Oat husks,a byproduct of oat milling operations with limited economic value,present a promising feedstock for biorefinery processes due to their chemical composition.This study investigates the conversion of C5 carboh...Oat husks,a byproduct of oat milling operations with limited economic value,present a promising feedstock for biorefinery processes due to their chemical composition.This study investigates the conversion of C5 carbohydrates in oat husks into furfural through hydrothermal pretreatment using various phosphate-based catalysts,including H_(3)PO_(4),NH_(4)H_(2)PO_(4),NaH_(2)PO_(4),KH_(2)PO_(4),K_(2)HPO_(4) and K_(3)PO_(4) as catalyst.The catalysts’effectiveness in promoting furfural production was evaluated under identical hydrothermal conditions(treatment time for 60 min at a constant temperature of 170℃ and a catalyst amount).Continuous water steam was used to strip furfural from the reaction zone and minimize its degradation.Results indicated that H_(3)PO_(4) was the most effective catalyst,achieving a furfural yield of 13.99 wt.%,which corresponds to approximately 57%of the theoretical yield.NH4H2PO4 also showed moderate effectiveness,while sodium and potassium phosphate salts were significantly less effective.A scanning electron microscope analysis shows that catalysts with lower pH may disrupt the oat husks external layer thus providing a higher C5 carbohydrates conversion rate into furfural.The chemical complexity of oat husk contributes to side reactions between its carbohydrates and lignin during the hydrothermal treatment.This results in an increase in acid-insoluble lignin and inorganic matter in the oat husk lignocellulosic residue,which can reduce the effectiveness of further cellulose saccharification by enzymatic hydrolysis.展开更多
Machine learning(ML)has emerged as a significant tool in the field of biorefinery,offering the capability to analyze and predict complex processes with efficiency.This article reviews the current state of biorefinery ...Machine learning(ML)has emerged as a significant tool in the field of biorefinery,offering the capability to analyze and predict complex processes with efficiency.This article reviews the current state of biorefinery and its classification,highlighting various commercially successful biorefineries.Further,we delve into different categories of ML models,including their algorithms and applications in various stages of biorefinery lifecycle,such as biomass characterization,pretreatment,lignin valorization,chemical,thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes,supply chain analysis,and life cycle assessment.The benefits and limitations of each of these algorithms are discussed in detail.Finally,the article concludes with a discussion of the limitations and future prospects of ML in the field of biorefineries.展开更多
Generally wastewater such agricultural runoff is considered a nuisance;however,it could be harnessed as a potential source of nutrients like nitrates and phosphates in integrated biorefinery context.In the current stu...Generally wastewater such agricultural runoff is considered a nuisance;however,it could be harnessed as a potential source of nutrients like nitrates and phosphates in integrated biorefinery context.In the current study,microalgae Chlorella sp.S5 was used for bioremediation of agricultural runoff and the leftover algal biomass was used as a potential source for production of biofuels in an integrated biorefinery context.The microalgae Chlorella sp.S5 was cultivated on Blue Green(BG 11)medium and a comprehensive optimization of different parameters including phosphates,nitrates,and pH was carried out to acquire maximum algal biomass enriched with high lipids content.Dry biomass was quantified using the solvent extraction technique,while the identification of nitrates and phosphates in agricultural runoff was carried out using commercial kits.The algal extracted lipids(oils)were employed in enzymatic trans-esterification for biodiesel production using whole-cell biomass of Bacillus subtilis Q4 MZ841642.The resultant fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs)were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Subsequently,both the intact algal biomass and its lipid-depleted algal biomass were used for biogas production within a batch anaerobic digestion setup.Interestingly,Chlorella sp.S5 demonstrated a substantial reduction of 95%in nitrate and 91%in phosphate from agricultural runoff.The biodiesel derived from algal biomass exhibited a noteworthy total FAME content of 98.2%,meeting the quality standards set by American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM)and European union(EU)standards.Furthermore,the biomethane yields obtained from whole biomass and lipid-depleted biomass were 330.34 NmL/g VSadded and 364.34 NmL/g VSadded,respectively.In conclusion,the findings underscore the potent utility of Chlorella sp.S5 as a multi-faceted resource,proficiently employed in a sequential cascade for treating agricultural runoff,producing biodiesel,and generating biogas within the integrated biorefinery concept.展开更多
