method, which requires high reaction temperature usually up to 200–260 ℃. Such high temperature is not suitable for oil containing heat sensitive polyunsaturated fatty acids. Enzymatic approach has been received increasing attentions. Enzymatic production of partial glycerides to replace chemical processes has been in industry, particularly for DAGs production as the products have been claimed as a functional and nutritional oil. Enzyme technology for the processing of oils and fats has been moved to industry step by step and case by case during the last 20 years. More and more applications are particularly moving into bulky oils and fats processing. At the same time, the cost of enzymes as a commercial product is reducing steadily. This review summarized the recent 15 years advances on the the enzymatic preparation of MAGs and DAGs. The critical process parameters under different reaction routes were presented and emphasized. The reaction media not only increased the homogeneity of the reaction system, but also shifted the reaction equilibrium towards the target product generation, and this part was stated in detail. In addition, the patent evaluation was included, and the application of MAGs and DAGs was covered.展开更多
Phosphatidylserine(PS)is the part of cell structure in the body and has many beneficial functions especially in brain-related aging diseases.Although daily foods can provide PS to human body,the amount is very limited...Phosphatidylserine(PS)is the part of cell structure in the body and has many beneficial functions especially in brain-related aging diseases.Although daily foods can provide PS to human body,the amount is very limited due to its poverty in most foods.To overcome the issue,numerous studies based on PS have been reported to develop PS-related supplements.In this review,PS was comprehensively and critically reviewed from the view of resources,functions,processing techniques,patents,and prospects.For resources,animal,plant,and microorganism origins were all covered with their differences in composition profiles.For functions,benefits regarding memory,cognitive enhancement,exercise performance,reducing Alzheimer’s disease,and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms were covered as well as the functional differences among animal-,plant-,and microorganism-based PS-related supplements.For processing techniques,traditional extracting methods from animal,plant,and microorganism tissues were comparatively discussed with enzymatic synthesis based on different reaction systems.Finally,patents of PS-related supplements were evaluated as well as their applications.This review could provide scientific and valuable support for PS industry.展开更多
Phytoremediation is a sustainable remedial approach for removing benzene from environment.Plant associated bacteria could ameliorate the phytotoxic effects of benzene on plant,although the specificity of these interac...Phytoremediation is a sustainable remedial approach for removing benzene from environment.Plant associated bacteria could ameliorate the phytotoxic effects of benzene on plant,although the specificity of these interactions is unclear.Here,we used proteomics approach to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in plant-bacteria interactions.Plant associated bacteria was isolated and subsequently inoculated into the sterilized Helianthus annuus,and the uptake rates of benzene by these inoculated plants were evaluated.At the end of the experiment,leaves and roots proteins were analyzed.The results showed inoculated H.annuus with strain EnL3 removed more benzene than other treatments after 96 h.EnL3 was identified as Enterobacter sp.according to 16S rDNA analysis.Based on the comparison of proteins,62 proteins were significantly up or down regulated in inoculated leaves,while 35 proteins were significantly up or down regulated in inoculated roots.Furthermore,there were 4 and 3 identified proteins presented only in inoculated H.annuus leaves and roots,respectively.These proteins involved in several functions including transcription and translation,photosynthesis,and stress response.The network among anti-oxidant defense system,protein synthesis,and photosynthetic electron transfer are involved in collaboratively activate the benzene uptake and stress tolerance in plant.展开更多
Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) are commonly referred to as cocoyam in Nigeria. They are cherished for their rich taste, nutritional and medicinal properties. Traditionally, cocoyams a...Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) are commonly referred to as cocoyam in Nigeria. They are cherished for their rich taste, nutritional and medicinal properties. Traditionally, cocoyams are vegetatively propagated from tuber fragments, a practice that encourages pathogen distribution. For rapid multiplication and production of quality planting materials, tissue culture technology offers promising alternative compared to the traditional production methods. In this study different concentrations of ripped sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) juice were screened for regeneration and multiplication of 2 months old in vitro cocoyam shoot explants. Among the concentrations, maximum numbers of roots (37 ± 5) were observed in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 10% orange juice after 8 weeks in culture compared to 16 ± 4 (roots) observed in the control medium. On shoot multiplicity, 16 ± 3 shoots were induced in the control medium in contrast to 12 ± 0.8 shoots in the MS medium supplemented with 10% orange juice after 8 weeks of culture. Higher concentrations (25% and 35%) of the orange juice supplemented medium resulted in concomitant inhibition of all the growth parameters. The study successfully established that ripped orange juice could substitute the use of conventional growth hormones cytokinins (BAP) and auxins (NAA) in in vitro regeneration and rapid multiplication of cocoyam shoot explants.展开更多
A mesophilic strain of Aspergillus niger isolated from cassava effluent samples produced extracellular glucoamylase in submerged culture containing 2% (w/v) soluble or sweet potato starch. On soluble starch medium the...A mesophilic strain of Aspergillus niger isolated from cassava effluent samples produced extracellular glucoamylase in submerged culture containing 2% (w/v) soluble or sweet potato starch. On soluble starch medium the maximum glucoamylase activity in the culture filtrate was 9.40 U/mg compared to 8.24 U/mg on sweet potato starch culture filtrate. The mycelial dry weight for both media was 494 and 418 mg respectively. The maximum glucoamylase activity was obtained at a growth temperature of 40°C and pH 4.5. The implication is that the bioprocess of utilizing sweet potato starch in the culture is attractive due to its relatively cheaper availability in Nigeria, making it even more favorable when economics is considered.展开更多
