The semi-hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes is of great significance in the industrial production of pharmaceutical and fine chemicals.Electrochemical semi-hydrogenation(ECSH)has emerged as a promising alternative to...The semi-hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes is of great significance in the industrial production of pharmaceutical and fine chemicals.Electrochemical semi-hydrogenation(ECSH)has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional thermochemical hydrogenation.However,its practical application is hindered by low reaction rate and competing hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).In this work,the controllable incorporation of sulfur into the lattice of Pd nanostructures is proposed to develop disordered and electron-deficient Pd-based nanosheets on Ni foam and enhance their ECSH performance of alkynes.Mechanistic investigations demonstrate that the electronic and geometric structures of Pd sites are optimized by lattice sulfur,which tunes the competitive adsorption of H*and alkynes,inherently inhibits the H*coupling and weakens alkene adsorption,thereby promotes the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes and prevents the over-hydrogenation of alkenes.The optimized Pd-based nanosheets exhibit efficient electrocatalytic semi-hydrogenation performance in an H-cell,achieving 97%alkene selectivity,94%Faradaic efficiency,and a reaction rate of 303.7μmol mgcatal.^(-1) h^(-1) using 4-methoxyphenylacetylene as the model substrate.Even in a membrane electrode assembly(MEA)configuration,the optimized Pd-based nanosheets achieves a single-cycle alkyne conversion of 96%and an alkene selectivity of 97%,with continuous production of alkene at a rate of 1901.1μmol mgcatal.^(-1) h^(-1).The potential-and time-independent selectivity,good substrate universality with excellent tolerance to active groups(C–Br/Cl/C]O,etc.)further highlight the potential of this strategy for advanced catalysts design and green chemistry.展开更多
Lipase production by Candida rugosa was carried out in submerged fermentation.Plackett-Burman statisticalexperimental design was applied to evaluate the fermentation medium components.The effect of twelve medium compo...Lipase production by Candida rugosa was carried out in submerged fermentation.Plackett-Burman statisticalexperimental design was applied to evaluate the fermentation medium components.The effect of twelve medium components was studied in sixteen experimental trials.Glucose,olive oil,peptone and FeCl3·6H2O were found to have more significance on lipase production by Candida rugosa.Maximum lipase activity of 3.8 u mL-1 was obtained at 50h of fermentation period.The fermentation was carried out at optimized temperature of 3℃,initial pH of 6.8 and shaking speed of 120 r/min.Unstructured kinetic models were used to simulate the experimental data.Logistic model,Luedeking-Piret model and modified Luedeking-Piret model were found suitable to efficiently predict the cell mass,lipase production and glucose consumption respectively with high determination coefficient(R2).From the estimated values of the Luedeking-Piret kinetic model parameters,α and β,it was found that the lipase production by Candida rugosa is growth associated.展开更多
Non-porous superparamagnetic polymer microspheres with epoxy groups were prepared by dispersion polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in the presence of magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles coated with ol...Non-porous superparamagnetic polymer microspheres with epoxy groups were prepared by dispersion polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in the presence of magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles coated with oleic acid. The polymerization was carried out in the ethanol/water medium using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as stabilizer and initiator, respectively. The magnetic microspheres obtained were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the magnetic microspheres had an average size of-1μm with superparamagnetic characteristics. The saturation magnetization was found to be 4.5emu.g-1. There was abundance of epoxy groups with density of 0.028 mmol·g^-1 in microspheres. The magnetic PGMA microspheres have extensive potential uses in magnetic bioseparation and biotechnology.展开更多
