The era of open science is upon us,and journals are finally beginning to mandate that analyses be fully reproducible.This entails providing both the methods and underlying data used,which will be critical for overcomi...The era of open science is upon us,and journals are finally beginning to mandate that analyses be fully reproducible.This entails providing both the methods and underlying data used,which will be critical for overcoming current biases in our knowledge of even the most basic distribution of species across the tree of life[1].These efforts are key for achieving FAIR(Findability,Accessibility,Interoperability,and Reuse)goals of transparent and interoperable scientific progress;[2].However,some ways that scientists share data are functionally more open than others,and even when data are said to be available upon request,the vast majority(83%)of queries are unfulfilled[3].Those data that are effectively unreachable,including those lacking sufficient meta-data,are declared“dark data”[4].Although a repository allowing straightforward direct data uploads(e.g,Dryad)might be sufficient to directly replicate a single study,these data are effectively inaccessible to downstream analyses without,in many cases,paper-by-paper approaches to searching for,downloading,and processing data due to lacking standards;some of these necessary papers are even at the risk of disappearing[5].In a world of increasingly large-scale analyses across space and time[6]using a variety of data types,dark data increasingly hinders us from understanding and preserving the natural world.展开更多
Dear Colleagues,It is my distinct honor to serve as the Honorary Chief Editor of AMEM,an international open-access journal,dedicated to serve as a platform for international exchange,and the translation of research ou...Dear Colleagues,It is my distinct honor to serve as the Honorary Chief Editor of AMEM,an international open-access journal,dedicated to serve as a platform for international exchange,and the translation of research outcomes in the field of life sciences.AMEM strives to establish itself as a high-level international academic exchange platform that brings together scientific wisdom from around the world and offers a prestigious journal for presenting research findings,and disseminating state of the art knowledge in the vibrant fields of life sciences.展开更多
Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biologica...Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biological maturity and the limitations of existing testing methods, particularly in adolescent sports contexts, there is a pressing need for a non-invasive method that is convenient, accurate, and broadly applicable to monitor the biological maturity of adolescent athletes comprehensively. In response to this need, a maturity assessment method based on the smartphone application Maturo has been developed. This study evaluates the accuracy and validity of the Maturo software, an automated tool for estimating biological age and related maturation metrics.Methods: A sample of 103 actively training teenage athletes aged 9-17 years. The sample included 76 males(age = 11.74 ± 1.55 years, mean ±SD) and 27 females(age = 13.95 ± 1.40 years), all without medical conditions that might impact growth or development.Results: Compared to traditional expert evaluations, the intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs) and Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated reliable positive correlations and significant agreement between the Maturo software and expert methods across multiple metrics, such as biological age(ICC = 0.965, R = 0.97), corrected biological age(ICC = 0.973, R = 0.99), predicted adult height(ICC = 0.991, R = 0.99), and percentage of adult height achieved(ICC = 0.955, R = 0.97). The Bland-Altman plots provided additional evidence of the validity of the Maturo software estimations, showing low systematic error in most measures. The linear regression analysis produced excellent adjusted R2values: 0.95for biological age and 0.99 for anticipated adult height. The Maturo approach demonstrated a high level of dependability in classifying teenagers into groups based on their maturity status and timing. The κ coefficients of 0.93 for maturity status and 0.82 for maturity timing indicate a nearly perfect agreement with the expert technique.Conclusion: While the Maturo software's non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use could make it a potential tool for regular monitoring of growth and maturation in young athletes, its promising results in assessing maturation should be interpreted with caution due to limitations such as sample size and demographic constraints. Further longitude research with larger and more diverse populations is needed to validate these preliminary findings and strengthen the evidence for its broader applicability.展开更多
Numerous pathological states of the nervous system involve alterations in neuronal excitability and synaptic dysfunction,which depend on the function of ion channels.Due to their critical involvement in health and dis...Numerous pathological states of the nervous system involve alterations in neuronal excitability and synaptic dysfunction,which depend on the function of ion channels.Due to their critical involvement in health and disease,the search for new compounds that modulate these proteins is still relevant.Traditional medicine has long been a rich source of neuroactive compounds.For example,the indigenous Mapuche people have used the leaves and bark of the Drimys winteri tree for centuries to treat various diseases.Consequently,several studies have investigated the biological effects of compounds in Drimys winteri,highlighting sesquiterpenes such asα-humulene,drimenin,polygodial,andα-,β-,γ-eudesmol.However,there is currently no literature review focusing on the ability of these sesquiterpenes to modulate ion channels.This review summarizes the current knowledge about neuroactive compounds found in Drimys winteri,with special emphasis on their direct actions on neuronal ion channels.Several Drimys winteri sesquiterpenes modulate a diverse array of neuronal ion channels,including transient receptor potential channels,gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors,nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,and voltage-dependent Ca^(2+)and Na^(+)channels.Interestingly,the modulation of these molecular targets by Drimys winteri sesquiterpenes correlates with their therapeutic actions.The promiscuous pharmacological profile of Drimys winteri sesquiterpenes suggests they modulate multiple protein targets in vivo,making them potentially useful for treating complex,multifactorial diseases.Further studies at the molecular level may aid in developing multitargeted drugs with enhanced therapeutic effects.展开更多
Ufmylation is an ubiquitin-like post-translational modification characterized by the covalent binding of mature UFM1 to target proteins.Although the consequences of ufmylation on target proteins are not fully understo...Ufmylation is an ubiquitin-like post-translational modification characterized by the covalent binding of mature UFM1 to target proteins.Although the consequences of ufmylation on target proteins are not fully understood,its importance is evident from the disorders resulting from its dysfunction.Numerous case reports have established a link between biallelic loss-of-function and/or hypomorphic variants in ufmylation-related genes and a spectrum of pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders.展开更多