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THF). Chemotherapy drugs such as methotrexate help to slow the progression of cancer by limiting the...Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THF). Chemotherapy drugs such as methotrexate help to slow the progression of cancer by limiting the ability of dividing cells to make nucleotides by competitively inhibiting DHFR. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been previously reported to exhibit competitive inhibition of DHFR, in addition to their primary action on cyclooxygenase enzymes. This interaction interferes with the enzymatic reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, thereby impeding the folate metabolism pathway essential for nucleotide synthesis and cell proliferation. This activity stems from their structural resemblance to the p-aminobenzoyl-l-glutamate (pABG) moiety of folate, a substrate of DHFR. It has been established that NSAIDs containing a salicylate group (which has structural similarities to pABG), such as diflunisal, exhibit stronger DHFR-binding activity. In this study, we synthesized salicylate derivatives of naproxen with the aim of exploring their potential as inhibitors of DHFR. The interactions between these derivatives and human DHFR were characterized using a combination of biochemical, biophysical, and structural methods. Through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis, enzymatic assays, and quantitative ELISA, we investigated the binding affinity and inhibitory potency of the synthesized salicylate derivatives towards DHFR. The findings of this study suggest the potential of salicylate derivatives of naproxen as promising candidates for the inhibition of DHFR, thereby offering novel therapeutic opportunities for modulating the inflammatory process through multiple pathways. Further optimization of these derivatives could lead to the development of more efficacious dual-targeted analogs with enhanced therapeutic benefits.展开更多
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania.Conventional chemotherapy remains to be the most preferred measure against leishmaniasis despite being associated with high tox...Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania.Conventional chemotherapy remains to be the most preferred measure against leishmaniasis despite being associated with high toxicity and relapse rates.They are also expensive and require hospitalization.Plant-based compounds provide a better treatment alternative because they are effective,cheap,and less associated with toxicity and resistance.This study examined the therapeutic potential of Warburgia ugandensis,Prunus africana,and Piliostigma thonningii against Leishmania donovani infection in BALB/c mice.Anti-promastigote and toxicity studies were evaluated by incubating the test compound with promastigotes and Vero cells,respectively.Serum was obtained from the mice for total immunoglobulin gamma(IgG)quantification.For in vivo studies,the mice were infected with virulent Leishmania donovani then treated with methanolic extracts of Warburgia ugandensis,Prunus africana,and Piliostigma thonningii and control drug,pentostam(sodium stibogluconate).Treatment with the plant extracts and standard drug resulted to significant reduction in parasite burden.Outcomes in the mice treated with plant extracts were comparable to those treated with pentostam(P≥0.05).In the promastigote assay,all the test compounds killed more than half of the promastigotes at the highest concentration(500μg/mL).Warburgia ugandensis,P.thonningii,and P.africana reduced the number of promastigotes from 2.0×10^(6) to 7.7×10^(3),72.0×10^(3),and 5.0×10^(3),respectively.Pentostam had the lowest IC50(210μg/mL),followed by Warburgia ugandensis(IC50 of 270μg/mL).Piliostigma thonningii and P.africana were less toxic with IC50 of 720μg/mL and 500μg/mL,respectively.There was low production of IgG antibodies following treatment with the plant extracts and high levels in the untreated control.展开更多
Animal nutritionists have incessantly worked towards providing livestock with high-quality plant protein feed resources.Soybean meal(SBM)has been an essential and predominantly adopted vegetable protein source in live...Animal nutritionists have incessantly worked towards providing livestock with high-quality plant protein feed resources.Soybean meal(SBM)has been an essential and predominantly adopted vegetable protein source in livestock feeding for a long time;however,several SBM antinutrients could potentially impair the animal's performance and growth,limiting its use.Several processing methods have been employed to remove SBM antinutrients,including fermentation with fungal or bacterial microorganisms.According to the literature,fermentation,a traditional food processing method,could improve SBM's nutritional and functional properties,making it more suitable and beneficial to livestock.The current interest in health-promoting functional feed,which can enhance the growth of animals,improve their immune system,and promote physiological benefits more than conventional feed,coupled with the ban on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters,has caused a renewed interest in the use of fermented SBM(FSBM)in livestock diets.This review details the mechanism of SBM fermentation and its impacts on animal health and discusses the recent trend in the application and emerging advantages to livestock while shedding light on the research gap that needs to be critically addressed in future studies.FSBM appears to be a multifunctional high-quality plant protein source for animals.Besides removing soybean antinutrients,beneficial bioactive peptides and digestive enzymes are produced during fermentation,providing probiotics,antioxidants,and immunomodulatory effects.Critical aspects regarding FSBM feeding to animals remain uncharted,such as the duration of fermentation,the influence of feeding on digestive tissue development,choice of microbial strain,and possible environmental impact.展开更多
In this study a reliable protocol was developed for the establishment of commercial in vitro cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.. Juvenile shoots from one-year-old elite plants were used as the source of explan...In this study a reliable protocol was developed for the establishment of commercial in vitro cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.. Juvenile shoots from one-year-old elite plants were used as the source of explants. New axillary shoots were obtained after 30 days of culture on a MS medium supplemented with BAP （2.0 mg.L^-1） and NAA （0.1 mg.L^-1）. The optimal multiplication medium was a modified MS medium supplemented with BAP （1.0 mg.L^-1） and NAA （0.1 mg.L^-1）. This yielded a multiplication rate of 2.4 for each subculture. Slightly more than 92% of shoots rooted when cultured on a modified MS medium containing IBA （0.2 mg.L^-1） and activated charcoal （0.5 mg.L^-1）. Activated charcoal promoted both a strong and a high rooting rate during the rooting phase. Plantlets were transferred to pots for a short acclimatization stage in a greenhouse where 95% of the plantlets survived. This highly reproducible procedure can be adopted for large-scale propagation of T. wilfordii.展开更多