Functionalized ionic liquids containing ethyoxyl groups were synthesized and immobilized on magnetic silica nanoparticles （MSNP） prepared by two steps, i.e., Fe304 synthesis and silica shell growth on the surface. T...Functionalized ionic liquids containing ethyoxyl groups were synthesized and immobilized on magnetic silica nanoparticles （MSNP） prepared by two steps, i.e., Fe304 synthesis and silica shell growth on the surface. This magnetic nanoparticle supported ionic liquid （MNP-IL） were applied in the immobilization of penicillin G acylase （PGA）. The MSNPs and MNP-ILs were characterized by themeans of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. The results showed that the average size of magnetic Fe304 nanoparticles and MSNPs were -10 and -90 nm, respectively. The saturation magnetizations of magnetic Fe304 nanoparticles and MNP-ILs were 63.7 and 26.9 A＇m2·kg^-1, respectively. The MNP-IL was successfully applied in the immobilization of PGA. The maximum amount of loaded enzyme-was about 209 mg·g^-1 （based on carder）, and the highest enzyme activity of immobilized PGA （based on ImPGA） was 261 U·g^-1. Both the amount of loaded enzyme and the activity of ImPGA are at the same leyel of or higher than that in previous reports. After 10 consecutive operat!ons, ImPGA still mainrained 62% of its initial activity, indicating the＇good recovery property of ImPGA activity. The ionic liquid modified magnetic particles integrate the magnetic properties of Fe304 and the structure-tunable properties of ionic liquids, and have extensive potential uses in protein immobilization and magnetic bioseparation. This work may open up a novel strategy to immobilize proteins by ionic liquids.展开更多
Fluidization under the action of external forces has recently received much attention at home and abroad.Funda-mental study in this novel field has led to the creation of new techniques and equipment in chemical and b...Fluidization under the action of external forces has recently received much attention at home and abroad.Funda-mental study in this novel field has led to the creation of new techniques and equipment in chemical and biochemical pro-cesses,such as reactors for catalytic and pseudo liquid-solid reactions as well as contaetors for gas-liquid-solid systems.In conventional fluidization,solid particles acquire fluidity under the action of a gas or liquid passing at a sufficientvelocity.Under the action of external forces,fluidization can take place at fluid velocities higher than that for particleelutriation or lower than that for incipient fluidization under normal conditions.These external forces can often help toavoid bubbling or suppress backmixing,thus improving mass and heat transfer.Studies on fluidization under various ex-ternal force fields,such as magnetic,oscillating,centrifugal,and ultrasonic,will be reported in a series of papers.展开更多
The present study describes the production optimization of recombinant L-asparaginase II of Pectobacterium carotovorum MTCC 1428 in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) at batch and fed batch bioreactor level. Production of re...The present study describes the production optimization of recombinant L-asparaginase II of Pectobacterium carotovorum MTCC 1428 in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) at batch and fed batch bioreactor level. Production of recombinant L-asparaginase II in batch and fed batch mode was found to be 1.34 and 5.38 folds higher, respectively as compared to shake flask culture. SDS-PAGE and native PAGE of the purified enzyme revealed that molecular mass of the subunits and native enzyme are ~37.5 kDa and ~150 kDa, respectively. Optimum range of pH and temperature for hydrolysis of L-asparagine were found to be 7.5 - 8.5 and 47°C - 52°C, respectively. The recombinant enzyme is very specific for its natural substrate, L-asparagine. The activity of recombinant L-asparaginase II is improved by mono cations and diverse effectors including Na+, K+, L-cystine, L-histidine, glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol whereas, it is moderately inhibited by different divalent cations and thiol group blocking reagent. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, kcat and Km/Kcat of purified recombinant L-asparaginase II were determined. The purified L-asparaginase II possesses no partial glutaminase activity, which is prerequisite to reduce the possibility of side effects during the course of anti-cancer therapy.展开更多
The development of medium for the production of cutinase from Pseudomonas cepacia NRRL B 2320 was carried out using Plackett-Burman experimental design followed by central composite design. The medium components were ...The development of medium for the production of cutinase from Pseudomonas cepacia NRRL B 2320 was carried out using Plackett-Burman experimental design followed by central composite design. The medium components were screened by Plackett-Burman experimental design which suggested that cutin, peptone, KCl and MgSO4·7H2O have influenced the cutinase production significantly with very high confidence levels. The concentration levels of these four components were optimized using 24 full factorial central composite design. An optimum combination of 10.06 g·L-1 of cutin, 17.77 g·L-1 of peptone, 0.635 g·L-1 of KCl and 5.455 g·L-1 of MgSO4·7H2O in the medium gave a maximum cutinase activity of 336 U·mL-1. An overall 2 fold increase in the production of cutinase was observed in the optimized medium. Growth and production of cutinase from P. cepacia NRRL B 2320 have been studied in shake flask and batch bioreactor. Time course of cell growth and enzyme production was fitted to the existing kinetic models reported in the literature to estimate the biokinetic parameters. These models suggested that the production of cutinase is growth associated in shake flask and it is a mixed growth type in a batch bioreactor.展开更多
