This editorial comments on the study by Yang et al,emphasizing the Ras homolog enriched in brain 1(Rheb1)core function in restoring functionalβ-cell mass in diabetes,as crucial forβ-cell proliferation and survival.I...This editorial comments on the study by Yang et al,emphasizing the Ras homolog enriched in brain 1(Rheb1)core function in restoring functionalβ-cell mass in diabetes,as crucial forβ-cell proliferation and survival.It has been revealed that Rheb1 promotesβ-cell regeneration through a dual pathway,activating mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and simultaneously inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK).Blocking mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 while stimulating AMPK was necessary to haltβ-cell expansion,challenging traditional single-target approaches.Rheb1 also supportedβ-cell identity by triggering neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 signaling and interacting with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha,linked to maturity-onset diabetes of the young 1.An age-related decline of Rheb1 in human islets suggests its role in diminished regenerative capacity in adulthood.These findings make Rheb1 a promising therapeutic target for rejuvenatingβ-cells by linking nutrient sensing and energy regulation.Focusing on Rheb1 could alter diabetes treatment,merging proliferation with identity preservation for next-generation therapies.The gaps and translational opportunities,from Rheb1 modulators to biomarkers,were emphasized,advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration to maximize this pathway for positive clinical outcomes.Additional studies are needed to thoroughly investigate AMPK’s involvement in the Rheb1 metabolic biomarker associated with brain health and its possible therapeutic benefits.展开更多
Objective:To confirm the presence of Culex(Cx.)(Lophoceraomyia)cinctellus in Sri Lanka using morphological and molecular evidence.Methods:From October 2019 to April 2020,mosquito surveillance was conducted fort-nightl...Objective:To confirm the presence of Culex(Cx.)(Lophoceraomyia)cinctellus in Sri Lanka using morphological and molecular evidence.Methods:From October 2019 to April 2020,mosquito surveillance was conducted fort-nightly in the Banduragoda Public Health Inspector area.Larvae were collected using standard siphoning methods,while adults were sampled using Cattle Baited Trap,Gravid Traps,Light Traps,Bird-Baited Traps,Dog Baited Traps,and diurnal human landing collections.Specimens were transported to the Entomology Laboratory at the Medical Research Institute for identification.Morphological identification was performed using standard taxonomic keys.Molecular confirmation was achieved through DNA sequencing of mosquito head and thoracic regions,followed by sequence analysis using NCBI BLAST and Geneious software(version 7.1.3).Results:Adults of Cx.cinctellus were identified in Bird-Baited Traps and human bait collections.Unique morphological characteristics,including well-developed pulvilli,wing vein 1A ending before the apex of cross vein mcu,basal transverse pale bands on abdominal terga,and two labial basal setae on the proboscis,confirmed species identity.Morphometric measurements included mean thoracic length(0.58±0.02)mm,thoracic width(0.63±0.02)mm,abdominal length(2.15±0.03)mm,abdominal width(0.61±0.01)mm,and wing length(2.91±0.02)mm.Molecular analysis corroborated the morphological identification,affirming the species as Cx.cinctellus.COI sequences of the collected specimen(452 bp)were confirmed as Cx.cinctellus for sequence identity by BLAST and BOLD analysis.These sequences were subsequently deposited in GenBank under the accession number OR225623.1.Conclusions:This study documents the first occurrence of Cx.cinctellus in Sri Lanka,highlighting the need to enhance entomological surveillance to monitor its dispersal and population dynamics.展开更多
The reliability and efficiency of photovoltaic(PV)systems are essential for sustainable energy produc-tion,requiring accurate fault detection to minimize energy losses.This study proposes a hybrid model integrating Ne...The reliability and efficiency of photovoltaic(PV)systems are essential for sustainable energy produc-tion,requiring accurate fault detection to minimize energy losses.This study proposes a hybrid model integrating Neighborhood Components Analysis(NCA)with a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)to improve fault detection and diagnosis.Unlike Principal Component Analysis(PCA),which may compromise class relationships during feature extraction,NCA preserves these relationships,enhancing classification performance.The hybrid model combines NCA with CNN,a fundamental deep learning architecture,to enhance fault detection and diagnosis capabilities.The performance of the proposed NCA-CNN model was evaluated against other models.The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the NCA-CNN model outperforms existing methods,achieving 100%fault detection accuracy and 99%fault diagnosis accuracy.These findings underscore the model’s potential in improving PV system reliability and efficiency.展开更多
This study aimed to develop and characterize biodegradable packaging film from blends of two natural polysaccharides,i.e.,agar and glucomannan.The glucomannan used was derived from the specific tuber plant Amorphophal...This study aimed to develop and characterize biodegradable packaging film from blends of two natural polysaccharides,i.e.,agar and glucomannan.The glucomannan used was derived from the specific tuber plant Amorphophallus oncophyllus(locally known as“porang”),which grows abundantly in Indonesian forests and remains underutilized.Various ratios of agar and porang-glucomannan(PG)proportions were formulated to produce a food packaging film,which was subsequently tested for its mechanical,physical,chemical,and thermal properties.The results showed that the inclusion of PG to the film formulations notably enhanced the stretchability of agar films,achieving maximum a twofold increase,while concurrently reducing their water resistance such as increased water solubility and water swelling for up to 125%and 105%,respectively.The mechanical and thermal properties,as well as the water vapor permeability of the resulting film,were significantly affected by the polymer matrix structure formed by the varying proportions of the two biopolymers.The enhancement of these properties was associated with a more solid/compact film structure,as corroborated by cross-sectional images obtained through SEM analysis.The study’s findings suggest that utilizing agar and porang biomass has significant potential for further development as an environmentally friendly food packaging material.展开更多
The internal structures of cells as the basic units of life are a major wonder of the microscopic world.Cellular images provide an intriguing window to help explore and understand the composition and function of these...The internal structures of cells as the basic units of life are a major wonder of the microscopic world.Cellular images provide an intriguing window to help explore and understand the composition and function of these structures.Scientific imagery combined with artistic expression can further expand the potential of imaging in educational dissemination and interdisciplinary applications.展开更多