Objective： To determine the adjuvant potential of artemisinin with a soluble leishmanial antigen in vaccinating BALB/c mice. Methods： Seventy two female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned into six groups. The mice w...Objective： To determine the adjuvant potential of artemisinin with a soluble leishmanial antigen in vaccinating BALB/c mice. Methods： Seventy two female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned into six groups. The mice were vaccinated with soluble Leishmania antigens （SLA） alone, artemisinin co-administered with SLA, SLA and Bacille Calmette Gu fin （BCG） vaccine, and artemisinin and BCG alone. Unvaccinated mice formed the control group. The induction of cell-mediated immunity following vaccination was determined by measuring in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and the production of interleukin （IL）-4, IL-5 and gamma interferon （IFN-γ） determined by flow cytometry. Protection against L. major was determined by quantifying parasite burdens in L. major infected footpads using a limiting dilution assay and by measuring lesion sizes of the infected footpad compared to the contralateral uninfected footpad. Results： Mice receiving SLA plus artemisinin produced significantly high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 （P 〈 0.05） and low levels of IFN-γ, resulting in exacerbated disease. In addition, subcutaneous administration of SLA ＋ artemisinin, artemisinin alone or SLA alone resulted in the development of large footpad swellings and high parasite loads that were comparable to those of the control unvaccinated mice （P 〉 0.05）, resulting in exacerbated disease. Conclusion： These data suggest that artemisinin is not a suitable adjuvant for Leishmania vaccines. However, since artemisinin has been shown to be effective against Leishmania parasites in vitro and in vivo, further studies ought to be conducted to determine its immunochemotherapeutic potential when co-administered with Leishmania antigens.展开更多
Objective： This study compared the performance of the immunochromatographic strip （ICS） to the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory （VDRL） test and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay （TPHA） at a primary...Objective： This study compared the performance of the immunochromatographic strip （ICS） to the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory （VDRL） test and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay （TPHA） at a primary health care setting. Methods： The study group was comprised of 150 females randomly drawn from a population of pregnant women attending their first antenatal visit or follow-up visits at West Maternity Hospital in Eldoret Kenya, but without a previous syphilis test during that pregnancy. On-site VDRL, ICS and TPHA tests were performed and immediate treatment provided where appropriate. The performance of the three tests was compared, Results： The sero-prevalence of syphilis as determined by the VDRL test was 3%. There was no significant difference between the ICS and the VDRL test （P 〉 0.05）. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICS test were 80% and 98.6% respectively, while the negative predictive value （NPV） and positive predictive value （PPV） were both 100%. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of the VDRL test were 66.7% and 99.3%, while the NPV and PPV were 80% and 98.6% respectively. The Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay was used as a reference test and had sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV of 100%. Conclusion： The diagnostic accuracy of the ICS compared favorably with theVDRL gold standard. The use of the ICS in Kenya can improve the diagnosis of syphilis in health facilities both with and without laboratories and allow community health care workers to make a rapid diagnosis of the disease, and consequently make immediate therapeutic decisions.展开更多
The feasibility of pilot-scale manufacture of defined fungal starter and its application in rice wine production from different local starchy materials were investigated. Starter consisting of Arnylomyces rouxii and S...The feasibility of pilot-scale manufacture of defined fungal starter and its application in rice wine production from different local starchy materials were investigated. Starter consisting of Arnylomyces rouxii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae gave high performance in winemaking when prepared in conditions of rice flour 80% and cassava flour 20% with 4 incubation days. The starter level at 20% was favourably employed for manufacture with the initial amount of I0 kg mixed-flours, Dry starter granules which were vacuum packed could adapt ambient temperature （approx. 28-32℃） during 8 months of storage. The defined starter performed as superior inoculum for winemaking from different agricultural starchy resources. The undesirable bacteria were found at approx. 2 Log CFU/g of dry starter. By morphology, biochemical and physiological growth and the genetic partial 16S analyses, three bacterial isolates were characterized as Bacillus subtilis/amvloliquefaciens which may contaminate tbod but not cause food poisoning and not considered as a human pathogen.展开更多
In order to expand the sources of raw materials for edible fungus cultivation, reduce the use of wood, and realize the harmless treatment and efficient utilization of bamboo sawdust, bamboo sawdust was used to partial...In order to expand the sources of raw materials for edible fungus cultivation, reduce the use of wood, and realize the harmless treatment and efficient utilization of bamboo sawdust, bamboo sawdust was used to partially replace the broad-leaved wood sawdust in the conventional formula, and the growth of Ganoderma lucidum and Stropharia rugosoannulata mycelia in a large test tube in different matrix formulas was studied. The results show that the mycelia of the two edible fungi could grow normally in the matrices with bamboo sawdust;the growth of the mycelia in various formulas was different, and the performances of different strains of the same species were also different. Compared with the conventional formula, the suitable substitution amount of bamboo sawdust for the G. lucidum strains was 30%-45%, and that for S. rugosoannulata strains was 16%-32%.展开更多
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), commonly known as sleeping sickness is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which is fatal if left untreated. Its diagnosis is a challenge since the signs and symptoms of...Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), commonly known as sleeping sickness is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which is fatal if left untreated. Its diagnosis is a challenge since the signs and symptoms of the primary phase are not specific, the existing diagnostic methods have low sensitivity and specificity, and the available drugs have some toxicity. New, robust, and cost-effective techniques are needed for the early identification of parasites. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of two different types of polyclonal antibodies against T. b. gambiense using antigen detection ELISA. Polyclonal antibodies against the expressed proteins Tbg I2 and Tbg I17 were produced using New Zealand white rabbits. The antibody titer measured was greater than 32 g/L after the 3<sup>rd</sup> immunization for the expressed protein Tbg I2. For the expressed protein Tbg I17, the antibody titer measured was greater than 32 g/L after the 4<sup>th</sup> immunization. The sensitivity and specificity of the Tbg I2 polyclonal antibody confirmed with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as gold standard were respectively 89.5% and 80.6%, while for the Tbg I17 polyclonal antibody, the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 92.1% and 88.9%. The area under the curve for the Tbg I2 polyclonal antibody was 0.90 ± 0.032, while for the Tbg I17 polyclonal antibody, the area under the curve was 0.92 ± 0.0. The Tbg I17 polyclonal antibody produced in New Zealand white rabbits has good sensitivity and good specificity;it can be successfully used in the diagnosis of HAT.展开更多