Biosurfactants were synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa （P.A.）, using sugar cane molasses as carbon source. Assays were conducted in a shaker with agitation speed of 200 rpm, temperature of 38 ℃ and aeration rat...Biosurfactants were synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa （P.A.）, using sugar cane molasses as carbon source. Assays were conducted in a shaker with agitation speed of 200 rpm, temperature of 38 ℃ and aeration ratio （Vm/Vf） of 0.4 and 0.6. A concentration of 3.0% was used for the carbon and energy source （molasses） and of 0.3% for the nitrogen source （NaNO3）. Samples were removed at regular times until 96 hours of cultivation. The reduction in surface tension was measured using the ring method; cell concentration was obtained by the dry mass and substrate consumption by the DNS method. The metabolite produced was extracted and quantified by the thioglycolic method. The results showed a maximum surface tension reduction of 46.57% after 60 h, 3.63 g/L of biomass after 8 h （μXmax =0.15 h^-1）, 79.60% of substrate consumption （μs= 0.67 h-1） and 4.47 g/L of rhamnolipid （μp=0.029 h^-1）.展开更多
Thermostability of two homologous cutinases, Cut1 and Cut2 from Thermobifida fusca NRRL B-8184 was inves-tigated at combination of different pH and temperature in the range of pH 6 - 9 and temperature 45℃ - 80℃, re-...Thermostability of two homologous cutinases, Cut1 and Cut2 from Thermobifida fusca NRRL B-8184 was inves-tigated at combination of different pH and temperature in the range of pH 6 - 9 and temperature 45℃ - 80℃, re-spectively. The deactivation rate constants, the half-life and thermodynamic parameters, viz., △H*, △S*, △G* and activation energy kinetics of inactivation of the cutinases were assessed at different combinations of pH and temperature and compared. The optimal pH and temperature for the least degree of deactivation for Cut1 and Cut2 were found to be 8℃ and 45℃, respectively. The deactivation process was found to be faster at pH 6 and 9, with minimum deactivation at pH 8 for both the cutinases. It was found that △S* values are negative for both the enzymes and △H* value of Cut2 was 1.5 fold higher than that of Cut1 in the range of pH studied. Cut2 was found to be thermodynamically more stable with 1.7 fold higher deactivation energy at pH 6 and 7 and 1.4 fold higher deactivation energy at pH 8 and 9 in comparison to Cut1.展开更多
Raw materials availability needed for commercial bioethanol production is one of the chal-lenges against its global adoption.Identifying rich,cheap,underused,and readily available starch sources for bioethanol product...Raw materials availability needed for commercial bioethanol production is one of the chal-lenges against its global adoption.Identifying rich,cheap,underused,and readily available starch sources for bioethanol production could help address the problem.Thus,this current study inves-tigated the bioconversion of underutilized Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)starch to bioethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The effects of the essential fermentation conditions(fermentation time,breadfruit starch hydrolysate(BSH)concentration,pH,and inoculum size)and their interactions on bioethanol production were investigated.The central composite design was used to generate twenty-one experiments conducted under batch fermentation conditions in the laboratory.The breadfruit starch hydrolysis led to a BSH concentration of 108.9 g/L under a starch concentration of 122 g/L,microwave output of 720 W,and an incubation time of 6 min.For the fermentation of BSH,maximum bioethanol production of 4.99%(V)was reached under the cultivation conditions of BSH concentration of 80 g/L,medium pH of 4.7,inoculum size of 2%(V),and fermentation time of 20.41 h.Except for pH,the impact of each parameter on the bioethanol production was in this order:BSH concentration,inoculum size,and fermentation time.While for the interactions amongst the parameters,the impact is in this order:BSH concentration and inoculum size;BSH concentration and fermentation time;and fermentation time and inoculum size.The results of this study indicated breadfruit starch could be hydrolyzed using acid hydrolysis and microwave irradiation in a relatively short time.The BSH obtained could potentially add to other substrates for bioethanol production.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51701127,92163209,12264053)Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(JCYJ20220811170904003,JCYJ20210324094000001)+6 种基金Shenzhen Peacock Plan(20180703896C)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of 2D Metamaterials for Information Technology(ZDSYS201707271014468)the research projects of Guangdong Provincial Education Office(2024KCXTD064)ZJUHIC start-up fund(02090200-K02013002)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ22004)the Natural Science Foundation of Hangzhou(2024SZRYBB020001)the Scientific Research and Innovation Project of Postgraduate Students in the Academic Degree of Yunnan University(KC-23234366).