Stress granules are membraneless organelles that serve as a protective cellular response to external stressors by sequestering non-translating messenger RNAs(mRNAs)and regulating protein synthesis.Stress granules form...Stress granules are membraneless organelles that serve as a protective cellular response to external stressors by sequestering non-translating messenger RNAs(mRNAs)and regulating protein synthesis.Stress granules formation mechanism is conserved across species,from yeast to mammals,and they play a critical role in minimizing cellular damage during stress.Composed of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein complexes,stress granules are enriched not only in mRNAs but also in noncoding RNAs and various proteins,including translation initiation factors and RNA-binding proteins.Genetic mutations affecting stress granule assembly and disassembly can lead to abnormal stress granule accumulation,contributing to the progression of several diseases.Recent research indicates that stress granule dynamics are pivotal in determining their physiological and pathological functions,with acute stress granule formation offering protection and chronic stress granule accumulation being detrimental.This review focuses on the multifaceted roles of stress granules under diverse physiological conditions,such as regulation of mRNA transport,mRNA translation,apoptosis,germ cell development,phase separation processes that govern stress granule formation,and their emerging implications in pathophysiological scenarios,such as viral infections,cancer,neurodevelopmental disorders,neurodegeneration,and neuronal trauma.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common form of dementia,affecting over 50 million people worldwide.This figure is projected to nearly double every 20 years,reaching 82 million by 2030 and 152 million by 2050(Alzhe...Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common form of dementia,affecting over 50 million people worldwide.This figure is projected to nearly double every 20 years,reaching 82 million by 2030 and 152 million by 2050(Alzheimer’s Disease International).The apolipoproteinε4(APOE4)allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD(after age 65 years).Apolipoprotein E,a lipid transporter,exists in three variants:ε2,ε3,andε4.APOEε2(APOE2)is protective against AD,APOEε3(APOE3)is neutral,while APOE4 significantly increases the risk.Individuals with one copy of APOE4 have a 4-fold greater risk of developing AD,and those with two copies face an 8-fold risk compared to non-carriers.Even in cognitively normal individuals,APOE4 carriers exhibit brain metabolic and vascular deficits decades before amyloid-beta(Aβ)plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles emerge-the hallmark pathologies of AD(Reiman et al.,2001,2005;Thambisetty et al.,2010).Notably,studies have demonstrated reduced glucose uptake,or hypometabolism,in brain regions vulnerable to AD in asymptomatic middle-aged APOE4 carriers,long before clinical symptoms arise(Reiman et al.,2001,2005).展开更多
Shikonin,a naphthoquinone compound derived from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon,has been extensively studied for its antibacterial,antioxidant,and anti-inflammatory properties.Increasing evidence highlights its...Shikonin,a naphthoquinone compound derived from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon,has been extensively studied for its antibacterial,antioxidant,and anti-inflammatory properties.Increasing evidence highlights its potential in treating inflammation-related diseases.However,its clinical application is hindered by challenges such as poor water solubility,rapid metabolism in vivo,and other limitations.Recent advancements have demonstrated that encapsulating shikonin within nanocarriers can significantly enhance its water solubility and pharmacokinetic profile.Building on this,this perspective paper outlines the current landscape of inflammation treatment,explores the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of shikonin,reviews the latest progress in shikonin-based nanomaterials for anti-inflammatory applications,and discusses the challenges and future directions for the clinical translation of shikonin nanoformulations.展开更多
Mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation is an effective and promising approach for treating various systemic and diffuse diseases.However,the biological characteristics of transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells in hu...Mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation is an effective and promising approach for treating various systemic and diffuse diseases.However,the biological characteristics of transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells in humans remain unclear,including cell viability,distribution,migration,and fate.Conventional cell tracing methods cannot be used in the clinic.The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as contrast agents allows for the observation of transplanted cells using magnetic resonance imaging.In 2016,the National Medical Products Administration of China approved a new superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle,Ruicun,for use as a contrast agent in clinical trials.In the present study,an acute hemi-transection spinal cord injury model was established in beagle dogs.The injury was then treated by transplantation of Ruicun-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells.The results indicated that Ruicunlabeled mesenchymal stromal cells repaired damaged spinal cord fibers and partially restored neurological function in animals with acute spinal cord injury.T2*-weighted imaging revealed low signal areas on both sides of the injured spinal cord.The results of quantitative susceptibility mapping with ultrashort echo time sequences indicated that Ruicun-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells persisted stably within the injured spinal cord for over 4 weeks.These findings suggest that magnetic resonance imaging has the potential to effectively track the migration of Ruicun-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells and assess their ability to repair spinal cord injury.展开更多
Drug development for Alzheimer’s disease is extremely challenging,as demonstrated by the repeated failures of amyloid-β-targeted therapeutics and the controversies surrounding the amyloid-βcascade hypothesis.More r...Drug development for Alzheimer’s disease is extremely challenging,as demonstrated by the repeated failures of amyloid-β-targeted therapeutics and the controversies surrounding the amyloid-βcascade hypothesis.More recently,advances in the development of Lecanemab,an anti-amyloid-βmonoclonal antibody,have shown positive results in reducing brain A burden and slowing cognitive decline in patients with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease in the Phase Ⅲ clinical trial(Clarity Alzheimer’s disease).Despite these promising results,side effects such as amyloid-related imaging abnormalities(ARIA)may limit its usage.ARIA can manifest as ARIA-E(cerebral edema or effusions)and ARIA-H(microhemorrhages or superficial siderosis)and is thought to be caused by increased vascular permeability due to inflammatory responses,leading to leakages of blood products and protein-rich fluid into brain parenchyma.Endothelial dysfunction is an early pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease,and the blood-brain barrier becomes increasingly leaky as the disease progresses.In addition,APOE4,the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease,is associated with higher vascular amyloid burden,increased ARIA incidence,and accelerated blood-brain barrier disruptions.These interconnected vascular abnormalities highlight the importance of vascular contributions to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease.Here,we will closely examine recent research evaluating the heterogeneity of brain endothelial cells in the microvasculature of different brain regions and their relationships with Alzheimer’s disease progression.展开更多
