Biochemical Engineering(BCE)discipline had largely developed from fermentation technology studies from 1950s through 1960s when fermentation emerged as the core technology able to address multiple industrial needs ran...Biochemical Engineering(BCE)discipline had largely developed from fermentation technology studies from 1950s through 1960s when fermentation emerged as the core technology able to address multiple industrial needs ranging from health care products such as antibiotics;food products such as single cell proteins,amino acids,organic acids,and vitamins;liquid fuels and chemicals such as ethanol and acetic acid;and industrial enzymes.展开更多
Terpenoids,one of the most diverse and structurally varied natural products in nature,are widely distributed in plants,microbes,and other organisms.Their structural diversity confers significant importance in medicine...Terpenoids,one of the most diverse and structurally varied natural products in nature,are widely distributed in plants,microbes,and other organisms.Their structural diversity confers significant importance in medicine,food,flavorings,and energy.However,traditional methods of plant extraction and chemical synthesis have limitations in industrial applications.Consequently,microbial cell factories have emerged as an important platform for terpenoid production.Terpene synthases(TPSs)are crucial in determining the structural and functional diversity of terpenoids.This review discussed the origin and classificationof TPSs,outlines commonly used TPS mining methods,and summarizes advances in TPS engineering.In addition,it also explores the influenceof machine learning on enzyme mining,the existing challenges and the future opportunities alongside cutting-edge technologies.展开更多
Liver diseases remain a global health crisis,with limited safe therapeutic options.Cornus officinalis,a traditional medicinal-edible plant,has demonstrated significant hepatoprotective potential.This review systematic...Liver diseases remain a global health crisis,with limited safe therapeutic options.Cornus officinalis,a traditional medicinal-edible plant,has demonstrated significant hepatoprotective potential.This review systematically summarizes its liver-protective mechanisms and explores its potential as a functional food.Data were collected from scientific databases such as Pub Med,Science Direct,Elsevier,Google Scholar,and relevant literature.Key bioactive compounds—including iridoids,polyphenols,and polysaccharides—contribute to hepatoprotection by mitigating oxidative stress,inflammation,steatosis,apoptosis,and by regulating gut microbiota.As critical quality markers,iridoids exhibit suboptimal bioavailability,necessitating targeted technological interventions—nanoencapsulation for liver-specific delivery and microbial fermentation for controlled aglycone conversion are proposed to enhance their pharmacokinetic properties and bioactivity.Future research could adopt encapsulation and fermentation technologies for C.officinalis processing,aiming to develop targeted functional food products with enhanced bioactivity of its active components.This review,for the first time,establishes a“component-pathway-integration”model,providing a theoretical framework for evidence-based CO-derived functional food development and highlighting the need for further research on iridoid metabolic transformation to advance liver health management.展开更多
Krill oil is effective in reducing blood lipid levels,particularly in individuals with severe hyperlipidemia.However,poor water insolubility and stability limited its usage.This study investigated a method for encapsu...Krill oil is effective in reducing blood lipid levels,particularly in individuals with severe hyperlipidemia.However,poor water insolubility and stability limited its usage.This study investigated a method for encapsulating Antarctic krill oil using alginate(ALG)and gelatin(GLN)to enhance its stability and bioactivity.The encapsulation efficiency,functional group integrity,swelling rate,and lipid-lowering activity were assessed.Results indicated that the optimal encapsulation conditions were identified with an ALG:GLN ratio of 2:1(m/m),coagulation bath of 9%CaCl_(2),and a nozzle size of 750μm,resulting in 69.34%encapsulation efficiency.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful encapsulation.The ALG-GLN shell materials enriched astaxanthin in krill oil and protected it from harsh gastric conditions,enabling targeted intestinal release.In a high-fat diet-induced rat model,krill oil microcapsules significantly reduced triglycerides(TG),total cholesterol(TC),and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C)levels while increasing high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C)levels compared to unencapsulated krill oil.Additionally,the microcapsules elevated nitric oxide(NO)levels,enhanced superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,and reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)levels,liver and perirenal fat weight.Therefore,encapsulating Antarctic krill oil in alginate-gelatin hydrogel offers a promising strategy for managing hyperlipidemia and associated metabolic disorders.展开更多