文摘The semi-hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes is of great significance in the industrial production of pharmaceutical and fine chemicals.Electrochemical semi-hydrogenation(ECSH)has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional thermochemical hydrogenation.However,its practical application is hindered by low reaction rate and competing hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).In this work,the controllable incorporation of sulfur into the lattice of Pd nanostructures is proposed to develop disordered and electron-deficient Pd-based nanosheets on Ni foam and enhance their ECSH performance of alkynes.Mechanistic investigations demonstrate that the electronic and geometric structures of Pd sites are optimized by lattice sulfur,which tunes the competitive adsorption of H*and alkynes,inherently inhibits the H*coupling and weakens alkene adsorption,thereby promotes the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes and prevents the over-hydrogenation of alkenes.The optimized Pd-based nanosheets exhibit efficient electrocatalytic semi-hydrogenation performance in an H-cell,achieving 97%alkene selectivity,94%Faradaic efficiency,and a reaction rate of 303.7μmol mgcatal.^(-1) h^(-1) using 4-methoxyphenylacetylene as the model substrate.Even in a membrane electrode assembly(MEA)configuration,the optimized Pd-based nanosheets achieves a single-cycle alkyne conversion of 96%and an alkene selectivity of 97%,with continuous production of alkene at a rate of 1901.1μmol mgcatal.^(-1) h^(-1).The potential-and time-independent selectivity,good substrate universality with excellent tolerance to active groups(C–Br/Cl/C]O,etc.)further highlight the potential of this strategy for advanced catalysts design and green chemistry.
文摘Lipase production by Candida rugosa was carried out in submerged fermentation.Plackett-Burman statisticalexperimental design was applied to evaluate the fermentation medium components.The effect of twelve medium components was studied in sixteen experimental trials.Glucose,olive oil,peptone and FeCl3·6H2O were found to have more significance on lipase production by Candida rugosa.Maximum lipase activity of 3.8 u mL-1 was obtained at 50h of fermentation period.The fermentation was carried out at optimized temperature of 3℃,initial pH of 6.8 and shaking speed of 120 r/min.Unstructured kinetic models were used to simulate the experimental data.Logistic model,Luedeking-Piret model and modified Luedeking-Piret model were found suitable to efficiently predict the cell mass,lipase production and glucose consumption respectively with high determination coefficient(R2).From the estimated values of the Luedeking-Piret kinetic model parameters,α and β,it was found that the lipase production by Candida rugosa is growth associated.
基金Supported by 863 Hi-Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. G2002AA302211)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20206032).