The causal mechanisms and treatment for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia are the main issues attracting the attention of psychiatrists over the last decade.The first part of this review...The causal mechanisms and treatment for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia are the main issues attracting the attention of psychiatrists over the last decade.The first part of this review summarizes the pathogenesis of schizophrenia,especially the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction from the perspectives of genetics and epigenetics.The second part describes the novel medications and several advanced physical therapies(e.g.,transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation)for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction that will optimize the therapeutic strategy for patients with schizophrenia in future.展开更多
Through the widespread implementation of next-generation sequencing （NGS）, analyses of the whole genome （the entire DNA content） and the whole transcriptome （the genes being expressed） are becoming commonplace. ...Through the widespread implementation of next-generation sequencing （NGS）, analyses of the whole genome （the entire DNA content） and the whole transcriptome （the genes being expressed） are becoming commonplace. NGS enables the analysis of a vast amount of previously unattainable genetic information. Despite this potential, NGS has yet to be widely imple- mented in genetic studies of biological invasions. The study of the genomic causes and consequences of biological invasions al- lows a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the invasion process. In this review, we present a brief introduction to NGS followed by a synthesis of current research in the genomics and transcriptomics of adaptation and coloniza- tion. We then highlight research opportunities in the field, including： （1） assembling genomes and transcriptomes of non-model organisms, （2） identifying genomic regions and candidate genes underlying evolutionary processes, and （3） studying the adaptive role of gene expression variation. In particular, because introduced species face a broad range of physiological and biotic chal- lenges when colonizing novel and variable environments, transcriptomics will enable the study of gene regulatory pathways that may be responsible for acclimation or adaptation. To conclude, we identify a number of research approaches that will aid our fu- ture understanding of biological invasions展开更多
Traits that aid in the invasion process should exhibit a gradient across the expansion range in response to changing selection pressures. Aggression has been repeatedly associated with invasion success in many taxa, a...Traits that aid in the invasion process should exhibit a gradient across the expansion range in response to changing selection pressures. Aggression has been repeatedly associated with invasion success in many taxa, as it may help invaders to wrestle the resources from other species which enhances their success in a novel environment. However, aggression primarily al lows individuals to overcome conspecific rivals, providing advantages in competition over resources. Agonistic prowess could therefore increase fitness at both ends of the expansion gradient. Here we review the role of aggression in range expansion of in vasive species, and its potential role as a driver of range expansion. We analyze how these different mechanisms could affect trait variation in expanding and invasive populations. Specifically, we look at how aggression could help dilate the edges of a popula tion through niche competition, as well as lead to exclusion from the center （Le. areas of high population density） by the conspe cities. Both of these processes will result in a characteristic spatial distribution of phenotypes related to aggression that could provide insights into the ecological pressures and dynamics of expanding populations, potentially providing clues to their success as niche competitors and invasive species展开更多
Fiber photometry is a sensitive and easy way to detect changes in fluorescent signals. The combination of fiber photometry with various fluorescent biomarkers has substantially advanced neuroscience research over the ...Fiber photometry is a sensitive and easy way to detect changes in fluorescent signals. The combination of fiber photometry with various fluorescent biomarkers has substantially advanced neuroscience research over the last decade. Despite the wide use of fiber photometry in biomedical fields, the lack of a detailed and comprehensive protocol has limited progress and sometimes complicated the interpretation of data. Here, we describe detailed procedures of fiber photometry for the long-term monitoring of neuronal activity in freely-behaving animals, including surgery, apparatus setup, data collection, and analysis.展开更多
Recent progress in bioinorganic chemistry studies of rare earth elements (REE) in animal cells was outlined, and the definition of REE′s biological intelligence as well as their mechanism were also explained. The mig...Recent progress in bioinorganic chemistry studies of rare earth elements (REE) in animal cells was outlined, and the definition of REE′s biological intelligence as well as their mechanism were also explained. The migration of REE from weathering rocks to the environment is accelerated by various anthropogenic activities, which can eventually result in the entrance of REE into animal and human bodies via food chain. REE can be found in body tissues such as brain, blood, muscle as well as bone. Based on their geochemical properties, REE in low dose show their unique biological intelligence by intervening in the process of signal transduction and its regulation, arteriosclerosis and blood clotting prevention, anticancer, and the promotion of cellular defense enzymes′ activities, nucleic acid metabolism enzymes as well as ATPases, etc. The meaning of REE′s biological intelligence refers to physicochemical properties-based capability to choose the targets (e.g., biometals) in biomolecules for the chelation or replacement of REE, and change the structures and functions of biomolecules, and consequently impact or control the biological functions or behaviors in living organisms. The regulation of various cellular processes caused by REE is mainly via antagonism or replacement of essential target biometals like calcium or via chelation of organic molecules, thereby embodying the unparalleled biological intelligence of REE. Additionally, the dosage effect of REE was also discussed from the angles of yin-yang dichotomy, bioavailability, entropy and evolution. In order to make full use of REE′s biological intelligence in the application for medicine, more detailed studies concerning dosage effect of REE and REE bioaccumulation in organisms should be conducted in future research.展开更多
Bioinformatic analysis of large and complex omics datasets has become increasingly useful in modern day biology by providing a great depth of information,with its application to neuroscience termed neuroinformatics.Da...Bioinformatic analysis of large and complex omics datasets has become increasingly useful in modern day biology by providing a great depth of information,with its application to neuroscience termed neuroinformatics.Data mining of omics datasets has enabled the generation of new hypotheses based on differentially regulated biological molecules associated with disease mechanisms,which can be tested experimentally for improved diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of neurodegenerative diseases.Importantly,integrating multi-omics data using a systems bioinformatics approach will advance the understanding of the layered and interactive network of biological regulation that exchanges systemic knowledge to facilitate the development of a comprehensive human brain profile.In this review,we first summarize data mining studies utilizing datasets from the individual type of omics analysis,including epigenetics/epigenomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,metabolomics,lipidomics,and spatial omics,pertaining to Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,and multiple sclerosis.We then discuss multi-omics integration approaches,including independent biological integration and unsupervised integration methods,for more intuitive and informative interpretation of the biological data obtained across different omics layers.We further assess studies that integrate multi-omics in data mining which provide convoluted biological insights and offer proof-of-concept proposition towards systems bioinformatics in the reconstruction of brain networks.Finally,we recommend a combination of high dimensional bioinformatics analysis with experimental validation to achieve translational neuroscience applications including biomarker discovery,therapeutic development,and elucidation of disease mechanisms.We conclude by providing future perspectives and opportunities in applying integrative multi-omics and systems bioinformatics to achieve precision phenotyping of neurodegenerative diseases and towards personalized medicine.展开更多