A wild rice (BKK) strain showing sterile spikelet and big leaves inhabited at the basin of the Chao Phraya river of Bangkok city, Thailand. The BKK strain was found as a natural triploid and thus its origin has been i...A wild rice (BKK) strain showing sterile spikelet and big leaves inhabited at the basin of the Chao Phraya river of Bangkok city, Thailand. The BKK strain was found as a natural triploid and thus its origin has been interested long time. Three different-sized fragments were amplified in RNA polymerase I largest subunit (<i>PolA1</i>) gene, which is a single-copy nuclear gene per haploid genome. Short type (0.14 kb) intron 20 sequence of BKK strain was identical to that of <i>O. rufipogon</i> and <i>O. sativa</i>. Phylogenetic analysis showed that long type (1.5 kb and 1.8 kb) intron 20 sequences of BKK strain were closely related to that of <i>O. longistaminata</i> and <i>O. officinalis</i>, respectively. We analyzed protein tag (Ptag) sequence encoded by exons 19 to 21 of <i>PolA1</i> gene. Determined three Ptag sequences of BKK strain were identical to that of <i>O. rufipogon</i>, <i>O. longistaminata</i>, and <i>O. officinalis</i>, respectively. Relative DNA content of nuclei in <i>O. officinalis</i> and BKK strain was 1.5 and 1.75 times than that in <i>O. sativa</i>, respectively. And BKK strain contained CentO-C1 repeats, which were unique to <i>O. officinalis</i>. These results indicated that BKK strain comprised three genomes of <i>O. rufipogon</i>, <i>O. longistaminata</i>, and <i>O. officinalis</i>.展开更多
The transcriptional response to low oxygen(hypoxia)in flowering plants is mediated by group VII Ethylene Response Factor(ERFVII)transcription factors,whose proteolysis is oxygen-dependent via the PLANT CYSTEINE OXIDAS...The transcriptional response to low oxygen(hypoxia)in flowering plants is mediated by group VII Ethylene Response Factor(ERFVII)transcription factors,whose proteolysis is oxygen-dependent via the PLANT CYSTEINE OXIDASE(PCO)N-degron pathway.However,when and how this hypoxia response evolved in land plants remains unknown.In this study,we investigated the conservation and divergence of transcriptional responses to hypoxia across major land plant clades.We found that the induction of gene functions associated with glycolysis and fermentation is part of a conserved response across all land plant divisions.Evolutinary analyses suggest that ERFVIIs emerged in the last common ancestor of vascular plants with true roots,coinciding with the evolution of oxygen-dependent destabilization mechanisms that regulate hypoxia-adaptive genes.Proteins from other ERF groups have been independently recruited multiple times in different clades as substrates of the PCO N-degron pathway.Taken together,our results demonstrate that the response of land plants to hypoxia has been refined in derived clades through the evolution of ERFVIIs as transcriptional transducers,which occurred concurrently with the emergence of vascular systems and roots as foraging structures in hypoxic soils.展开更多
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is established as a newest biomaterial, and it can be used for medical and odontology applications. In addition, it has called attention for uses such as membrane for wound care and tissue eng...Bacterial cellulose (BC) is established as a newest biomaterial, and it can be used for medical and odontology applications. In addition, it has called attention for uses such as membrane for wound care and tissue engineering. In this work, the bacterial cellulose fermentation process is modified by the addition of natural materials before the bacteria are inoculated. In vivo behavior using natural ECM for regenerative medicine is presented and completed wound healing process is 3 months.展开更多
Fish culture plays an important role in supplying high-quality proteins and omega-3(n-3)long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.Aquaculture has been the fastest growing sector in agriculture.Fishmeal is an important co...Fish culture plays an important role in supplying high-quality proteins and omega-3(n-3)long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.Aquaculture has been the fastest growing sector in agriculture.Fishmeal is an important component of commercial fish feeds,but ensuring a sustainable supply of fishmeal is in question.A good source of proteins in aquafeeds is insects.For the past 20 years,investigations have been carried out on insect meals as alternative sources for fishmeal.Thus far,the results on replacing fishmeal in feeding aquaculture species have been promising.However,some challenging issues including costs and scaling up of insect production remains.In this review,we aim to summarize the status of applying meals of eight insect species in formulated aquafeeds.We also discussed issues in replacing fishmeal in fish feeds with insect meals and listed some future research directions to make insect meals an important source of proteins for green,profitable and sustainable(GPS)aquaculture.It is certain that in the near future,large-scale insect farming and processing to produce insect meals as an ingredient of fish feeds will have positive impact on the sustainability and profitability of aquaculture.展开更多
文摘Background:A germicide like Izal is chemical agent used for reducing and preventing microbial loads in systems for treating water as well as other industries like agriculture and aquaculture.The environmental impact of germicide is often more than the target intended by those who use them.The purpose of the current study was to ascertain the toxicity levels and behavioral alterations of Juvenile African catfish,Clarias gariepinus,subjected to Izal exposure.Methods:The stock solution was created from the 100 mL by mixing 1 mL of the Izal with 99 mL of water.After that,different nominal concentrations of Izal were prepared using the stock solution by diluting the toxin with tap water in determined amounts(10 L).The fish were exposed to acute concentrations of 1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 and 3.0 mg/L of Izal had a control that served as a reference point.Results:The lethal concentration of Izal(24 h LC50)was found to be 2.4136 mg/L(95%confidence interval=2.1707–2.6838)for test fish under a semi-static system showing that Izal is moderately poisonous to the species in a dose-dependent manner and time(duration).The highest mortality was recorded in the highest concentration(3.0 mg/L)of Izal while the least mortality was observed in the 1.5 mg/L group.Izal-exposed fish had aberrant behavior,including hyperactivity,gasping of air,respiratory distress,attempts to jump out of the water,erratic swimming,refusal to feed,lethargic movement,and slow response to feed,loss of balance and depigmentation.The severity of the abnormal behavior decreased after 24 h,but remained mildly to moderately high at 2.0 and 2.5 mg/L of Izal.It was found that the death rate increased with Izal concentration and duration.Conclusion:The present study revealed that Izal was moderately toxic to Claris gariepinus juveniles and should be used prudently in the environment to guard against toxicological effect on non-target organisms such as fish.For this reason,the use of the germicides should be with caution especially near water bodies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772000).