When a ceramic ionic-crystal nanocluster is group-substituted with polymer chain segments to form an ionomeric aggregate,is the ordered structure maintained within the sterically hindered nanocluster?We observed,for N...When a ceramic ionic-crystal nanocluster is group-substituted with polymer chain segments to form an ionomeric aggregate,is the ordered structure maintained within the sterically hindered nanocluster?We observed,for Na-salt sulfonated polystyrene ionomer,the electron-diffraction lattice fringes of the nanoclusters,which proved their internal crystalline ordering driven by electrostatic attractions overcoming steric hindrance.Kinetically,the nanoclusters'enhanced melting endotherm upon aging indicate their quasi-,slow-ordering character.Extended tight binding molecular dynamics simulations provide an insight into the mechanism underlying the ionic-group aggregation during nanoclustering.We hence proposed an uncommon state of order,polymer-bound ceramic quasicrystal,supplementary to the order phenomena in crystalline ceramics.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs) are regarded as one of the most promising energy conversion and storage devices.Nevertheless,side reactions and dendrite growth on the zinc metal anode hinder their widespread applica...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs) are regarded as one of the most promising energy conversion and storage devices.Nevertheless,side reactions and dendrite growth on the zinc metal anode hinder their widespread application.In this study,hemin was employed as a multi-functional artificial interface for the first time to inhibit the disordered growth of zinc dendrites and mitigate side reactions.Theoretical calculations indicate that hemin is preferentially adsorbed onto the zinc anode,thus blocking the interaction between the active zinc anode and electrolyte.Compared with zinc foil,the Hemin@Zn anode demonstrates enhanced corrosion resistance,a decrease in hydrogen evolution,and more orderly deposition of zinc.As expected,the symmetric cell with Hemin@Zn anode can sustain up to 4000 h at 0.2 mA/cm^(2),0.2 mAh/cm^(2).Asymmetric Zn//Cu cells exhibit an average coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.72 % during 500 cycles.Moreover,the full cell Hemin@Zn//NH_(4)V_(4)O_(10) delivers a superior capacity up to 367 m Ah/g and the discharge capacity retention reaches 124 mAh/g after 1200 cycles even at a current density of 5 A/g.This work provides a simple and effective method for constructing a robust artificial interface to promote the application of long-life AZIBs.展开更多
Theintegration of human factors into artificial intelligence(AI)systems has emerged as a critical research frontier,particularly in reinforcement learning(RL),where human-AI interaction(HAII)presents both opportunitie...Theintegration of human factors into artificial intelligence(AI)systems has emerged as a critical research frontier,particularly in reinforcement learning(RL),where human-AI interaction(HAII)presents both opportunities and challenges.As RL continues to demonstrate remarkable success in model-free and partially observable environments,its real-world deployment increasingly requires effective collaboration with human operators and stakeholders.This article systematically examines HAII techniques in RL through both theoretical analysis and practical case studies.We establish a conceptual framework built upon three fundamental pillars of effective human-AI collaboration:computational trust modeling,system usability,and decision understandability.Our comprehensive review organizes HAII methods into five key categories:(1)learning from human feedback,including various shaping approaches;(2)learning from human demonstration through inverse RL and imitation learning;(3)shared autonomy architectures for dynamic control allocation;(4)human-in-the-loop querying strategies for active learning;and(5)explainable RL techniques for interpretable policy generation.Recent state-of-the-art works are critically reviewed,with particular emphasis on advances incorporating large language models in human-AI interaction research.To illustrate some concepts,we present three detailed case studies:an empirical trust model for farmers adopting AI-driven agricultural management systems,the implementation of ethical constraints in roboticmotion planning through human-guided RL,and an experimental investigation of human trust dynamics using a multi-armed bandit paradigm.These applications demonstrate how HAII principles can enhance RL systems’practical utility while bridging the gap between theoretical RL and real-world human-centered applications,ultimately contributing to more deployable and socially beneficial intelligent systems.展开更多
Thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)consists of a hardsegment and a soft segment,where the former affords mechanical strength and thermalstability,while the latter provides a possibility of good ionic conductivity by promo...Thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)consists of a hardsegment and a soft segment,where the former affords mechanical strength and thermalstability,while the latter provides a possibility of good ionic conductivity by promoting dissociation of ions from the lithium salt.Thus,TPU attracts a wide interest recently as a promising polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries.However,the relatively low ionic conductivity of TPU still restricts its actual applications due to the aggregation of polymer chains,which greatly reduces the dissociation of lithium salts.Herein,a strategy to address this challenge was adopted by in situ polymerization poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate)(PEGDA)in fully dispersed TPU.Hence a stretchable solid-state electrolyte(denoted as TELL and the contrast sample was denoted as TLL)with high ionic conductivity of 7.18×10^(-4) S/cm was obtained at room temperature.The Li^(+)transference number is 0.85 in Li|TELL|Li cell and can stably undergo charge-discharge cycles for 1400 h at a current density of O.1 mA/cm^(2),while the contrast sample is short-circuited after 634 h of cycling.The LiFePO_(4)|TELL|Li cell achieves a capacity retention of 78.93%after 200 cycles at 2 C.The LiFePO_(4) TLL Li cellonly gains the capacity retention of 51.9%after 50 cyclesat the same current density.So,the method adopted here may provide a new approach to realize a flexible solid-state electrolyte with high ion-conductivity.展开更多
The cold sintering process(CSP)is a green and innovative method of material densification at low temperatures(<350°C).The traditional CSP entails the addition of liquid phases as a solvent to achieve material ...The cold sintering process(CSP)is a green and innovative method of material densification at low temperatures(<350°C).The traditional CSP entails the addition of liquid phases as a solvent to achieve material densification through the dissolution-precipitation mechanism.However,it is difficult to realize for materials with low solubility.To address this challenge,a universal cold sintering method without the addition of liquid phases has been proposed in this work.The addition of a special polyester-polymer assisted the densification of insoluble ceramics,and hydroxyapatite(HA)and Al_(2)O_(3)were successfully sintered below 100°C,achieving 95-100%densities in a short time(5-20 min).This achievement can be attributed to the low glass transition temperature and the abundance of active sites(C=O)of the polyester-polymer.The denser ceramics exhibited enhanced mechanical properties,with the compression strength of polymer-assisted CSP HA increasing by 147.3%compared to the nanoparticles.Additionally,serving as an advanced bone substitute material,HA underwent quantitative analysis using the CCK-8 method and assessed the impact of polymer presence on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity.Meanwhile,a tight bonding between the polymer and ceramic materials was achieved during CSP,providing a generalized method for designing multifunctional ceramic-polymer.展开更多
Strategies for achieving high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries include using high-capacity materials such as high-nickel NCM,increasing the active material content in the electrode by utilizing high-conductivity c...Strategies for achieving high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries include using high-capacity materials such as high-nickel NCM,increasing the active material content in the electrode by utilizing high-conductivity carbon nanotubes(CNT)conductive materials,and electrode thickening.However,these methods are still limited due to the limitation in the capacity of high-nickel NCM,aggregation of CNT conductive materials,and nonuniform material distribution of thick-film electrodes,which ultimately damage the mechanical and electrical integrity of the electrode,leading to a decrease in electrochemical performance.Here,we present an integrated binder-CNT composite dispersion solution to realize a high-solids-content(>77 wt%)slurry for high-mass-loading electrodes and to mitigate the migration of binder and conductive additives.Indeed,the approach reduces solvent usage by approximately 30%and ensures uniform conductive additive-binder domain distribution during electrode manufacturing,resulting in improved coating quality and adhesive strength for high-mass-loading electrodes(>12 mAh cm^(−2)).In terms of various electrode properties,the presented electrode showed low resistance and excellent electrochemical properties despite the low CNT contents of 0.6 wt%compared to the pristine-applied electrode with 0.85 wt%CNT contents.Moreover,our strategy enables faster drying,which increases the coating speed,thereby offering potential energy savings and supporting carbon neutrality in wet-based electrode manufacturing processes.展开更多
Triterpenoids are valuable medicinal scaffolds,characterized by excellent pharmacological properties and the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups that allow for further structural modifications.Expanding the scope...Triterpenoids are valuable medicinal scaffolds,characterized by excellent pharmacological properties and the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups that allow for further structural modifications.Expanding the scope of oxidative modifications on these molecules is crucial for increasing their synthetic structural diversity and unlocking new potential pharmacological activities.However,the progress has been limited by the scarcity of suitable tailoring enzymes.Here,we reported a break-through in achieving targeted and remote dual-site oxidation of licorice triterpenoids using a single P450 mutant.This approach successfully enabled the selective synthesis of the rare triterpenoid,liquiritic acid and 24-OH-liquiritic acid.Our findings demonstrate that microenvironmental accessibility engineering of triterpenoid substrates within the P450 enzyme is essential for continuous and regioselective oxidation.This study not only sheds light on the mechanistic aspects of P450 catalysis but also expands the enzymatic toolkit for selective oxidative modifications in triterpenoid biosynthesis.展开更多