To improve the efficiency of backwashing in upflow biological aerated filter （BAF）, a novel backwashing process named air-water siphon backwashing （AWSB） was proposed and applied on laboratory scale. The effects o...To improve the efficiency of backwashing in upflow biological aerated filter （BAF）, a novel backwashing process named air-water siphon backwashing （AWSB） was proposed and applied on laboratory scale. The effects of backwashing on turbidity and suspended solid （SS） in backwashing efluent using this new backwashing process were compared with those of traditional backwashing process, namely air-water backwashing （AWB）. In AWB, the turbidity of backwashing efluent maintained 100 NUT when consumed 60 min and 10.5 L water. However, in AWSB, it declined to 44 NUT, consumed 40 min, and 7 L water. The COD removal of BAF after backwashing was also analyzed. The average removal rate of COD in the reactor backwashed by AWB and AWSB was 89.34% and 90.91%, respectively. Compared with AWB, the backwashing interval had been prolonged 35%. The volume of backwashing water in that AWSB was only 66.7% of that in AWB. The results demonstrated that AWSB required less water and took shorter backwashing timerelative to AWB to achieve the same turbidity of backwashing efluent, and AWSB was more effective in removing fouling than that of AWB. More significant advantage of AWSB was that the backwashing interval was effectively prolonged展开更多
The incidence of diabetes and cancer has increased significantly in recent years.Furthermore,there are many common risk factors for both diabetes and cancer,such as obesity,sedentary lifestyle,smoking,and ageing.A lar...The incidence of diabetes and cancer has increased significantly in recent years.Furthermore,there are many common risk factors for both diabetes and cancer,such as obesity,sedentary lifestyle,smoking,and ageing.A large body of epidemiological evidence has indicated that diabetes is considered as an independent risk factor for increased rates of heterogeneous types of cancer occurrence and death.The incidence and mortality of various types of cancer,such as pancreas,liver,colorectal,breast,endometrial,and bladder cancers,have a modest growth in diabetics.However,diabetes may work as a protective factor for prostate cancer.Although the underlying biological mechanisms have not been totally understood,studies have validated that insulin/insulin-like growth factor(IGF)axis(including insulin resistance,hyperinsulinemia,and IGF),hyperglycemia,inflammatory cytokines,and sex hormones provide good circumstances for cancer cell proliferation and metastasis.Insulin/IGF axis activates several metabolic and mitogenic signaling pathways;hyperglycemia provides energy for cancer cell growth;inflammatory cytokines influence cancer cell apoptosis.Thus,these three factors affect all types of cancer,while sex hormones only play important roles in breast cancer,endometrial cancer,and prostate cancer.This minireview consolidates and discusses the epidemiological and biological links between diabetes and various types of cancer.展开更多
The peculiar attributes of muscles that are stretched when active have been noted for nearly a century.Understandably,the focus of muscle physiology has been primarily on shortening and isometric contractions,as eloqu...The peculiar attributes of muscles that are stretched when active have been noted for nearly a century.Understandably,the focus of muscle physiology has been primarily on shortening and isometric contractions,as eloquently revealed by A.V.Hill and subsequently by his students.When the sliding filament theory was introduced by A.F.Huxley and H.E.Huxley,it was a relatively simple task to link Hill's mechanical observations to the actions of the cross bridges during these shortening and isometric contractions.In contrast,lengthening or eccentric contractions have remained somewhat enigmatic.Dismissed as necessarily causing muscle damage,eccentric contractions have been much more difficult to fit into the cross-bridge theory.The relatively recent discovery of the giant elastic sarcomeric filament titin has thrust a previously missing element into any discussion of muscle function,in particular during active stretch.Indeed,the unexpected contribution of giant elastic proteins to muscle contractile function is highlighted by recent discoveries that twitchin-actin interactions are responsible for the"catch"property of invertebrate muscle.In this review,we examine several current theories that have been proposed to account for the properties of muscle during eccentric contraction.We ask how well each of these explains existing data and how an elastic filament can be incorporated into the sliding filament model.Finally,we review the increasing body of evidence for the benefits of including eccentric contractions into a program of muscle rehabilitation and strengthening.展开更多
Hericium erinaceus is a nutritious edible and medicinal fungi,rich in a variety of functional active ingredients,with various physiological functions such as antioxidation,anticancer,and enhancing immunity.It is also ...Hericium erinaceus is a nutritious edible and medicinal fungi,rich in a variety of functional active ingredients,with various physiological functions such as antioxidation,anticancer,and enhancing immunity.It is also effective in protecting the digestive system and preventing neurodegenerative diseases.In this review paper,we summarize the sources,structures and efficacies of the main active components in H.erinaceus fruiting body,mycelium,and culture media,and update the latest research progress on their biological activities and the related molecular mechanisms.Based on this information,we provide detailed challenges in current research,industrialization and information on the active ingredients of H.erinaceus.Perspectives for future studies and new applications of H.erinaceus are proposed.展开更多
文摘The era of open science is upon us,and journals are finally beginning to mandate that analyses be fully reproducible.This entails providing both the methods and underlying data used,which will be critical for overcoming current biases in our knowledge of even the most basic distribution of species across the tree of life[1].These efforts are key for achieving FAIR(Findability,Accessibility,Interoperability,and Reuse)goals of transparent and interoperable scientific progress;[2].However,some ways that scientists share data are functionally more open than others,and even when data are said to be available upon request,the vast majority(83%)of queries are unfulfilled[3].Those data that are effectively unreachable,including those lacking sufficient meta-data,are declared“dark data”[4].Although a repository allowing straightforward direct data uploads(e.g,Dryad)might be sufficient to directly replicate a single study,these data are effectively inaccessible to downstream analyses without,in many cases,paper-by-paper approaches to searching for,downloading,and processing data due to lacking standards;some of these necessary papers are even at the risk of disappearing[5].In a world of increasingly large-scale analyses across space and time[6]using a variety of data types,dark data increasingly hinders us from understanding and preserving the natural world.