Plasma-activated water(PAW) indicated promising potential in controlling the biological contamination of Bacillus cereus,which eliminated its evolutionary endospore that improves its survival ability.However,the spore...Plasma-activated water(PAW) indicated promising potential in controlling the biological contamination of Bacillus cereus,which eliminated its evolutionary endospore that improves its survival ability.However,the spore inactivation mechanism by PAW at molecular level was not well understood.The mechanism of the B.cereus endospore against PAW at proteomic levels was demonstrated.The Tandem Mass Tag(TMT) labeling was performed.By comparing the treatment groups with control(including PAW and PAW added superoxide dismutase(SOD)),the expression of 251 proteins(with the number of 207 up-and 44 down-regulated) and 379 proteins(with the corresponding number of 238 and 141) were drastically affected,separately.The 6 categories based on the protein-protein interaction(PPI) networks included oxidation-reduction,transport,sporulation and DNA topological change,gene expression,metabolism,and others.The 3 dehydrogenases(genes hisD,BC_2176,and asd) in PAW while oxidoreductase(genes BC_0399 and BC_2529) in SOD were activated to maintain the antioxidation of spores.The proteins(BC_4271 and BC_2655) in SOD were dramatically activated,which were involved in the carbohydrate,amino acid,and energy-coupling transport.All the small,acid-soluble spore proteins were activated in both groups to protect the spores' DNA.In SOD,genes metG2 and rpmC also were considered important factors in translation while this role was played in gene groES but not rpmF in PAW.The PAW activated the biogenesis of cell wall/membrane/envelope and phosphorelay signal transduction system to contribute to the survival of spores whereas the SOD damaged these 2 processes as well as cell division,chromosome separation,organic acid phosphorylation,base-and nucleotide-excision repairs to lead to the death of spores.This would promise to lay the foundation for advancing the study of the intrinsic mechanism of spore killing against PAW and can also provide a reference for future verification.展开更多
A stepwise pretreatment process for coconut dregs(CD)has been investigated to enhance availability of hemicellulose.Recently,lignocellulose-rich agricultural waste such as CD has garnered substantial attention as a su...A stepwise pretreatment process for coconut dregs(CD)has been investigated to enhance availability of hemicellulose.Recently,lignocellulose-rich agricultural waste such as CD has garnered substantial attention as a sustainable raw material for producing value-added bio-products.To optimize the process variables within the stepwise pretreatment using Pulsed Electric Field(PEF)and Solid-State Fermentation(SSF),Response Surface Methodology(RSM)based on Central Composite Design(CCD)was employed.PEF,a non-thermal physical treatment,offers advantages such as low energy consumption and reduced processing times,while SSF utilizes Pleurotus ostreatus to promote biodegradation.A statistical model was constructed using a three-factor CCD that included five center points and axial points,with variables including PEF treatment duration(30,60,and 90 s),substrate particle size(20,40,and 60 mesh),and incubation time(10,20,and 30 days).Changes in lignocellulose composition were analyzed to evaluate their effects on the process.The optimal parameters identified were a particle size of 40 mesh,a PEF treatment duration of 61 s,and an incubation period of 12.5 days.Under these conditions,the process yielded an impressive increase in hemicellulose availability by 106.53%,a minimization of cellulose loss to 6.28%,and a successful delignification resulting in a 21.78%removal of lignin.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices due to their high energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,their practical application remains li...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices due to their high energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,their practical application remains limited by the polysulfide shuttle effect,sulfur volume expansion,and poor electronic conductivity of S and Li2S.In this study,titanium carbide(TiC)was grown on Ti foam using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)to construct a binder-free,highly conductive,and porous TiC-Ti three-dimensional(3D)framework sulfur host for enhancing the Li-S battery performance.This 3D framework combines highly porous Ti foam with the polar surface of CVD-synthesized TiC nanoflowers,enabling efficient electron and ion transport,anchoring polysulfides to mitigate the shuttle effect,and accommodating sulfur volume expansion for enhanced cycling stability.Our study demonstrated that Li-S batteries utilizing TiC-Ti 3D framework@S cathodes achieved a high initial discharge capacity of 1506 mAh·g^(−1) at 0.1 C and maintained 93.3%of their capacity after 500 cycles at 1 C,with an exceptionally low average capacity decay of 0.01%per cycle.Additionally,the TiC-Ti 3D framework@S cathodes exhibited reduced charge transfer resistance after cycling,indicating enhanced interfacial reaction kinetics and stability.These findings confirm that the CVD-synthesized TiC-Ti 3D framework can serve as an efficient binder-free sulfur host,which provides a promising material and structural strategy for high-performance Li-S battery design.展开更多
This study explores the relationship between cardiac activity and biochemical indicators in Pacific oysters(Crassostrea gigas)during cold storage to develop a nondestructive vitality assessment method.Oysters were sto...This study explores the relationship between cardiac activity and biochemical indicators in Pacific oysters(Crassostrea gigas)during cold storage to develop a nondestructive vitality assessment method.Oysters were stored at−1℃ for 14 d,with cardiac patterns tracked via image analysis,and biochemical markers(pH,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-related compounds,and adenylate energy charge(AEC))were assessed.Five cardiac patterns were identified,with regular alternating contractions common early but decreasing over time,aligning with declines in AEC(44.11%-35.52%)and pH(6.98-6.55).The intervals between ventricular and atrial contractions rose from 4.2 to 5.6 s,strongly correlating with biochemical signs of vitality loss.Image analysis revealed characteristic waveforms for each cardiac pattern,despite amplitude variations caused by optical artifacts.These findings indicate that cardiac pattern analysis via image processing could be an effective nondestructive indicator of oyster vitality,offering a novel approach to quality control in shellfish storage and distribution.展开更多
Terahertz(THz)devices,owing to their distinctive optical properties,have achieved myriad applications in diverse domains including wireless communication,medical imaging therapy,hazardous substance detection,and envir...Terahertz(THz)devices,owing to their distinctive optical properties,have achieved myriad applications in diverse domains including wireless communication,medical imaging therapy,hazardous substance detection,and environmental governance.Concurrently,to mitigate the environmental impact of electronic waste generated by traditional materials,sustainable materialsbased THz functional devices are being explored for further research by taking advantages of their eco-friendliness,cost-effective,enhanced safety,robust biodegradability and biocompatibility.This review focuses on the origins and distinctive biological structures of sustainable materials as well as succinctly elucidates the latest applications in THz functional device fabrication,including wireless communication devices,macromolecule detection sensors,environment monitoring sensors,and biomedical therapeutic devices.We further highlight recent applications of sustainable materials-based THz functional devices in hazardous substance detection,protein-based macromolecule detection,and environmental monitoring.Besides,this review explores the developmental prospects of integrating sustainable materials with THz functional devices,presenting their potential applications in the future.展开更多