Instead of the traditional linear model of taking,making,and disposing,the circular bio-economy promotes a regenerative approach.Although there is potential to create valuable products like betulin,lupeol,and suberini...Instead of the traditional linear model of taking,making,and disposing,the circular bio-economy promotes a regenerative approach.Although there is potential to create valuable products like betulin,lupeol,and suberinic acids(SA)from outer birch bark,many industries,such as plywood and pulp,often choose to incinerate substan-tial amounts of leftover birch bark to meet their energy needs.This highlights the importance of obtaining valu-able products from wood.The objective of this study was to examine various fractions of SA and assess their potential for wood impregnation.The fractions included SA potassium salts in ethanol(SAK-EtOH)and water(SAK-H2O),SA suspension in water(SAS-H2O)and dried SA,which was subsequently diluted in ethanol(DSA-EtOH).There is significant potential for utilizing SA in wood treatment formulations as a sustainable alternative to harmful petroleum-derived chemicals.This approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also enhances the functionality of wood in construction applications,such as improving impregnation for moisture and fungal protection.Among the solutions tested,the ethanol solution of SA,specifically DSA-EtOH,showed the highest weight percent gain(WPG)and the greatest leaching resistance.GPC analysis showed that SA salts in ethanol(SAK-EtOH)and water(SAK-H2O)predominantly consist of low molecular fractions and each process(acidification and drying)reduces the low molecular content in the sample.This suggests that SA polymerizes after drying,making it necessary to dissolve it in ethanol to meet the requirements for impregnation.Further opti-mization,including adjustments in the concentration of the SA ethanol solution and the curing temperature,is essential to identify the optimal conditions for more in-depth impregnation studies.展开更多
Carbonaceous materials with large interlayer spacing and disordered structure are considered suitable as electrodes in sodium-ion batteries so as to overcome the problem encountered in conventional electrodes.In this ...Carbonaceous materials with large interlayer spacing and disordered structure are considered suitable as electrodes in sodium-ion batteries so as to overcome the problem encountered in conventional electrodes.In this study,carbon quantum dots(CQDs)decorated with SnO_(2)and NaVO_(3)are used as electrodes in the fabrication of flexible Na-ion batteries.CQDs are prepared from dead leaves of the Samanea saman tree through alkaline-peroxide treatment and hydrothermal carbonization.As-prepared CQDs exhibit a quantum yield of 21.03%at an excitation wavelength of 360 nm.Various separators such as indium-doped tin oxide/polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether(ITO/PTE),rice paper(RP),silicone with three big holes(SIL BH),silicone with many small holes(SIL SH)and cellulose paper(CP)have been tried in flexible Na-ion batteries.SIL SH achieved higher specific capacitance(881 F g-1)than other separators due to the function of many small holes on the surface of the silicone.The SIL SH separator delivered higher discharge capacities of 141 and 114 mC g-1 at 1.5 and 2.5 V than SIL BH.The RP separator delivered specific discharge capacities of 1087 and 347 mC g-1 in the 1st and 50th cycles,respectively,at 1 V.The RP separator delivered a high initial specific discharge capacity of 698 mC g-1 at 2 V and maintained a good discharge capacity of 222 mC g-1 in the 50th cycle.As compared to RP,SIL SH delivered high specific discharge capacity of 4246 in 1st cycle at 2 V but maintained a capacity of 71 mC g-1 in the 50th cycle.This study reveals the scope of developing flexible Na-ion batteries with high capacity and cyclability using carbonaceous materials derived from the leaves of the S.saman tree.展开更多
基金funded by the Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry Bioeconomic Research Grant No.09-24 titled“Selective Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass(SeVaLi)”.