文摘Dear Colleagues,It is my distinct honor to serve as the Honorary Chief Editor of AMEM,an international open-access journal,dedicated to serve as a platform for international exchange,and the translation of research outcomes in the field of life sciences.AMEM strives to establish itself as a high-level international academic exchange platform that brings together scientific wisdom from around the world and offers a prestigious journal for presenting research findings,and disseminating state of the art knowledge in the vibrant fields of life sciences.
文摘Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biological maturity and the limitations of existing testing methods, particularly in adolescent sports contexts, there is a pressing need for a non-invasive method that is convenient, accurate, and broadly applicable to monitor the biological maturity of adolescent athletes comprehensively. In response to this need, a maturity assessment method based on the smartphone application Maturo has been developed. This study evaluates the accuracy and validity of the Maturo software, an automated tool for estimating biological age and related maturation metrics.Methods: A sample of 103 actively training teenage athletes aged 9-17 years. The sample included 76 males(age = 11.74 ± 1.55 years, mean ±SD) and 27 females(age = 13.95 ± 1.40 years), all without medical conditions that might impact growth or development.Results: Compared to traditional expert evaluations, the intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs) and Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated reliable positive correlations and significant agreement between the Maturo software and expert methods across multiple metrics, such as biological age(ICC = 0.965, R = 0.97), corrected biological age(ICC = 0.973, R = 0.99), predicted adult height(ICC = 0.991, R = 0.99), and percentage of adult height achieved(ICC = 0.955, R = 0.97). The Bland-Altman plots provided additional evidence of the validity of the Maturo software estimations, showing low systematic error in most measures. The linear regression analysis produced excellent adjusted R2values: 0.95for biological age and 0.99 for anticipated adult height. The Maturo approach demonstrated a high level of dependability in classifying teenagers into groups based on their maturity status and timing. The κ coefficients of 0.93 for maturity status and 0.82 for maturity timing indicate a nearly perfect agreement with the expert technique.Conclusion: While the Maturo software's non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use could make it a potential tool for regular monitoring of growth and maturation in young athletes, its promising results in assessing maturation should be interpreted with caution due to limitations such as sample size and demographic constraints. Further longitude research with larger and more diverse populations is needed to validate these preliminary findings and strengthen the evidence for its broader applicability.
基金supported by ANID-FONDECYT 1200908(to JF),ANID-FONDECYT 1211082 and 1250856(to GEY)by the Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain NCN19_038(Mi Nu SPain)(to GEY)funded by the ANID scholarship 21201176。
文摘Numerous pathological states of the nervous system involve alterations in neuronal excitability and synaptic dysfunction,which depend on the function of ion channels.Due to their critical involvement in health and disease,the search for new compounds that modulate these proteins is still relevant.Traditional medicine has long been a rich source of neuroactive compounds.For example,the indigenous Mapuche people have used the leaves and bark of the Drimys winteri tree for centuries to treat various diseases.Consequently,several studies have investigated the biological effects of compounds in Drimys winteri,highlighting sesquiterpenes such asα-humulene,drimenin,polygodial,andα-,β-,γ-eudesmol.However,there is currently no literature review focusing on the ability of these sesquiterpenes to modulate ion channels.This review summarizes the current knowledge about neuroactive compounds found in Drimys winteri,with special emphasis on their direct actions on neuronal ion channels.Several Drimys winteri sesquiterpenes modulate a diverse array of neuronal ion channels,including transient receptor potential channels,gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors,nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,and voltage-dependent Ca^(2+)and Na^(+)channels.Interestingly,the modulation of these molecular targets by Drimys winteri sesquiterpenes correlates with their therapeutic actions.The promiscuous pharmacological profile of Drimys winteri sesquiterpenes suggests they modulate multiple protein targets in vivo,making them potentially useful for treating complex,multifactorial diseases.Further studies at the molecular level may aid in developing multitargeted drugs with enhanced therapeutic effects.
文摘Ufmylation is an ubiquitin-like post-translational modification characterized by the covalent binding of mature UFM1 to target proteins.Although the consequences of ufmylation on target proteins are not fully understood,its importance is evident from the disorders resulting from its dysfunction.Numerous case reports have established a link between biallelic loss-of-function and/or hypomorphic variants in ufmylation-related genes and a spectrum of pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders.
基金supported by a grant from the Merkin Peripheral Neuropathy and Nerve Regeneration Center(to PKS)the Rutgers University Startup Fund(to PKS).