Concrete comprises aggregates of various sizes bound by a cementitious paste,with Portland cement(PC)as the primary binder since the 19th century.However,PC production depletes non-renewable natural resources and caus...Concrete comprises aggregates of various sizes bound by a cementitious paste,with Portland cement(PC)as the primary binder since the 19th century.However,PC production depletes non-renewable natural resources and causes environmental degradation.Meanwhile,approximately 130 billion kilograms of cattle bones(CB)are generated globally each year,posing environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradability.CB is rich in calcium oxide,making it a potential supplementary material in cement production.This study explores the feasibility of using pretreated cattle bone ash(CBA)as a partial replacement for PC in concrete,combined with 5%silica fume and 10%fly ash.CBA was incorporated at 10%,25%,50%,and 75%by weight of cement.The results indicated that mixes containing 10%and 25%CBA achieved high-strength concrete exceeding 60 MPa after 28 d,while mixes with 50%and 75%CBA produced structural-grade concrete with strengths above 25 MPa.The findings demonstrate that pre-treated CBA can effectively replace a portion of PC in concrete when combined with an appropriate pozzolanic material.This substitution reduces environmental pollution and promotes the sustainability of concrete production.展开更多
Plant polyphenols are potential substitutes for clinicalα-glucosidase inhibitors.Our previous studies indicated that prodelphinidins from Chinese bayberry leaves(BLPs)have strongerα-glucosidase inhibitory activity t...Plant polyphenols are potential substitutes for clinicalα-glucosidase inhibitors.Our previous studies indicated that prodelphinidins from Chinese bayberry leaves(BLPs)have strongerα-glucosidase inhibitory activity than other common polyphenols,but they have no safe history of consumption.There is a reasonable prospect that prodelphinidins from Chinese bayberry fruits(BFPs)can improve postprandial hyperglycemia,though known active components are only myricetin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside.Hence,the aim of this study was to analyze structure and hypoglycemic effect of BFPs of“Biqi”(BQPs)and“Dongkui”(DKPs)cultivars,and compare their difference with BLPs.The contents of BQPs and DKPs were(221.73±0.60)and(136.82±4.33)mg epicatechin(EC)equivalents/g dry weight,respectively.The most subunits were epigallocatechin gallate along with a small amount of epigallocatechin,epicatechin gallate and EC connected by B-type linkages and a small portion of A-type linkages with mean polymerization degree of 4.25 and 4.08,respectively.Importantly,BQPs and DKPs wereα-glucosidase inhibitors with half inhibitory concentration of 11.91 and 9.47μg/m L respectively,which were significantly stronger than BLPs.DKPs could also improve postprandial hyperglycemia of normal mice and high fat diet-induced type II diabetic mice.Therefore,edible prodelphinidins,which have stronger hypoglycemic effect than BLPs,were first found in Chinese bayberry fruits.展开更多
Efficient utilization of electrostatic charges is paramount for numerous applications,from printing to kinetic energy harvesting.However,existing technologies predominantly focus on the static qualities of these charg...Efficient utilization of electrostatic charges is paramount for numerous applications,from printing to kinetic energy harvesting.However,existing technologies predominantly focus on the static qualities of these charges,neglecting their dynamic capabilities as carriers for energy conversion.Herein,we report a paradigm-shifting strategy that orchestrates the swift transit of surface charges,generated through contact electrification,via a freely moving droplet.This technique ingeniously creates a bespoke charged surface which,in tandem with a droplet acting as a transfer medium to the ground,facilitates targeted charge displacement and amplifies electrical energy collection.The spontaneously generated electric field between the charged surface and needle tip,along with the enhanced water ionization under the electric field,proves pivotal in facilitating controlled charge transfer.By coupling the effects of charge self-transfer,contact electrification,and electrostatic induction,a dual-electrode droplet-driven(DD)triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)is designed to harvest the water-related energy,exhibiting a two-orderof-magnitude improvement in electrical output compared to traditional single-electrode systems.Our strategy establishes a fundamental groundwork for efficient water drop energy acquisition,offering deep insights and substantial utility for future interdisciplinary research and applications in energy science.展开更多
This study investigated the use of raspberry extract(RBE) for mitigating ethyl carbamate(EC) accumulation in Chinese rice wine(Huangjiu), a traditional fermented beverage. It focused on the addition of RBE to the ferm...This study investigated the use of raspberry extract(RBE) for mitigating ethyl carbamate(EC) accumulation in Chinese rice wine(Huangjiu), a traditional fermented beverage. It focused on the addition of RBE to the fermentation mash and its effects on EC levels. The results showed a significant reduction in EC production that could be attributed to RBE's role in altering urea and citrulline catabolism and inhibiting arginine metabolism, thus preventing EC precursors from reacting with ethanol. Additionally, RBE enhanced the rice wine's flavor profile, as shown by volatile component and amino acid analysis. This study also explored RBE's impact on the metabolism of arginine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a simulated fermentation environment, and found increased arginine, reduced urea and citrulline levels, altered enzyme activities, and gene expression changes in the arginine metabolism and transport pathways. In conclusion, the results clearly demonstrated RBE's efficacy in reducing the EC content in Chinese rice wine, offering valuable insights for EC reduction strategies.展开更多
Subretinal injection is a complicated task for retinal surgeons to operate manually.In this paper we demonstrate a robust framework for needle detection and localisation in robotassisted subretinal injection using mic...Subretinal injection is a complicated task for retinal surgeons to operate manually.In this paper we demonstrate a robust framework for needle detection and localisation in robotassisted subretinal injection using microscope-integrated Optical Coherence Tomography with deep learning.Five convolutional neural networks with different architectures were evaluated.The main differences between the architectures are the amount of information they receive at the input layer.When evaluated on ex-vivo pig eyes,the top performing network successfully detected all needles in the dataset and localised them with an Intersection over Union value of 0.55.The algorithm was evaluated by comparing the depth of the top and bottom edge of the predicted bounding box to the ground truth.This analysis showed that the top edge can be used to predict the depth of the needle with a maximum error of 8.5μm.展开更多