文摘Non-porous superparamagnetic polymer microspheres with epoxy groups were prepared by dispersion polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in the presence of magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles coated with oleic acid. The polymerization was carried out in the ethanol/water medium using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as stabilizer and initiator, respectively. The magnetic microspheres obtained were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the magnetic microspheres had an average size of-1μm with superparamagnetic characteristics. The saturation magnetization was found to be 4.5emu.g-1. There was abundance of epoxy groups with density of 0.028 mmol·g^-1 in microspheres. The magnetic PGMA microspheres have extensive potential uses in magnetic bioseparation and biotechnology.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB613507)
文摘Functionalized ionic liquids containing ethyoxyl groups were synthesized and immobilized on magnetic silica nanoparticles （MSNP） prepared by two steps, i.e., Fe304 synthesis and silica shell growth on the surface. This magnetic nanoparticle supported ionic liquid （MNP-IL） were applied in the immobilization of penicillin G acylase （PGA）. The MSNPs and MNP-ILs were characterized by themeans of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. The results showed that the average size of magnetic Fe304 nanoparticles and MSNPs were -10 and -90 nm, respectively. The saturation magnetizations of magnetic Fe304 nanoparticles and MNP-ILs were 63.7 and 26.9 A＇m2·kg^-1, respectively. The MNP-IL was successfully applied in the immobilization of PGA. The maximum amount of loaded enzyme-was about 209 mg·g^-1 （based on carder）, and the highest enzyme activity of immobilized PGA （based on ImPGA） was 261 U·g^-1. Both the amount of loaded enzyme and the activity of ImPGA are at the same leyel of or higher than that in previous reports. After 10 consecutive operat!ons, ImPGA still mainrained 62% of its initial activity, indicating the＇good recovery property of ImPGA activity. The ionic liquid modified magnetic particles integrate the magnetic properties of Fe304 and the structure-tunable properties of ionic liquids, and have extensive potential uses in protein immobilization and magnetic bioseparation. This work may open up a novel strategy to immobilize proteins by ionic liquids.
文摘Fluidization under the action of external forces has recently received much attention at home and abroad.Funda-mental study in this novel field has led to the creation of new techniques and equipment in chemical and biochemical pro-cesses,such as reactors for catalytic and pseudo liquid-solid reactions as well as contaetors for gas-liquid-solid systems.In conventional fluidization,solid particles acquire fluidity under the action of a gas or liquid passing at a sufficientvelocity.Under the action of external forces,fluidization can take place at fluid velocities higher than that for particleelutriation or lower than that for incipient fluidization under normal conditions.These external forces can often help toavoid bubbling or suppress backmixing,thus improving mass and heat transfer.Studies on fluidization under various ex-ternal force fields,such as magnetic,oscillating,centrifugal,and ultrasonic,will be reported in a series of papers.
文摘The present study describes the production optimization of recombinant L-asparaginase II of Pectobacterium carotovorum MTCC 1428 in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) at batch and fed batch bioreactor level. Production of recombinant L-asparaginase II in batch and fed batch mode was found to be 1.34 and 5.38 folds higher, respectively as compared to shake flask culture. SDS-PAGE and native PAGE of the purified enzyme revealed that molecular mass of the subunits and native enzyme are ~37.5 kDa and ~150 kDa, respectively. Optimum range of pH and temperature for hydrolysis of L-asparagine were found to be 7.5 - 8.5 and 47°C - 52°C, respectively. The recombinant enzyme is very specific for its natural substrate, L-asparagine. The activity of recombinant L-asparaginase II is improved by mono cations and diverse effectors including Na+, K+, L-cystine, L-histidine, glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol whereas, it is moderately inhibited by different divalent cations and thiol group blocking reagent. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, kcat and Km/Kcat of purified recombinant L-asparaginase II were determined. The purified L-asparaginase II possesses no partial glutaminase activity, which is prerequisite to reduce the possibility of side effects during the course of anti-cancer therapy.