文摘Monoacylglycerols(MAGs) and diacylglycerols(DAGs) are partial glycerides widely used in food industry. They are safe and non-toxic food emulsifiers, especially for MAGs. MAGs account for approximately 75% of the total emulsifiers in food industry worldwide. DAGs are recognized as functional cooking oils, they can suppress body fat accumulation and postprandial serum triacylglycerols(TAGs) level. The traditional production of MAGs and DAGs is based on the chemical method, which requires high reaction temperature usually up to 200–260 ℃. Such high temperature is not suitable for oil containing heat sensitive polyunsaturated fatty acids. Enzymatic approach has been received increasing attentions. Enzymatic production of partial glycerides to replace chemical processes has been in industry, particularly for DAGs production as the products have been claimed as a functional and nutritional oil. Enzyme technology for the processing of oils and fats has been moved to industry step by step and case by case during the last 20 years. More and more applications are particularly moving into bulky oils and fats processing. At the same time, the cost of enzymes as a commercial product is reducing steadily. This review summarized the recent 15 years advances on the the enzymatic preparation of MAGs and DAGs. The critical process parameters under different reaction routes were presented and emphasized. The reaction media not only increased the homogeneity of the reaction system, but also shifted the reaction equilibrium towards the target product generation, and this part was stated in detail. In addition, the patent evaluation was included, and the application of MAGs and DAGs was covered.
基金financially supported by the Innovative Funds Plan of Henan University of Technology(2020ZKCJ10)Cultivation Programme for Young Backbone Teachers in Henan University of Technology.
文摘Phosphatidylserine(PS)is the part of cell structure in the body and has many beneficial functions especially in brain-related aging diseases.Although daily foods can provide PS to human body,the amount is very limited due to its poverty in most foods.To overcome the issue,numerous studies based on PS have been reported to develop PS-related supplements.In this review,PS was comprehensively and critically reviewed from the view of resources,functions,processing techniques,patents,and prospects.For resources,animal,plant,and microorganism origins were all covered with their differences in composition profiles.For functions,benefits regarding memory,cognitive enhancement,exercise performance,reducing Alzheimer’s disease,and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms were covered as well as the functional differences among animal-,plant-,and microorganism-based PS-related supplements.For processing techniques,traditional extracting methods from animal,plant,and microorganism tissues were comparatively discussed with enzymatic synthesis based on different reaction systems.Finally,patents of PS-related supplements were evaluated as well as their applications.This review could provide scientific and valuable support for PS industry.
基金This work was supported by the King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi through the Post-doctoral Fellowship and the KMUTT 55th Anniversary Commemorative Fund.We thank Ms.Suthathip Kittisenachai,Mr.Yodying Yingchutrakul,and Mr.Sucheewin Krobthong of the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology(BIOTEC)for their valuable help in the Proteomics Research Laboratory.
文摘Phytoremediation is a sustainable remedial approach for removing benzene from environment.Plant associated bacteria could ameliorate the phytotoxic effects of benzene on plant,although the specificity of these interactions is unclear.Here,we used proteomics approach to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in plant-bacteria interactions.Plant associated bacteria was isolated and subsequently inoculated into the sterilized Helianthus annuus,and the uptake rates of benzene by these inoculated plants were evaluated.At the end of the experiment,leaves and roots proteins were analyzed.The results showed inoculated H.annuus with strain EnL3 removed more benzene than other treatments after 96 h.EnL3 was identified as Enterobacter sp.according to 16S rDNA analysis.Based on the comparison of proteins,62 proteins were significantly up or down regulated in inoculated leaves,while 35 proteins were significantly up or down regulated in inoculated roots.Furthermore,there were 4 and 3 identified proteins presented only in inoculated H.annuus leaves and roots,respectively.These proteins involved in several functions including transcription and translation,photosynthesis,and stress response.The network among anti-oxidant defense system,protein synthesis,and photosynthetic electron transfer are involved in collaboratively activate the benzene uptake and stress tolerance in plant.