Acrylamide is classified as a Class 2A carcinogen and mainly metabolized to produce hepatotoxicity.Phosphatidylcholine is thought to protect the liver from damage,but the protective role of phosphatidylcholine on acry...Acrylamide is classified as a Class 2A carcinogen and mainly metabolized to produce hepatotoxicity.Phosphatidylcholine is thought to protect the liver from damage,but the protective role of phosphatidylcholine on acrylamide-exposed metabolic disorders remains unclear.We investigated protective effect of phosphatidylcholine on the hepatic metabolism in rats exposed to acrylamide using metabolomics and molecular biology approaches.Overall,32 endogenous effect biomarkers and 4 exposure biomarkers were identified as differential signature metabolites responsible for acrylamide exposure and phosphatidylcholine protection.Acrylamide exposure interferes with glutathione metabolism by consuming antioxidant glutathione,cysteine and L-ascorbic acid,and disrupts lipid and carbohydrate metabolism through reducing carnitine content and increasing lipid peroxidation.The phosphatidylcholine treatment reduces the expression of cytochrome P4502E1,alleviates the oxidative stress and inflammation of the liver,and stabilizes the content of glutathione,and thus alleviates the disorder of glutathione.Meanwhile,phosphatidylcholine shifted acrylamide-induced phosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidylcholine to storage from lysophosphatidylcholine to diacylglycerol,thereby maintaining metabolic homeostasis of glycerophospholipid.The results suggested that phosphatidylcholine supplementation alleviate the disorder of glutathione and lipid metabolism caused by acrylamide exposure,but not significantly change the levels of mercapturic acid adducts of acrylamide,providing the evidence for phosphatidylcholine protection against acrylamide-induced liver injury.展开更多
The food industry prioritizes food safety throughout the entire production process.This involves closely monitoring and evaluating all potential sources of biological or chemical contamination,starting from entering r...The food industry prioritizes food safety throughout the entire production process.This involves closely monitoring and evaluating all potential sources of biological or chemical contamination,starting from entering raw materials into the production chain and continuing to the final product.Biofilms on food surfaces or containers can harbor dangerous pathogens,such as Listeria monocytogenes.Therefore,it is essential to continuously manage microbial contamination on food contact surfaces to prevent foodborne infections.Recently,there has been increasing interest in using nanomaterials as surface coatings with antimicrobial properties in the food industry,especially since traditional disinfectants or antibiotics may contribute to developing resistance.However,the use of antibiofilm materials for long-term food storage remains underexplored,and there is a notable lack of focused reviews on nanomaterialbased antibiofilm coatings specifically for long-term food preservation.This review aims to consolidate recently reported nanoparticle-based antibiofilm food packaging materials.We discuss the effectiveness of various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and biopolymer nanocomposites in combating biofilms.Additionally,we highlight the growing importance of biodegradable nanocomposite materials for antibiofilm food packaging.Furthermore,we explore the mechanisms of action,processing methods,and safety aspects of these nanomaterials being developed for food packaging applications.展开更多
In the article“Recent Advancements in Nanocomposites-Based Antibiofilm Food Packaging”by Bandana Padhan et al.(Journal of Polymer Materials,2025,Vol.42,No.2,pp.411–433.doi:10.32604/jpm.2024.059156),originally publi...In the article“Recent Advancements in Nanocomposites-Based Antibiofilm Food Packaging”by Bandana Padhan et al.(Journal of Polymer Materials,2025,Vol.42,No.2,pp.411–433.doi:10.32604/jpm.2024.059156),originally published online on December 9,2024,and formally included in Vol.42,No.2(published on July 11,2025).展开更多
Controlled intracellular delivery of biomolecular cargo is critical for developing targeted therapeutics and cell reprogramming.Conventional delivery approaches(e.g.,endocytosis of nano-vectors,microinjection,and elec...Controlled intracellular delivery of biomolecular cargo is critical for developing targeted therapeutics and cell reprogramming.Conventional delivery approaches(e.g.,endocytosis of nano-vectors,microinjection,and electroporation)usually require time-consuming uptake processes,labor-intensive operations,and/or costly specialized equipment.Here,we present an acoustofluidics-based intracellular delivery approach capable of effectively delivering various functional nanomaterials to multiple cell types(e.g.,adherent and suspension cancer cells).By tuning the standing acoustic waves in a glass capillary,our approach can push cells in flow to the capillary wall and enhance membrane permeability by increasing membrane stress to deform cells via acoustic radiation forces.Moreover,by coating the capillary with cargo-encapsulated nanoparticles,our approach can achieve controllable cell-nanoparticle contact and facilitate nanomaterial delivery beyond Brownian movement.Based on these mechanisms,we have successfully delivered nanoparticles loaded with small molecules or protein-based cargo to U937 and HeLa cells.Our results demonstrate enhanced delivery efficiency compared to attempts made without the use of acoustofluidics.Moreover,compared to conventional sonoporation methods,our approach does not require special contrast agents with microbubbles.This acoustofluidics-based approach creates exciting opportunities to achieve controllable intracellular delivery of various biomolecular cargoes to diverse cell types for potential therapeutic applications and biophysical studies.展开更多
Sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass and biowaste streams is an attractive option for decarbonizing the aviation sector,one of the most-difficult-to-electrify transportation sectors.Despite ongoing co...Sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass and biowaste streams is an attractive option for decarbonizing the aviation sector,one of the most-difficult-to-electrify transportation sectors.Despite ongoing commercialization efforts using ASTM-certified pathways(e.g.,lipid conversion,Fischer-Tropsch synthesis),production capacities are still inadequate due to limited feedstock supply and high production costs.New conversion technologies that utilize lignocellulosic feedstocks are needed to meet these challenges and satisfy the rapidly growing market.Combining bio-and chemo-catalytic approaches can leverage advantages from both methods,i.e.,high product selectivity via biological conversion,and the capability to build C-C chains more efficiently via chemical catalysis.Herein,conversion routes,catalysis,and processes for such pathways are discussed,while key challenges and meaningful R&D opportunities are identified to guide future research activities in the space.Bio-and chemo-catalytic conversion primarily utilize the carbohydrate fraction of lignocellulose,leaving lignin as a waste product.This makes lignin conversion to SAF critical in order to utilize whole biomass,thereby lowering overall production costs while maximizing carbon efficiencies.Thus,lignin valorization strategies are also reviewed herein with vital research areas identified,such as facile lignin depolymerization approaches,highly integrated conversion systems,novel process configurations,and catalysts for the selective cleavage of aryl C-O bonds.The potential efficiency improvements available via integrated conversion steps,such as combined biological and chemo-catalytic routes,along with the use of different parallel pathways,are identified as key to producing all components of a cost-effective,100%SAF.展开更多
基金Supported by Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund,No.BIO-0322023.