文摘Oat husks,a byproduct of oat milling operations with limited economic value,present a promising feedstock for biorefinery processes due to their chemical composition.This study investigates the conversion of C5 carbohydrates in oat husks into furfural through hydrothermal pretreatment using various phosphate-based catalysts,including H_(3)PO_(4),NH_(4)H_(2)PO_(4),NaH_(2)PO_(4),KH_(2)PO_(4),K_(2)HPO_(4) and K_(3)PO_(4) as catalyst.The catalysts’effectiveness in promoting furfural production was evaluated under identical hydrothermal conditions(treatment time for 60 min at a constant temperature of 170℃ and a catalyst amount).Continuous water steam was used to strip furfural from the reaction zone and minimize its degradation.Results indicated that H_(3)PO_(4) was the most effective catalyst,achieving a furfural yield of 13.99 wt.%,which corresponds to approximately 57%of the theoretical yield.NH4H2PO4 also showed moderate effectiveness,while sodium and potassium phosphate salts were significantly less effective.A scanning electron microscope analysis shows that catalysts with lower pH may disrupt the oat husks external layer thus providing a higher C5 carbohydrates conversion rate into furfural.The chemical complexity of oat husk contributes to side reactions between its carbohydrates and lignin during the hydrothermal treatment.This results in an increase in acid-insoluble lignin and inorganic matter in the oat husk lignocellulosic residue,which can reduce the effectiveness of further cellulose saccharification by enzymatic hydrolysis.
基金the institutional research funding supported by SRUC,UK。
文摘Machine learning(ML)has emerged as a significant tool in the field of biorefinery,offering the capability to analyze and predict complex processes with efficiency.This article reviews the current state of biorefinery and its classification,highlighting various commercially successful biorefineries.Further,we delve into different categories of ML models,including their algorithms and applications in various stages of biorefinery lifecycle,such as biomass characterization,pretreatment,lignin valorization,chemical,thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes,supply chain analysis,and life cycle assessment.The benefits and limitations of each of these algorithms are discussed in detail.Finally,the article concludes with a discussion of the limitations and future prospects of ML in the field of biorefineries.
基金part of NRPU project(20-1482NRPU/R&D/HEC/2021)The financial support to accomplish this research was provided by Higher Education Commission of PakistanMoreover,this work is financially supported by the Researchers Supporting Project number(RSP2024R197),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Generally wastewater such agricultural runoff is considered a nuisance;however,it could be harnessed as a potential source of nutrients like nitrates and phosphates in integrated biorefinery context.In the current study,microalgae Chlorella sp.S5 was used for bioremediation of agricultural runoff and the leftover algal biomass was used as a potential source for production of biofuels in an integrated biorefinery context.The microalgae Chlorella sp.S5 was cultivated on Blue Green(BG 11)medium and a comprehensive optimization of different parameters including phosphates,nitrates,and pH was carried out to acquire maximum algal biomass enriched with high lipids content.Dry biomass was quantified using the solvent extraction technique,while the identification of nitrates and phosphates in agricultural runoff was carried out using commercial kits.The algal extracted lipids(oils)were employed in enzymatic trans-esterification for biodiesel production using whole-cell biomass of Bacillus subtilis Q4 MZ841642.The resultant fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs)were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Subsequently,both the intact algal biomass and its lipid-depleted algal biomass were used for biogas production within a batch anaerobic digestion setup.Interestingly,Chlorella sp.S5 demonstrated a substantial reduction of 95%in nitrate and 91%in phosphate from agricultural runoff.The biodiesel derived from algal biomass exhibited a noteworthy total FAME content of 98.2%,meeting the quality standards set by American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM)and European union(EU)standards.Furthermore,the biomethane yields obtained from whole biomass and lipid-depleted biomass were 330.34 NmL/g VSadded and 364.34 NmL/g VSadded,respectively.In conclusion,the findings underscore the potent utility of Chlorella sp.S5 as a multi-faceted resource,proficiently employed in a sequential cascade for treating agricultural runoff,producing biodiesel,and generating biogas within the integrated biorefinery concept.