文摘Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) are commonly referred to as cocoyam in Nigeria. They are cherished for their rich taste, nutritional and medicinal properties. Traditionally, cocoyams are vegetatively propagated from tuber fragments, a practice that encourages pathogen distribution. For rapid multiplication and production of quality planting materials, tissue culture technology offers promising alternative compared to the traditional production methods. In this study different concentrations of ripped sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) juice were screened for regeneration and multiplication of 2 months old in vitro cocoyam shoot explants. Among the concentrations, maximum numbers of roots (37 ± 5) were observed in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 10% orange juice after 8 weeks in culture compared to 16 ± 4 (roots) observed in the control medium. On shoot multiplicity, 16 ± 3 shoots were induced in the control medium in contrast to 12 ± 0.8 shoots in the MS medium supplemented with 10% orange juice after 8 weeks of culture. Higher concentrations (25% and 35%) of the orange juice supplemented medium resulted in concomitant inhibition of all the growth parameters. The study successfully established that ripped orange juice could substitute the use of conventional growth hormones cytokinins (BAP) and auxins (NAA) in in vitro regeneration and rapid multiplication of cocoyam shoot explants.
文摘A mesophilic strain of Aspergillus niger isolated from cassava effluent samples produced extracellular glucoamylase in submerged culture containing 2% (w/v) soluble or sweet potato starch. On soluble starch medium the maximum glucoamylase activity in the culture filtrate was 9.40 U/mg compared to 8.24 U/mg on sweet potato starch culture filtrate. The mycelial dry weight for both media was 494 and 418 mg respectively. The maximum glucoamylase activity was obtained at a growth temperature of 40°C and pH 4.5. The implication is that the bioprocess of utilizing sweet potato starch in the culture is attractive due to its relatively cheaper availability in Nigeria, making it even more favorable when economics is considered.
文摘Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THF). Chemotherapy drugs such as methotrexate help to slow the progression of cancer by limiting the ability of dividing cells to make nucleotides by competitively inhibiting DHFR. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been previously reported to exhibit competitive inhibition of DHFR, in addition to their primary action on cyclooxygenase enzymes. This interaction interferes with the enzymatic reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, thereby impeding the folate metabolism pathway essential for nucleotide synthesis and cell proliferation. This activity stems from their structural resemblance to the p-aminobenzoyl-l-glutamate (pABG) moiety of folate, a substrate of DHFR. It has been established that NSAIDs containing a salicylate group (which has structural similarities to pABG), such as diflunisal, exhibit stronger DHFR-binding activity. In this study, we synthesized salicylate derivatives of naproxen with the aim of exploring their potential as inhibitors of DHFR. The interactions between these derivatives and human DHFR were characterized using a combination of biochemical, biophysical, and structural methods. Through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis, enzymatic assays, and quantitative ELISA, we investigated the binding affinity and inhibitory potency of the synthesized salicylate derivatives towards DHFR. The findings of this study suggest the potential of salicylate derivatives of naproxen as promising candidates for the inhibition of DHFR, thereby offering novel therapeutic opportunities for modulating the inflammatory process through multiple pathways. Further optimization of these derivatives could lead to the development of more efficacious dual-targeted analogs with enhanced therapeutic benefits.
文摘Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania.Conventional chemotherapy remains to be the most preferred measure against leishmaniasis despite being associated with high toxicity and relapse rates.They are also expensive and require hospitalization.Plant-based compounds provide a better treatment alternative because they are effective,cheap,and less associated with toxicity and resistance.This study examined the therapeutic potential of Warburgia ugandensis,Prunus africana,and Piliostigma thonningii against Leishmania donovani infection in BALB/c mice.Anti-promastigote and toxicity studies were evaluated by incubating the test compound with promastigotes and Vero cells,respectively.Serum was obtained from the mice for total immunoglobulin gamma(IgG)quantification.For in vivo studies,the mice were infected with virulent Leishmania donovani then treated with methanolic extracts of Warburgia ugandensis,Prunus africana,and Piliostigma thonningii and control drug,pentostam(sodium stibogluconate).Treatment with the plant extracts and standard drug resulted to significant reduction in parasite burden.Outcomes in the mice treated with plant extracts were comparable to those treated with pentostam(P≥0.05).In the promastigote assay,all the test compounds killed more than half of the promastigotes at the highest concentration(500μg/mL).Warburgia ugandensis,P.thonningii,and P.africana reduced the number of promastigotes from 2.0×10^(6) to 7.7×10^(3),72.0×10^(3),and 5.0×10^(3),respectively.Pentostam had the lowest IC50(210μg/mL),followed by Warburgia ugandensis(IC50 of 270μg/mL).Piliostigma thonningii and P.africana were less toxic with IC50 of 720μg/mL and 500μg/mL,respectively.There was low production of IgG antibodies following treatment with the plant extracts and high levels in the untreated control.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(YQ2023C011)the Arawana Charity Foundation,Heilongjiang Province Postdoctoral Research Subsidy(BS065)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang Province of China(2022ZX01A24)Academic Backbone Project of Northeast Agricultural University(22XG35)
文摘Animal nutritionists have incessantly worked towards providing livestock with high-quality plant protein feed resources.Soybean meal(SBM)has been an essential and predominantly adopted vegetable protein source in livestock feeding for a long time;however,several SBM antinutrients could potentially impair the animal's performance and growth,limiting its use.Several processing methods have been employed to remove SBM antinutrients,including fermentation with fungal or bacterial microorganisms.According to the literature,fermentation,a traditional food processing method,could improve SBM's nutritional and functional properties,making it more suitable and beneficial to livestock.The current interest in health-promoting functional feed,which can enhance the growth of animals,improve their immune system,and promote physiological benefits more than conventional feed,coupled with the ban on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters,has caused a renewed interest in the use of fermented SBM(FSBM)in livestock diets.This review details the mechanism of SBM fermentation and its impacts on animal health and discusses the recent trend in the application and emerging advantages to livestock while shedding light on the research gap that needs to be critically addressed in future studies.FSBM appears to be a multifunctional high-quality plant protein source for animals.Besides removing soybean antinutrients,beneficial bioactive peptides and digestive enzymes are produced during fermentation,providing probiotics,antioxidants,and immunomodulatory effects.Critical aspects regarding FSBM feeding to animals remain uncharted,such as the duration of fermentation,the influence of feeding on digestive tissue development,choice of microbial strain,and possible environmental impact.