文摘This editorial comments on the study by Yang et al,emphasizing the Ras homolog enriched in brain 1(Rheb1)core function in restoring functionalβ-cell mass in diabetes,as crucial forβ-cell proliferation and survival.It has been revealed that Rheb1 promotesβ-cell regeneration through a dual pathway,activating mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and simultaneously inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK).Blocking mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 while stimulating AMPK was necessary to haltβ-cell expansion,challenging traditional single-target approaches.Rheb1 also supportedβ-cell identity by triggering neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 signaling and interacting with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha,linked to maturity-onset diabetes of the young 1.An age-related decline of Rheb1 in human islets suggests its role in diminished regenerative capacity in adulthood.These findings make Rheb1 a promising therapeutic target for rejuvenatingβ-cells by linking nutrient sensing and energy regulation.Focusing on Rheb1 could alter diabetes treatment,merging proliferation with identity preservation for next-generation therapies.The gaps and translational opportunities,from Rheb1 modulators to biomarkers,were emphasized,advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration to maximize this pathway for positive clinical outcomes.Additional studies are needed to thoroughly investigate AMPK’s involvement in the Rheb1 metabolic biomarker associated with brain health and its possible therapeutic benefits.
文摘Objective:To confirm the presence of Culex(Cx.)(Lophoceraomyia)cinctellus in Sri Lanka using morphological and molecular evidence.Methods:From October 2019 to April 2020,mosquito surveillance was conducted fort-nightly in the Banduragoda Public Health Inspector area.Larvae were collected using standard siphoning methods,while adults were sampled using Cattle Baited Trap,Gravid Traps,Light Traps,Bird-Baited Traps,Dog Baited Traps,and diurnal human landing collections.Specimens were transported to the Entomology Laboratory at the Medical Research Institute for identification.Morphological identification was performed using standard taxonomic keys.Molecular confirmation was achieved through DNA sequencing of mosquito head and thoracic regions,followed by sequence analysis using NCBI BLAST and Geneious software(version 7.1.3).Results:Adults of Cx.cinctellus were identified in Bird-Baited Traps and human bait collections.Unique morphological characteristics,including well-developed pulvilli,wing vein 1A ending before the apex of cross vein mcu,basal transverse pale bands on abdominal terga,and two labial basal setae on the proboscis,confirmed species identity.Morphometric measurements included mean thoracic length(0.58±0.02)mm,thoracic width(0.63±0.02)mm,abdominal length(2.15±0.03)mm,abdominal width(0.61±0.01)mm,and wing length(2.91±0.02)mm.Molecular analysis corroborated the morphological identification,affirming the species as Cx.cinctellus.COI sequences of the collected specimen(452 bp)were confirmed as Cx.cinctellus for sequence identity by BLAST and BOLD analysis.These sequences were subsequently deposited in GenBank under the accession number OR225623.1.Conclusions:This study documents the first occurrence of Cx.cinctellus in Sri Lanka,highlighting the need to enhance entomological surveillance to monitor its dispersal and population dynamics.
文摘The reliability and efficiency of photovoltaic(PV)systems are essential for sustainable energy produc-tion,requiring accurate fault detection to minimize energy losses.This study proposes a hybrid model integrating Neighborhood Components Analysis(NCA)with a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)to improve fault detection and diagnosis.Unlike Principal Component Analysis(PCA),which may compromise class relationships during feature extraction,NCA preserves these relationships,enhancing classification performance.The hybrid model combines NCA with CNN,a fundamental deep learning architecture,to enhance fault detection and diagnosis capabilities.The performance of the proposed NCA-CNN model was evaluated against other models.The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the NCA-CNN model outperforms existing methods,achieving 100%fault detection accuracy and 99%fault diagnosis accuracy.These findings underscore the model’s potential in improving PV system reliability and efficiency.
基金funded by a research grant from the Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan-Ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia(https://risprolpdp.kemenkeu.go.id/)(accessed on 13 September 2024)awarded under the Riset dan Inovasi untuk Indonesia Maju program with grant number 82/II.7/HK/2022.
文摘This study aimed to develop and characterize biodegradable packaging film from blends of two natural polysaccharides,i.e.,agar and glucomannan.The glucomannan used was derived from the specific tuber plant Amorphophallus oncophyllus(locally known as“porang”),which grows abundantly in Indonesian forests and remains underutilized.Various ratios of agar and porang-glucomannan(PG)proportions were formulated to produce a food packaging film,which was subsequently tested for its mechanical,physical,chemical,and thermal properties.The results showed that the inclusion of PG to the film formulations notably enhanced the stretchability of agar films,achieving maximum a twofold increase,while concurrently reducing their water resistance such as increased water solubility and water swelling for up to 125%and 105%,respectively.The mechanical and thermal properties,as well as the water vapor permeability of the resulting film,were significantly affected by the polymer matrix structure formed by the varying proportions of the two biopolymers.The enhancement of these properties was associated with a more solid/compact film structure,as corroborated by cross-sectional images obtained through SEM analysis.The study’s findings suggest that utilizing agar and porang biomass has significant potential for further development as an environmentally friendly food packaging material.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.226-2024-00038),China.