基金supported according to contract No.5.1.1.2.i.0/1/22/A/CFLA/007 between“Forest Sector Competence Centre of Latvia”Ltd.the Central Finance and Contracting Agency which dated 20th January of 2023.
文摘Instead of the traditional linear model of taking,making,and disposing,the circular bio-economy promotes a regenerative approach.Although there is potential to create valuable products like betulin,lupeol,and suberinic acids(SA)from outer birch bark,many industries,such as plywood and pulp,often choose to incinerate substan-tial amounts of leftover birch bark to meet their energy needs.This highlights the importance of obtaining valu-able products from wood.The objective of this study was to examine various fractions of SA and assess their potential for wood impregnation.The fractions included SA potassium salts in ethanol(SAK-EtOH)and water(SAK-H2O),SA suspension in water(SAS-H2O)and dried SA,which was subsequently diluted in ethanol(DSA-EtOH).There is significant potential for utilizing SA in wood treatment formulations as a sustainable alternative to harmful petroleum-derived chemicals.This approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also enhances the functionality of wood in construction applications,such as improving impregnation for moisture and fungal protection.Among the solutions tested,the ethanol solution of SA,specifically DSA-EtOH,showed the highest weight percent gain(WPG)and the greatest leaching resistance.GPC analysis showed that SA salts in ethanol(SAK-EtOH)and water(SAK-H2O)predominantly consist of low molecular fractions and each process(acidification and drying)reduces the low molecular content in the sample.This suggests that SA polymerizes after drying,making it necessary to dissolve it in ethanol to meet the requirements for impregnation.Further opti-mization,including adjustments in the concentration of the SA ethanol solution and the curing temperature,is essential to identify the optimal conditions for more in-depth impregnation studies.
基金to King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi(KMUTT)for the Postdoctoral fellowship awarded to him and the Research Network NANOTEC(RNN)program(Grant No:P1851883)of the National Nanotechnology Center(NANOTEC),NSTDA,Ministry of Science and Technology,Thailand that made this work possible.
文摘Carbonaceous materials with large interlayer spacing and disordered structure are considered suitable as electrodes in sodium-ion batteries so as to overcome the problem encountered in conventional electrodes.In this study,carbon quantum dots(CQDs)decorated with SnO_(2)and NaVO_(3)are used as electrodes in the fabrication of flexible Na-ion batteries.CQDs are prepared from dead leaves of the Samanea saman tree through alkaline-peroxide treatment and hydrothermal carbonization.As-prepared CQDs exhibit a quantum yield of 21.03%at an excitation wavelength of 360 nm.Various separators such as indium-doped tin oxide/polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether(ITO/PTE),rice paper(RP),silicone with three big holes(SIL BH),silicone with many small holes(SIL SH)and cellulose paper(CP)have been tried in flexible Na-ion batteries.SIL SH achieved higher specific capacitance(881 F g-1)than other separators due to the function of many small holes on the surface of the silicone.The SIL SH separator delivered higher discharge capacities of 141 and 114 mC g-1 at 1.5 and 2.5 V than SIL BH.The RP separator delivered specific discharge capacities of 1087 and 347 mC g-1 in the 1st and 50th cycles,respectively,at 1 V.The RP separator delivered a high initial specific discharge capacity of 698 mC g-1 at 2 V and maintained a good discharge capacity of 222 mC g-1 in the 50th cycle.As compared to RP,SIL SH delivered high specific discharge capacity of 4246 in 1st cycle at 2 V but maintained a capacity of 71 mC g-1 in the 50th cycle.This study reveals the scope of developing flexible Na-ion batteries with high capacity and cyclability using carbonaceous materials derived from the leaves of the S.saman tree.