基金supported by the Youth Talent Project of Science and Technology Department, Fujian Province (No. 2007F3017)the Research Project of the Forestry Department, Fujian Province (Minlin 2004 Kehan No. 8)
文摘In this study a reliable protocol was developed for the establishment of commercial in vitro cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.. Juvenile shoots from one-year-old elite plants were used as the source of explants. New axillary shoots were obtained after 30 days of culture on a MS medium supplemented with BAP （2.0 mg.L^-1） and NAA （0.1 mg.L^-1）. The optimal multiplication medium was a modified MS medium supplemented with BAP （1.0 mg.L^-1） and NAA （0.1 mg.L^-1）. This yielded a multiplication rate of 2.4 for each subculture. Slightly more than 92% of shoots rooted when cultured on a modified MS medium containing IBA （0.2 mg.L^-1） and activated charcoal （0.5 mg.L^-1）. Activated charcoal promoted both a strong and a high rooting rate during the rooting phase. Plantlets were transferred to pots for a short acclimatization stage in a greenhouse where 95% of the plantlets survived. This highly reproducible procedure can be adopted for large-scale propagation of T. wilfordii.
文摘Objective： To determine the adjuvant potential of artemisinin with a soluble leishmanial antigen in vaccinating BALB/c mice. Methods： Seventy two female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned into six groups. The mice were vaccinated with soluble Leishmania antigens （SLA） alone, artemisinin co-administered with SLA, SLA and Bacille Calmette Gu fin （BCG） vaccine, and artemisinin and BCG alone. Unvaccinated mice formed the control group. The induction of cell-mediated immunity following vaccination was determined by measuring in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and the production of interleukin （IL）-4, IL-5 and gamma interferon （IFN-γ） determined by flow cytometry. Protection against L. major was determined by quantifying parasite burdens in L. major infected footpads using a limiting dilution assay and by measuring lesion sizes of the infected footpad compared to the contralateral uninfected footpad. Results： Mice receiving SLA plus artemisinin produced significantly high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 （P 〈 0.05） and low levels of IFN-γ, resulting in exacerbated disease. In addition, subcutaneous administration of SLA ＋ artemisinin, artemisinin alone or SLA alone resulted in the development of large footpad swellings and high parasite loads that were comparable to those of the control unvaccinated mice （P 〉 0.05）, resulting in exacerbated disease. Conclusion： These data suggest that artemisinin is not a suitable adjuvant for Leishmania vaccines. However, since artemisinin has been shown to be effective against Leishmania parasites in vitro and in vivo, further studies ought to be conducted to determine its immunochemotherapeutic potential when co-administered with Leishmania antigens.
文摘Objective： This study compared the performance of the immunochromatographic strip （ICS） to the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory （VDRL） test and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay （TPHA） at a primary health care setting. Methods： The study group was comprised of 150 females randomly drawn from a population of pregnant women attending their first antenatal visit or follow-up visits at West Maternity Hospital in Eldoret Kenya, but without a previous syphilis test during that pregnancy. On-site VDRL, ICS and TPHA tests were performed and immediate treatment provided where appropriate. The performance of the three tests was compared, Results： The sero-prevalence of syphilis as determined by the VDRL test was 3%. There was no significant difference between the ICS and the VDRL test （P 〉 0.05）. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICS test were 80% and 98.6% respectively, while the negative predictive value （NPV） and positive predictive value （PPV） were both 100%. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of the VDRL test were 66.7% and 99.3%, while the NPV and PPV were 80% and 98.6% respectively. The Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay was used as a reference test and had sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV of 100%. Conclusion： The diagnostic accuracy of the ICS compared favorably with theVDRL gold standard. The use of the ICS in Kenya can improve the diagnosis of syphilis in health facilities both with and without laboratories and allow community health care workers to make a rapid diagnosis of the disease, and consequently make immediate therapeutic decisions.
文摘The feasibility of pilot-scale manufacture of defined fungal starter and its application in rice wine production from different local starchy materials were investigated. Starter consisting of Arnylomyces rouxii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae gave high performance in winemaking when prepared in conditions of rice flour 80% and cassava flour 20% with 4 incubation days. The starter level at 20% was favourably employed for manufacture with the initial amount of I0 kg mixed-flours, Dry starter granules which were vacuum packed could adapt ambient temperature （approx. 28-32℃） during 8 months of storage. The defined starter performed as superior inoculum for winemaking from different agricultural starchy resources. The undesirable bacteria were found at approx. 2 Log CFU/g of dry starter. By morphology, biochemical and physiological growth and the genetic partial 16S analyses, three bacterial isolates were characterized as Bacillus subtilis/amvloliquefaciens which may contaminate tbod but not cause food poisoning and not considered as a human pathogen.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province ((2022)YB176,[2020]1Y073,(2019)2773,[2019]3007)。
文摘In order to expand the sources of raw materials for edible fungus cultivation, reduce the use of wood, and realize the harmless treatment and efficient utilization of bamboo sawdust, bamboo sawdust was used to partially replace the broad-leaved wood sawdust in the conventional formula, and the growth of Ganoderma lucidum and Stropharia rugosoannulata mycelia in a large test tube in different matrix formulas was studied. The results show that the mycelia of the two edible fungi could grow normally in the matrices with bamboo sawdust;the growth of the mycelia in various formulas was different, and the performances of different strains of the same species were also different. Compared with the conventional formula, the suitable substitution amount of bamboo sawdust for the G. lucidum strains was 30%-45%, and that for S. rugosoannulata strains was 16%-32%.