文摘Stress granules are membraneless organelles that serve as a protective cellular response to external stressors by sequestering non-translating messenger RNAs(mRNAs)and regulating protein synthesis.Stress granules formation mechanism is conserved across species,from yeast to mammals,and they play a critical role in minimizing cellular damage during stress.Composed of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein complexes,stress granules are enriched not only in mRNAs but also in noncoding RNAs and various proteins,including translation initiation factors and RNA-binding proteins.Genetic mutations affecting stress granule assembly and disassembly can lead to abnormal stress granule accumulation,contributing to the progression of several diseases.Recent research indicates that stress granule dynamics are pivotal in determining their physiological and pathological functions,with acute stress granule formation offering protection and chronic stress granule accumulation being detrimental.This review focuses on the multifaceted roles of stress granules under diverse physiological conditions,such as regulation of mRNA transport,mRNA translation,apoptosis,germ cell development,phase separation processes that govern stress granule formation,and their emerging implications in pathophysiological scenarios,such as viral infections,cancer,neurodevelopmental disorders,neurodegeneration,and neuronal trauma.
基金supported by National Institute on Aging(NIH-NIA)R01AG054459(to ALL).
文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common form of dementia,affecting over 50 million people worldwide.This figure is projected to nearly double every 20 years,reaching 82 million by 2030 and 152 million by 2050(Alzheimer’s Disease International).The apolipoproteinε4(APOE4)allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD(after age 65 years).Apolipoprotein E,a lipid transporter,exists in three variants:ε2,ε3,andε4.APOEε2(APOE2)is protective against AD,APOEε3(APOE3)is neutral,while APOE4 significantly increases the risk.Individuals with one copy of APOE4 have a 4-fold greater risk of developing AD,and those with two copies face an 8-fold risk compared to non-carriers.Even in cognitively normal individuals,APOE4 carriers exhibit brain metabolic and vascular deficits decades before amyloid-beta(Aβ)plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles emerge-the hallmark pathologies of AD(Reiman et al.,2001,2005;Thambisetty et al.,2010).Notably,studies have demonstrated reduced glucose uptake,or hypometabolism,in brain regions vulnerable to AD in asymptomatic middle-aged APOE4 carriers,long before clinical symptoms arise(Reiman et al.,2001,2005).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82373393),Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region“Tianchi Yingcai”Project(2023TCYCQNBS02)Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Colleges and Universities Basic Research Operating Expenses Scientific Research Project(XJEDU2022P106).
文摘Shikonin,a naphthoquinone compound derived from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon,has been extensively studied for its antibacterial,antioxidant,and anti-inflammatory properties.Increasing evidence highlights its potential in treating inflammation-related diseases.However,its clinical application is hindered by challenges such as poor water solubility,rapid metabolism in vivo,and other limitations.Recent advancements have demonstrated that encapsulating shikonin within nanocarriers can significantly enhance its water solubility and pharmacokinetic profile.Building on this,this perspective paper outlines the current landscape of inflammation treatment,explores the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of shikonin,reviews the latest progress in shikonin-based nanomaterials for anti-inflammatory applications,and discusses the challenges and future directions for the clinical translation of shikonin nanoformulations.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,Nos.2017YFA0104302(to NG and XM)and 2017YFA0104304(to BW and ZZ)
文摘Mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation is an effective and promising approach for treating various systemic and diffuse diseases.However,the biological characteristics of transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells in humans remain unclear,including cell viability,distribution,migration,and fate.Conventional cell tracing methods cannot be used in the clinic.The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as contrast agents allows for the observation of transplanted cells using magnetic resonance imaging.In 2016,the National Medical Products Administration of China approved a new superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle,Ruicun,for use as a contrast agent in clinical trials.In the present study,an acute hemi-transection spinal cord injury model was established in beagle dogs.The injury was then treated by transplantation of Ruicun-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells.The results indicated that Ruicunlabeled mesenchymal stromal cells repaired damaged spinal cord fibers and partially restored neurological function in animals with acute spinal cord injury.T2*-weighted imaging revealed low signal areas on both sides of the injured spinal cord.The results of quantitative susceptibility mapping with ultrashort echo time sequences indicated that Ruicun-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells persisted stably within the injured spinal cord for over 4 weeks.These findings suggest that magnetic resonance imaging has the potential to effectively track the migration of Ruicun-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells and assess their ability to repair spinal cord injury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82404892(to QY),82061160374(to ZZ)the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao Special Administrative Region,China,Nos.0023/2020/AFJ,0035/2020/AGJ+2 种基金the University of Macao Research Grant,Nos.MYRG2022-00248-ICMS,MYRG-CRG2022-00010-ICMS(to MPMH)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2024A1515012818(to ZZ)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.21623114(to ZZ).
文摘Drug development for Alzheimer’s disease is extremely challenging,as demonstrated by the repeated failures of amyloid-β-targeted therapeutics and the controversies surrounding the amyloid-βcascade hypothesis.More recently,advances in the development of Lecanemab,an anti-amyloid-βmonoclonal antibody,have shown positive results in reducing brain A burden and slowing cognitive decline in patients with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease in the Phase Ⅲ clinical trial(Clarity Alzheimer’s disease).Despite these promising results,side effects such as amyloid-related imaging abnormalities(ARIA)may limit its usage.ARIA can manifest as ARIA-E(cerebral edema or effusions)and ARIA-H(microhemorrhages or superficial siderosis)and is thought to be caused by increased vascular permeability due to inflammatory responses,leading to leakages of blood products and protein-rich fluid into brain parenchyma.Endothelial dysfunction is an early pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease,and the blood-brain barrier becomes increasingly leaky as the disease progresses.In addition,APOE4,the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease,is associated with higher vascular amyloid burden,increased ARIA incidence,and accelerated blood-brain barrier disruptions.These interconnected vascular abnormalities highlight the importance of vascular contributions to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease.Here,we will closely examine recent research evaluating the heterogeneity of brain endothelial cells in the microvasculature of different brain regions and their relationships with Alzheimer’s disease progression.