文摘The development of medium for the production of cutinase from Pseudomonas cepacia NRRL B 2320 was carried out using Plackett-Burman experimental design followed by central composite design. The medium components were screened by Plackett-Burman experimental design which suggested that cutin, peptone, KCl and MgSO4·7H2O have influenced the cutinase production significantly with very high confidence levels. The concentration levels of these four components were optimized using 24 full factorial central composite design. An optimum combination of 10.06 g·L-1 of cutin, 17.77 g·L-1 of peptone, 0.635 g·L-1 of KCl and 5.455 g·L-1 of MgSO4·7H2O in the medium gave a maximum cutinase activity of 336 U·mL-1. An overall 2 fold increase in the production of cutinase was observed in the optimized medium. Growth and production of cutinase from P. cepacia NRRL B 2320 have been studied in shake flask and batch bioreactor. Time course of cell growth and enzyme production was fitted to the existing kinetic models reported in the literature to estimate the biokinetic parameters. These models suggested that the production of cutinase is growth associated in shake flask and it is a mixed growth type in a batch bioreactor.
文摘Biosurfactants were synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa （P.A.）, using sugar cane molasses as carbon source. Assays were conducted in a shaker with agitation speed of 200 rpm, temperature of 38 ℃ and aeration ratio （Vm/Vf） of 0.4 and 0.6. A concentration of 3.0% was used for the carbon and energy source （molasses） and of 0.3% for the nitrogen source （NaNO3）. Samples were removed at regular times until 96 hours of cultivation. The reduction in surface tension was measured using the ring method; cell concentration was obtained by the dry mass and substrate consumption by the DNS method. The metabolite produced was extracted and quantified by the thioglycolic method. The results showed a maximum surface tension reduction of 46.57% after 60 h, 3.63 g/L of biomass after 8 h （μXmax =0.15 h^-1）, 79.60% of substrate consumption （μs= 0.67 h-1） and 4.47 g/L of rhamnolipid （μp=0.029 h^-1）.
文摘Thermostability of two homologous cutinases, Cut1 and Cut2 from Thermobifida fusca NRRL B-8184 was inves-tigated at combination of different pH and temperature in the range of pH 6 - 9 and temperature 45℃ - 80℃, re-spectively. The deactivation rate constants, the half-life and thermodynamic parameters, viz., △H*, △S*, △G* and activation energy kinetics of inactivation of the cutinases were assessed at different combinations of pH and temperature and compared. The optimal pH and temperature for the least degree of deactivation for Cut1 and Cut2 were found to be 8℃ and 45℃, respectively. The deactivation process was found to be faster at pH 6 and 9, with minimum deactivation at pH 8 for both the cutinases. It was found that △S* values are negative for both the enzymes and △H* value of Cut2 was 1.5 fold higher than that of Cut1 in the range of pH studied. Cut2 was found to be thermodynamically more stable with 1.7 fold higher deactivation energy at pH 6 and 7 and 1.4 fold higher deactivation energy at pH 8 and 9 in comparison to Cut1.
文摘Raw materials availability needed for commercial bioethanol production is one of the chal-lenges against its global adoption.Identifying rich,cheap,underused,and readily available starch sources for bioethanol production could help address the problem.Thus,this current study inves-tigated the bioconversion of underutilized Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)starch to bioethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The effects of the essential fermentation conditions(fermentation time,breadfruit starch hydrolysate(BSH)concentration,pH,and inoculum size)and their interactions on bioethanol production were investigated.The central composite design was used to generate twenty-one experiments conducted under batch fermentation conditions in the laboratory.The breadfruit starch hydrolysis led to a BSH concentration of 108.9 g/L under a starch concentration of 122 g/L,microwave output of 720 W,and an incubation time of 6 min.For the fermentation of BSH,maximum bioethanol production of 4.99%(V)was reached under the cultivation conditions of BSH concentration of 80 g/L,medium pH of 4.7,inoculum size of 2%(V),and fermentation time of 20.41 h.Except for pH,the impact of each parameter on the bioethanol production was in this order:BSH concentration,inoculum size,and fermentation time.While for the interactions amongst the parameters,the impact is in this order:BSH concentration and inoculum size;BSH concentration and fermentation time;and fermentation time and inoculum size.The results of this study indicated breadfruit starch could be hydrolyzed using acid hydrolysis and microwave irradiation in a relatively short time.The BSH obtained could potentially add to other substrates for bioethanol production.