文摘The internal structures of cells as the basic units of life are a major wonder of the microscopic world.Cellular images provide an intriguing window to help explore and understand the composition and function of these structures.Scientific imagery combined with artistic expression can further expand the potential of imaging in educational dissemination and interdisciplinary applications.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LR21C200002)。
文摘Plasma-activated water(PAW) indicated promising potential in controlling the biological contamination of Bacillus cereus,which eliminated its evolutionary endospore that improves its survival ability.However,the spore inactivation mechanism by PAW at molecular level was not well understood.The mechanism of the B.cereus endospore against PAW at proteomic levels was demonstrated.The Tandem Mass Tag(TMT) labeling was performed.By comparing the treatment groups with control(including PAW and PAW added superoxide dismutase(SOD)),the expression of 251 proteins(with the number of 207 up-and 44 down-regulated) and 379 proteins(with the corresponding number of 238 and 141) were drastically affected,separately.The 6 categories based on the protein-protein interaction(PPI) networks included oxidation-reduction,transport,sporulation and DNA topological change,gene expression,metabolism,and others.The 3 dehydrogenases(genes hisD,BC_2176,and asd) in PAW while oxidoreductase(genes BC_0399 and BC_2529) in SOD were activated to maintain the antioxidation of spores.The proteins(BC_4271 and BC_2655) in SOD were dramatically activated,which were involved in the carbohydrate,amino acid,and energy-coupling transport.All the small,acid-soluble spore proteins were activated in both groups to protect the spores' DNA.In SOD,genes metG2 and rpmC also were considered important factors in translation while this role was played in gene groES but not rpmF in PAW.The PAW activated the biogenesis of cell wall/membrane/envelope and phosphorelay signal transduction system to contribute to the survival of spores whereas the SOD damaged these 2 processes as well as cell division,chromosome separation,organic acid phosphorylation,base-and nucleotide-excision repairs to lead to the death of spores.This would promise to lay the foundation for advancing the study of the intrinsic mechanism of spore killing against PAW and can also provide a reference for future verification.
基金funded by BIMA from Ministry of Education,Culture,Research and Technology,grant number 045/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024,with derivative contracts 00309.54/UN10.A0501/BT.01.03.2/2024.
文摘A stepwise pretreatment process for coconut dregs(CD)has been investigated to enhance availability of hemicellulose.Recently,lignocellulose-rich agricultural waste such as CD has garnered substantial attention as a sustainable raw material for producing value-added bio-products.To optimize the process variables within the stepwise pretreatment using Pulsed Electric Field(PEF)and Solid-State Fermentation(SSF),Response Surface Methodology(RSM)based on Central Composite Design(CCD)was employed.PEF,a non-thermal physical treatment,offers advantages such as low energy consumption and reduced processing times,while SSF utilizes Pleurotus ostreatus to promote biodegradation.A statistical model was constructed using a three-factor CCD that included five center points and axial points,with variables including PEF treatment duration(30,60,and 90 s),substrate particle size(20,40,and 60 mesh),and incubation time(10,20,and 30 days).Changes in lignocellulose composition were analyzed to evaluate their effects on the process.The optimal parameters identified were a particle size of 40 mesh,a PEF treatment duration of 61 s,and an incubation period of 12.5 days.Under these conditions,the process yielded an impressive increase in hemicellulose availability by 106.53%,a minimization of cellulose loss to 6.28%,and a successful delignification resulting in a 21.78%removal of lignin.
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices due to their high energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,their practical application remains limited by the polysulfide shuttle effect,sulfur volume expansion,and poor electronic conductivity of S and Li2S.In this study,titanium carbide(TiC)was grown on Ti foam using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)to construct a binder-free,highly conductive,and porous TiC-Ti three-dimensional(3D)framework sulfur host for enhancing the Li-S battery performance.This 3D framework combines highly porous Ti foam with the polar surface of CVD-synthesized TiC nanoflowers,enabling efficient electron and ion transport,anchoring polysulfides to mitigate the shuttle effect,and accommodating sulfur volume expansion for enhanced cycling stability.Our study demonstrated that Li-S batteries utilizing TiC-Ti 3D framework@S cathodes achieved a high initial discharge capacity of 1506 mAh·g^(−1) at 0.1 C and maintained 93.3%of their capacity after 500 cycles at 1 C,with an exceptionally low average capacity decay of 0.01%per cycle.Additionally,the TiC-Ti 3D framework@S cathodes exhibited reduced charge transfer resistance after cycling,indicating enhanced interfacial reaction kinetics and stability.These findings confirm that the CVD-synthesized TiC-Ti 3D framework can serve as an efficient binder-free sulfur host,which provides a promising material and structural strategy for high-performance Li-S battery design.
基金supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(No.19H05611).
文摘This study explores the relationship between cardiac activity and biochemical indicators in Pacific oysters(Crassostrea gigas)during cold storage to develop a nondestructive vitality assessment method.Oysters were stored at−1℃ for 14 d,with cardiac patterns tracked via image analysis,and biochemical markers(pH,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-related compounds,and adenylate energy charge(AEC))were assessed.Five cardiac patterns were identified,with regular alternating contractions common early but decreasing over time,aligning with declines in AEC(44.11%-35.52%)and pH(6.98-6.55).The intervals between ventricular and atrial contractions rose from 4.2 to 5.6 s,strongly correlating with biochemical signs of vitality loss.Image analysis revealed characteristic waveforms for each cardiac pattern,despite amplitude variations caused by optical artifacts.These findings indicate that cardiac pattern analysis via image processing could be an effective nondestructive indicator of oyster vitality,offering a novel approach to quality control in shellfish storage and distribution.
基金the financial support provided by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.LZ23C130006.
文摘Terahertz(THz)devices,owing to their distinctive optical properties,have achieved myriad applications in diverse domains including wireless communication,medical imaging therapy,hazardous substance detection,and environmental governance.Concurrently,to mitigate the environmental impact of electronic waste generated by traditional materials,sustainable materialsbased THz functional devices are being explored for further research by taking advantages of their eco-friendliness,cost-effective,enhanced safety,robust biodegradability and biocompatibility.This review focuses on the origins and distinctive biological structures of sustainable materials as well as succinctly elucidates the latest applications in THz functional device fabrication,including wireless communication devices,macromolecule detection sensors,environment monitoring sensors,and biomedical therapeutic devices.We further highlight recent applications of sustainable materials-based THz functional devices in hazardous substance detection,protein-based macromolecule detection,and environmental monitoring.Besides,this review explores the developmental prospects of integrating sustainable materials with THz functional devices,presenting their potential applications in the future.