基金This review was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC1306900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81622018)an Innovation Driven Project of Central South University(2020CX018).
文摘The causal mechanisms and treatment for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia are the main issues attracting the attention of psychiatrists over the last decade.The first part of this review summarizes the pathogenesis of schizophrenia,especially the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction from the perspectives of genetics and epigenetics.The second part describes the novel medications and several advanced physical therapies(e.g.,transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation)for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction that will optimize the therapeutic strategy for patients with schizophrenia in future.
文摘Through the widespread implementation of next-generation sequencing （NGS）, analyses of the whole genome （the entire DNA content） and the whole transcriptome （the genes being expressed） are becoming commonplace. NGS enables the analysis of a vast amount of previously unattainable genetic information. Despite this potential, NGS has yet to be widely imple- mented in genetic studies of biological invasions. The study of the genomic causes and consequences of biological invasions al- lows a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the invasion process. In this review, we present a brief introduction to NGS followed by a synthesis of current research in the genomics and transcriptomics of adaptation and coloniza- tion. We then highlight research opportunities in the field, including： （1） assembling genomes and transcriptomes of non-model organisms, （2） identifying genomic regions and candidate genes underlying evolutionary processes, and （3） studying the adaptive role of gene expression variation. In particular, because introduced species face a broad range of physiological and biotic chal- lenges when colonizing novel and variable environments, transcriptomics will enable the study of gene regulatory pathways that may be responsible for acclimation or adaptation. To conclude, we identify a number of research approaches that will aid our fu- ture understanding of biological invasions
文摘Traits that aid in the invasion process should exhibit a gradient across the expansion range in response to changing selection pressures. Aggression has been repeatedly associated with invasion success in many taxa, as it may help invaders to wrestle the resources from other species which enhances their success in a novel environment. However, aggression primarily al lows individuals to overcome conspecific rivals, providing advantages in competition over resources. Agonistic prowess could therefore increase fitness at both ends of the expansion gradient. Here we review the role of aggression in range expansion of in vasive species, and its potential role as a driver of range expansion. We analyze how these different mechanisms could affect trait variation in expanding and invasive populations. Specifically, we look at how aggression could help dilate the edges of a popula tion through niche competition, as well as lead to exclusion from the center （Le. areas of high population density） by the conspe cities. Both of these processes will result in a characteristic spatial distribution of phenotypes related to aggression that could provide insights into the ecological pressures and dynamics of expanding populations, potentially providing clues to their success as niche competitors and invasive species
基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2012YQ03026005,2013ZX0950910,and2015BAI08B02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91432114,91632302)the Beijing Municipal Government
文摘Fiber photometry is a sensitive and easy way to detect changes in fluorescent signals. The combination of fiber photometry with various fluorescent biomarkers has substantially advanced neuroscience research over the last decade. Despite the wide use of fiber photometry in biomedical fields, the lack of a detailed and comprehensive protocol has limited progress and sometimes complicated the interpretation of data. Here, we describe detailed procedures of fiber photometry for the long-term monitoring of neuronal activity in freely-behaving animals, including surgery, apparatus setup, data collection, and analysis.
文摘Recent progress in bioinorganic chemistry studies of rare earth elements (REE) in animal cells was outlined, and the definition of REE′s biological intelligence as well as their mechanism were also explained. The migration of REE from weathering rocks to the environment is accelerated by various anthropogenic activities, which can eventually result in the entrance of REE into animal and human bodies via food chain. REE can be found in body tissues such as brain, blood, muscle as well as bone. Based on their geochemical properties, REE in low dose show their unique biological intelligence by intervening in the process of signal transduction and its regulation, arteriosclerosis and blood clotting prevention, anticancer, and the promotion of cellular defense enzymes′ activities, nucleic acid metabolism enzymes as well as ATPases, etc. The meaning of REE′s biological intelligence refers to physicochemical properties-based capability to choose the targets (e.g., biometals) in biomolecules for the chelation or replacement of REE, and change the structures and functions of biomolecules, and consequently impact or control the biological functions or behaviors in living organisms. The regulation of various cellular processes caused by REE is mainly via antagonism or replacement of essential target biometals like calcium or via chelation of organic molecules, thereby embodying the unparalleled biological intelligence of REE. Additionally, the dosage effect of REE was also discussed from the angles of yin-yang dichotomy, bioavailability, entropy and evolution. In order to make full use of REE′s biological intelligence in the application for medicine, more detailed studies concerning dosage effect of REE and REE bioaccumulation in organisms should be conducted in future research.
基金supported by a Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Dean’s Postdoctoral Fellowship(021207-00001)from Nanyang Technological University(NTU)Singapore and a Mistletoe Research Fellowship(022522-00001)from the Momental Foundation USA.Jialiu Zeng is supported by a Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship(021229-00001)from NTU Singapore and an Open Fund Young Investigator Research Grant(OF-YIRG)(MOH-001147)from the National Medical Research Council(NMRC)SingaporeSu Bin Lim is supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea(Grant Nos.:2020R1A6A1A03043539,2020M3A9D8037604,2022R1C1C1004756)a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute(KHIDI),funded by the Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(Grant No.:HR22C1734).