文摘Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), commonly known as sleeping sickness is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which is fatal if left untreated. Its diagnosis is a challenge since the signs and symptoms of the primary phase are not specific, the existing diagnostic methods have low sensitivity and specificity, and the available drugs have some toxicity. New, robust, and cost-effective techniques are needed for the early identification of parasites. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of two different types of polyclonal antibodies against T. b. gambiense using antigen detection ELISA. Polyclonal antibodies against the expressed proteins Tbg I2 and Tbg I17 were produced using New Zealand white rabbits. The antibody titer measured was greater than 32 g/L after the 3<sup>rd</sup> immunization for the expressed protein Tbg I2. For the expressed protein Tbg I17, the antibody titer measured was greater than 32 g/L after the 4<sup>th</sup> immunization. The sensitivity and specificity of the Tbg I2 polyclonal antibody confirmed with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as gold standard were respectively 89.5% and 80.6%, while for the Tbg I17 polyclonal antibody, the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 92.1% and 88.9%. The area under the curve for the Tbg I2 polyclonal antibody was 0.90 ± 0.032, while for the Tbg I17 polyclonal antibody, the area under the curve was 0.92 ± 0.0. The Tbg I17 polyclonal antibody produced in New Zealand white rabbits has good sensitivity and good specificity;it can be successfully used in the diagnosis of HAT.
文摘A wild rice (BKK) strain showing sterile spikelet and big leaves inhabited at the basin of the Chao Phraya river of Bangkok city, Thailand. The BKK strain was found as a natural triploid and thus its origin has been interested long time. Three different-sized fragments were amplified in RNA polymerase I largest subunit (<i>PolA1</i>) gene, which is a single-copy nuclear gene per haploid genome. Short type (0.14 kb) intron 20 sequence of BKK strain was identical to that of <i>O. rufipogon</i> and <i>O. sativa</i>. Phylogenetic analysis showed that long type (1.5 kb and 1.8 kb) intron 20 sequences of BKK strain were closely related to that of <i>O. longistaminata</i> and <i>O. officinalis</i>, respectively. We analyzed protein tag (Ptag) sequence encoded by exons 19 to 21 of <i>PolA1</i> gene. Determined three Ptag sequences of BKK strain were identical to that of <i>O. rufipogon</i>, <i>O. longistaminata</i>, and <i>O. officinalis</i>, respectively. Relative DNA content of nuclei in <i>O. officinalis</i> and BKK strain was 1.5 and 1.75 times than that in <i>O. sativa</i>, respectively. And BKK strain contained CentO-C1 repeats, which were unique to <i>O. officinalis</i>. These results indicated that BKK strain comprised three genomes of <i>O. rufipogon</i>, <i>O. longistaminata</i>, and <i>O. officinalis</i>.
基金supported by a Leverhulme Trust Research Project Grant(RPG-2017-132)to M.J.H.the European Research Council(ERC,grant agreement no.101001320,“Synoxys”)+1 种基金the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MIUR,PRIN grant no.20173EWRT9)the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council(BB/X001059/1)to F.L.
文摘The transcriptional response to low oxygen(hypoxia)in flowering plants is mediated by group VII Ethylene Response Factor(ERFVII)transcription factors,whose proteolysis is oxygen-dependent via the PLANT CYSTEINE OXIDASE(PCO)N-degron pathway.However,when and how this hypoxia response evolved in land plants remains unknown.In this study,we investigated the conservation and divergence of transcriptional responses to hypoxia across major land plant clades.We found that the induction of gene functions associated with glycolysis and fermentation is part of a conserved response across all land plant divisions.Evolutinary analyses suggest that ERFVIIs emerged in the last common ancestor of vascular plants with true roots,coinciding with the evolution of oxygen-dependent destabilization mechanisms that regulate hypoxia-adaptive genes.Proteins from other ERF groups have been independently recruited multiple times in different clades as substrates of the PCO N-degron pathway.Taken together,our results demonstrate that the response of land plants to hypoxia has been refined in derived clades through the evolution of ERFVIIs as transcriptional transducers,which occurred concurrently with the emergence of vascular systems and roots as foraging structures in hypoxic soils.
文摘Bacterial cellulose (BC) is established as a newest biomaterial, and it can be used for medical and odontology applications. In addition, it has called attention for uses such as membrane for wound care and tissue engineering. In this work, the bacterial cellulose fermentation process is modified by the addition of natural materials before the bacteria are inoculated. In vivo behavior using natural ECM for regenerative medicine is presented and completed wound healing process is 3 months.
文摘Fish culture plays an important role in supplying high-quality proteins and omega-3(n-3)long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.Aquaculture has been the fastest growing sector in agriculture.Fishmeal is an important component of commercial fish feeds,but ensuring a sustainable supply of fishmeal is in question.A good source of proteins in aquafeeds is insects.For the past 20 years,investigations have been carried out on insect meals as alternative sources for fishmeal.Thus far,the results on replacing fishmeal in feeding aquaculture species have been promising.However,some challenging issues including costs and scaling up of insect production remains.In this review,we aim to summarize the status of applying meals of eight insect species in formulated aquafeeds.We also discussed issues in replacing fishmeal in fish feeds with insect meals and listed some future research directions to make insect meals an important source of proteins for green,profitable and sustainable(GPS)aquaculture.It is certain that in the near future,large-scale insect farming and processing to produce insect meals as an ingredient of fish feeds will have positive impact on the sustainability and profitability of aquaculture.