文摘Concrete comprises aggregates of various sizes bound by a cementitious paste,with Portland cement(PC)as the primary binder since the 19th century.However,PC production depletes non-renewable natural resources and causes environmental degradation.Meanwhile,approximately 130 billion kilograms of cattle bones(CB)are generated globally each year,posing environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradability.CB is rich in calcium oxide,making it a potential supplementary material in cement production.This study explores the feasibility of using pretreated cattle bone ash(CBA)as a partial replacement for PC in concrete,combined with 5%silica fume and 10%fly ash.CBA was incorporated at 10%,25%,50%,and 75%by weight of cement.The results indicated that mixes containing 10%and 25%CBA achieved high-strength concrete exceeding 60 MPa after 28 d,while mixes with 50%and 75%CBA produced structural-grade concrete with strengths above 25 MPa.The findings demonstrate that pre-treated CBA can effectively replace a portion of PC in concrete when combined with an appropriate pozzolanic material.This substitution reduces environmental pollution and promotes the sustainability of concrete production.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1100204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972088,32001715)。
文摘Plant polyphenols are potential substitutes for clinicalα-glucosidase inhibitors.Our previous studies indicated that prodelphinidins from Chinese bayberry leaves(BLPs)have strongerα-glucosidase inhibitory activity than other common polyphenols,but they have no safe history of consumption.There is a reasonable prospect that prodelphinidins from Chinese bayberry fruits(BFPs)can improve postprandial hyperglycemia,though known active components are only myricetin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside.Hence,the aim of this study was to analyze structure and hypoglycemic effect of BFPs of“Biqi”(BQPs)and“Dongkui”(DKPs)cultivars,and compare their difference with BLPs.The contents of BQPs and DKPs were(221.73±0.60)and(136.82±4.33)mg epicatechin(EC)equivalents/g dry weight,respectively.The most subunits were epigallocatechin gallate along with a small amount of epigallocatechin,epicatechin gallate and EC connected by B-type linkages and a small portion of A-type linkages with mean polymerization degree of 4.25 and 4.08,respectively.Importantly,BQPs and DKPs wereα-glucosidase inhibitors with half inhibitory concentration of 11.91 and 9.47μg/m L respectively,which were significantly stronger than BLPs.DKPs could also improve postprandial hyperglycemia of normal mice and high fat diet-induced type II diabetic mice.Therefore,edible prodelphinidins,which have stronger hypoglycemic effect than BLPs,were first found in Chinese bayberry fruits.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LZ22C130001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171887,and 52002028,and 52192610)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Project from Minister of Science&Technology(2021YFA0202704)Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z171100002017017).
文摘Efficient utilization of electrostatic charges is paramount for numerous applications,from printing to kinetic energy harvesting.However,existing technologies predominantly focus on the static qualities of these charges,neglecting their dynamic capabilities as carriers for energy conversion.Herein,we report a paradigm-shifting strategy that orchestrates the swift transit of surface charges,generated through contact electrification,via a freely moving droplet.This technique ingeniously creates a bespoke charged surface which,in tandem with a droplet acting as a transfer medium to the ground,facilitates targeted charge displacement and amplifies electrical energy collection.The spontaneously generated electric field between the charged surface and needle tip,along with the enhanced water ionization under the electric field,proves pivotal in facilitating controlled charge transfer.By coupling the effects of charge self-transfer,contact electrification,and electrostatic induction,a dual-electrode droplet-driven(DD)triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)is designed to harvest the water-related energy,exhibiting a two-orderof-magnitude improvement in electrical output compared to traditional single-electrode systems.Our strategy establishes a fundamental groundwork for efficient water drop energy acquisition,offering deep insights and substantial utility for future interdisciplinary research and applications in energy science.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202125)the Science and Technology Plan Project of Shaoxing City,China(2022A12003)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(LY24C200004).
文摘This study investigated the use of raspberry extract(RBE) for mitigating ethyl carbamate(EC) accumulation in Chinese rice wine(Huangjiu), a traditional fermented beverage. It focused on the addition of RBE to the fermentation mash and its effects on EC levels. The results showed a significant reduction in EC production that could be attributed to RBE's role in altering urea and citrulline catabolism and inhibiting arginine metabolism, thus preventing EC precursors from reacting with ethanol. Additionally, RBE enhanced the rice wine's flavor profile, as shown by volatile component and amino acid analysis. This study also explored RBE's impact on the metabolism of arginine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a simulated fermentation environment, and found increased arginine, reduced urea and citrulline levels, altered enzyme activities, and gene expression changes in the arginine metabolism and transport pathways. In conclusion, the results clearly demonstrated RBE's efficacy in reducing the EC content in Chinese rice wine, offering valuable insights for EC reduction strategies.
基金ZJU 100 Young Talent ProgramKey Program for Robot-assisted Subretinal Injection Research Center in Zhejiang Province,Grant/Award Number:2023ZY1061。
文摘Subretinal injection is a complicated task for retinal surgeons to operate manually.In this paper we demonstrate a robust framework for needle detection and localisation in robotassisted subretinal injection using microscope-integrated Optical Coherence Tomography with deep learning.Five convolutional neural networks with different architectures were evaluated.The main differences between the architectures are the amount of information they receive at the input layer.When evaluated on ex-vivo pig eyes,the top performing network successfully detected all needles in the dataset and localised them with an Intersection over Union value of 0.55.The algorithm was evaluated by comparing the depth of the top and bottom edge of the predicted bounding box to the ground truth.This analysis showed that the top edge can be used to predict the depth of the needle with a maximum error of 8.5μm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21976156)。
文摘Acrylamide is classified as a Class 2A carcinogen and mainly metabolized to produce hepatotoxicity.Phosphatidylcholine is thought to protect the liver from damage,but the protective role of phosphatidylcholine on acrylamide-exposed metabolic disorders remains unclear.We investigated protective effect of phosphatidylcholine on the hepatic metabolism in rats exposed to acrylamide using metabolomics and molecular biology approaches.Overall,32 endogenous effect biomarkers and 4 exposure biomarkers were identified as differential signature metabolites responsible for acrylamide exposure and phosphatidylcholine protection.Acrylamide exposure interferes with glutathione metabolism by consuming antioxidant glutathione,cysteine and L-ascorbic acid,and disrupts lipid and carbohydrate metabolism through reducing carnitine content and increasing lipid peroxidation.The phosphatidylcholine treatment reduces the expression of cytochrome P4502E1,alleviates the oxidative stress and inflammation of the liver,and stabilizes the content of glutathione,and thus alleviates the disorder of glutathione.Meanwhile,phosphatidylcholine shifted acrylamide-induced phosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidylcholine to storage from lysophosphatidylcholine to diacylglycerol,thereby maintaining metabolic homeostasis of glycerophospholipid.The results suggested that phosphatidylcholine supplementation alleviate the disorder of glutathione and lipid metabolism caused by acrylamide exposure,but not significantly change the levels of mercapturic acid adducts of acrylamide,providing the evidence for phosphatidylcholine protection against acrylamide-induced liver injury.