文摘Bioinformatic analysis of large and complex omics datasets has become increasingly useful in modern day biology by providing a great depth of information,with its application to neuroscience termed neuroinformatics.Data mining of omics datasets has enabled the generation of new hypotheses based on differentially regulated biological molecules associated with disease mechanisms,which can be tested experimentally for improved diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of neurodegenerative diseases.Importantly,integrating multi-omics data using a systems bioinformatics approach will advance the understanding of the layered and interactive network of biological regulation that exchanges systemic knowledge to facilitate the development of a comprehensive human brain profile.In this review,we first summarize data mining studies utilizing datasets from the individual type of omics analysis,including epigenetics/epigenomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,metabolomics,lipidomics,and spatial omics,pertaining to Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,and multiple sclerosis.We then discuss multi-omics integration approaches,including independent biological integration and unsupervised integration methods,for more intuitive and informative interpretation of the biological data obtained across different omics layers.We further assess studies that integrate multi-omics in data mining which provide convoluted biological insights and offer proof-of-concept proposition towards systems bioinformatics in the reconstruction of brain networks.Finally,we recommend a combination of high dimensional bioinformatics analysis with experimental validation to achieve translational neuroscience applications including biomarker discovery,therapeutic development,and elucidation of disease mechanisms.We conclude by providing future perspectives and opportunities in applying integrative multi-omics and systems bioinformatics to achieve precision phenotyping of neurodegenerative diseases and towards personalized medicine.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30700010)the Eleventh Five-Year Plan National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No. 2006BAD07A01)+1 种基金the National Gongyixing Hangye Kejizhuanxiang (No. 200803033)the Special Program for Water Pollution Control of Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province (No. BK2007741)
文摘To improve the efficiency of backwashing in upflow biological aerated filter （BAF）, a novel backwashing process named air-water siphon backwashing （AWSB） was proposed and applied on laboratory scale. The effects of backwashing on turbidity and suspended solid （SS） in backwashing efluent using this new backwashing process were compared with those of traditional backwashing process, namely air-water backwashing （AWB）. In AWB, the turbidity of backwashing efluent maintained 100 NUT when consumed 60 min and 10.5 L water. However, in AWSB, it declined to 44 NUT, consumed 40 min, and 7 L water. The COD removal of BAF after backwashing was also analyzed. The average removal rate of COD in the reactor backwashed by AWB and AWSB was 89.34% and 90.91%, respectively. Compared with AWB, the backwashing interval had been prolonged 35%. The volume of backwashing water in that AWSB was only 66.7% of that in AWB. The results demonstrated that AWSB required less water and took shorter backwashing timerelative to AWB to achieve the same turbidity of backwashing efluent, and AWSB was more effective in removing fouling than that of AWB. More significant advantage of AWSB was that the backwashing interval was effectively prolonged
基金Supported by Nanyang Technological University,Singapore,No. G1802358J。
文摘The incidence of diabetes and cancer has increased significantly in recent years.Furthermore,there are many common risk factors for both diabetes and cancer,such as obesity,sedentary lifestyle,smoking,and ageing.A large body of epidemiological evidence has indicated that diabetes is considered as an independent risk factor for increased rates of heterogeneous types of cancer occurrence and death.The incidence and mortality of various types of cancer,such as pancreas,liver,colorectal,breast,endometrial,and bladder cancers,have a modest growth in diabetics.However,diabetes may work as a protective factor for prostate cancer.Although the underlying biological mechanisms have not been totally understood,studies have validated that insulin/insulin-like growth factor(IGF)axis(including insulin resistance,hyperinsulinemia,and IGF),hyperglycemia,inflammatory cytokines,and sex hormones provide good circumstances for cancer cell proliferation and metastasis.Insulin/IGF axis activates several metabolic and mitogenic signaling pathways;hyperglycemia provides energy for cancer cell growth;inflammatory cytokines influence cancer cell apoptosis.Thus,these three factors affect all types of cancer,while sex hormones only play important roles in breast cancer,endometrial cancer,and prostate cancer.This minireview consolidates and discusses the epidemiological and biological links between diabetes and various types of cancer.
基金supported by Kiisa Nishikawa: the National Science Foundation (IOS-0732949, IOS-1025806, and IOS1456868 IIP-1237878 and IIP-1521231)the W.M. Keck Foundation+5 种基金the Technology Research Initiative Fund of Northern Arizona UniversityPaul LaStayo:National Institutes of Health (ROIAG031255R21CA114523R21AG18701(with Stan Lindstedt))the Foundation for Physical Therapythe University of Utah Research Foundation
文摘The peculiar attributes of muscles that are stretched when active have been noted for nearly a century.Understandably,the focus of muscle physiology has been primarily on shortening and isometric contractions,as eloquently revealed by A.V.Hill and subsequently by his students.When the sliding filament theory was introduced by A.F.Huxley and H.E.Huxley,it was a relatively simple task to link Hill's mechanical observations to the actions of the cross bridges during these shortening and isometric contractions.In contrast,lengthening or eccentric contractions have remained somewhat enigmatic.Dismissed as necessarily causing muscle damage,eccentric contractions have been much more difficult to fit into the cross-bridge theory.The relatively recent discovery of the giant elastic sarcomeric filament titin has thrust a previously missing element into any discussion of muscle function,in particular during active stretch.Indeed,the unexpected contribution of giant elastic proteins to muscle contractile function is highlighted by recent discoveries that twitchin-actin interactions are responsible for the"catch"property of invertebrate muscle.In this review,we examine several current theories that have been proposed to account for the properties of muscle during eccentric contraction.We ask how well each of these explains existing data and how an elastic filament can be incorporated into the sliding filament model.Finally,we review the increasing body of evidence for the benefits of including eccentric contractions into a program of muscle rehabilitation and strengthening.
基金supported by the fund from Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(LY17C200017)。
文摘Hericium erinaceus is a nutritious edible and medicinal fungi,rich in a variety of functional active ingredients,with various physiological functions such as antioxidation,anticancer,and enhancing immunity.It is also effective in protecting the digestive system and preventing neurodegenerative diseases.In this review paper,we summarize the sources,structures and efficacies of the main active components in H.erinaceus fruiting body,mycelium,and culture media,and update the latest research progress on their biological activities and the related molecular mechanisms.Based on this information,we provide detailed challenges in current research,industrialization and information on the active ingredients of H.erinaceus.Perspectives for future studies and new applications of H.erinaceus are proposed.