文摘The food industry prioritizes food safety throughout the entire production process.This involves closely monitoring and evaluating all potential sources of biological or chemical contamination,starting from entering raw materials into the production chain and continuing to the final product.Biofilms on food surfaces or containers can harbor dangerous pathogens,such as Listeria monocytogenes.Therefore,it is essential to continuously manage microbial contamination on food contact surfaces to prevent foodborne infections.Recently,there has been increasing interest in using nanomaterials as surface coatings with antimicrobial properties in the food industry,especially since traditional disinfectants or antibiotics may contribute to developing resistance.However,the use of antibiofilm materials for long-term food storage remains underexplored,and there is a notable lack of focused reviews on nanomaterialbased antibiofilm coatings specifically for long-term food preservation.This review aims to consolidate recently reported nanoparticle-based antibiofilm food packaging materials.We discuss the effectiveness of various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and biopolymer nanocomposites in combating biofilms.Additionally,we highlight the growing importance of biodegradable nanocomposite materials for antibiofilm food packaging.Furthermore,we explore the mechanisms of action,processing methods,and safety aspects of these nanomaterials being developed for food packaging applications.
文摘In the article“Recent Advancements in Nanocomposites-Based Antibiofilm Food Packaging”by Bandana Padhan et al.(Journal of Polymer Materials,2025,Vol.42,No.2,pp.411–433.doi:10.32604/jpm.2024.059156),originally published online on December 9,2024,and formally included in Vol.42,No.2(published on July 11,2025).
基金the support from the National Institutes of Health(R01GM141055)the National Science Foundation(CMMI2104295)+7 种基金the China Scholarship Councilthe NIH/NCATS UCLA CTSI(UL1TR001881)through the UC Center for Accelerated Innovationsupported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship(1644868)support from the UCLA Innovation Fund MedTech Innovator Awardthe Challenge Initiative at UCLAseed funding provided through a UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine Regenerative Medicine Theme Awardthe support provided by the NIH Common Fund through an NIH Director's Early Independence Award co-funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research and Office of the Director,NIH under award number(DP50D028181)the NIH for a predoctoral fellowship supported by the National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number(F31HL149356)。
文摘Controlled intracellular delivery of biomolecular cargo is critical for developing targeted therapeutics and cell reprogramming.Conventional delivery approaches(e.g.,endocytosis of nano-vectors,microinjection,and electroporation)usually require time-consuming uptake processes,labor-intensive operations,and/or costly specialized equipment.Here,we present an acoustofluidics-based intracellular delivery approach capable of effectively delivering various functional nanomaterials to multiple cell types(e.g.,adherent and suspension cancer cells).By tuning the standing acoustic waves in a glass capillary,our approach can push cells in flow to the capillary wall and enhance membrane permeability by increasing membrane stress to deform cells via acoustic radiation forces.Moreover,by coating the capillary with cargo-encapsulated nanoparticles,our approach can achieve controllable cell-nanoparticle contact and facilitate nanomaterial delivery beyond Brownian movement.Based on these mechanisms,we have successfully delivered nanoparticles loaded with small molecules or protein-based cargo to U937 and HeLa cells.Our results demonstrate enhanced delivery efficiency compared to attempts made without the use of acoustofluidics.Moreover,compared to conventional sonoporation methods,our approach does not require special contrast agents with microbubbles.This acoustofluidics-based approach creates exciting opportunities to achieve controllable intracellular delivery of various biomolecular cargoes to diverse cell types for potential therapeutic applications and biophysical studies.
基金supported by the Center for Bioenergy Innovation(CBI)supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the DOE Office of Science and led by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle,LLC for the US DOE under Contract Number DE-AC05-00OR22725+2 种基金authored in part by the Na-tional Renewable Energy Laboratory,operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy,LLC,for the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)under Contract No.DE-LC-000L054provided by the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE),Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy(EERE),and Bioenergy Technologies Office(BETO)at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory(PNNL)under Contract No.DE-AC05-76RL01830supported by Laboratory Directed Research and Development(LDRD)funding from Argonne National Laboratory,provided by the Director,Office of Science,of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-06CH11357。
文摘Sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass and biowaste streams is an attractive option for decarbonizing the aviation sector,one of the most-difficult-to-electrify transportation sectors.Despite ongoing commercialization efforts using ASTM-certified pathways(e.g.,lipid conversion,Fischer-Tropsch synthesis),production capacities are still inadequate due to limited feedstock supply and high production costs.New conversion technologies that utilize lignocellulosic feedstocks are needed to meet these challenges and satisfy the rapidly growing market.Combining bio-and chemo-catalytic approaches can leverage advantages from both methods,i.e.,high product selectivity via biological conversion,and the capability to build C-C chains more efficiently via chemical catalysis.Herein,conversion routes,catalysis,and processes for such pathways are discussed,while key challenges and meaningful R&D opportunities are identified to guide future research activities in the space.Bio-and chemo-catalytic conversion primarily utilize the carbohydrate fraction of lignocellulose,leaving lignin as a waste product.This makes lignin conversion to SAF critical in order to utilize whole biomass,thereby lowering overall production costs while maximizing carbon efficiencies.Thus,lignin valorization strategies are also reviewed herein with vital research areas identified,such as facile lignin depolymerization approaches,highly integrated conversion systems,novel process configurations,and catalysts for the selective cleavage of aryl C-O bonds.The potential efficiency improvements available via integrated conversion steps,such as combined biological and chemo-catalytic routes,along with the use of different parallel pathways,are identified as key to producing all components of a cost-effective,100%SAF.