The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic...The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic activity across the entire brain and its numerous micro-regions remains incredibly challenging.Here,we offer a high-definition spatially resolved metabolomics technique to better understand the metabolic specialization and interconnection throughout the mouse brain using improved ambient mass spectrometry imaging.This method allows for the simultaneous mapping of thousands of metabolites at a 30 μm spatial resolution across the mouse brain,ranging from structural lipids to functional neurotransmitters.This approach effectively reveals the distribution patterns of delicate microregions and their distinctive metabolic characteristics.Using an integrated database,we annotated 259 metabolites,demonstrating that the metabolome and metabolic pathways are unique to each brain microregion.The distribution of metabolites,closely linked to functionally connected brain regions and their interactions,offers profound insights into the complexity of chemical processes and their roles in brain function.An initial dataset for future metabolomics research might be obtained from the high-definition mouse brain's spatial metabolome atlas.展开更多
Recent advancements in the field of musculoskeletaltissue engineering have raised an increasing interest in the regeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL). It is the aim of this article to review the current ...Recent advancements in the field of musculoskeletaltissue engineering have raised an increasing interest in the regeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL). It is the aim of this article to review the current research efforts and highlight promising tissue engineering strategies. The four main components of tissue engineering also apply in several ACL regeneration research efforts. Scaffolds from biological materials, biodegradable polymers and composite materials are used. The main cell sources are mesenchymal stem cells and ACL fibroblasts. In addition, growth factors and mechanical stimuli are applied. So far, the regenerated ACL constructs have been tested in a few animal studies and the results are encouraging. The different strategies, from in vitro ACL regeneration in bioreactor systems to bio-enhanced repair and regeneration, are under constant development. We expect considerable progress in the near future that will result in a realistic option for ACL surgery soon.展开更多
The inherent shortcomings of a zinc anode in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries(ZIBs)such as zinc dendrites and side reactions severely limit their practical application.Herein,to address these issues,an ion‐oriented transp...The inherent shortcomings of a zinc anode in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries(ZIBs)such as zinc dendrites and side reactions severely limit their practical application.Herein,to address these issues,an ion‐oriented transport channel constructed by graphdiyne(GDY)nanowalls is designed and grown in situ on the surface of a zinc electrode.The vertically stacked GDY nanowalls with a unique hierarchical porous structure and mechanical properties form a nanomesh‐like interface on the zinc electrode,acting as an ion‐oriented channel,which can efficiently confine the segmented growth of zinc metal in microscopic regions of hundreds of nanometers.In those microscopic regions,the uniform domain current density is effortlessly maintained compared with a large surface area,thereby inhibiting zinc dendrites effectively.Besides,due to the presence of the ion‐oriented channel,the modified zinc anode demonstrates long‐term stable zinc plating/stripping performance for more than 600 h at 1 mAh cm^(−2)in an aqueous electrolyte.In addition,full‐cells coupled with MnO2 show high specific capacity and power density,as well as excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 82%after 5000 cycles at 1 A g^(−1).This work provides a feasible and accessible surface engineering approach to modify the electrode interface for confined and dendrite‐free zinc deposition in aqueous ZIBs.展开更多
Tackling the problem of poor conductivity and catalytic stability of pristine metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) is crucial to improve their oxygen evolution reaction(OER) performance.Herein,we introduce a novel strategy ...Tackling the problem of poor conductivity and catalytic stability of pristine metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) is crucial to improve their oxygen evolution reaction(OER) performance.Herein,we introduce a novel strategy of dysprosium(Dy) doping,using the unique 4f orbitals of this rare earth element to enhance electrocatalytic activity of MOFs.Our method involves constructing Dy-doped Ni-MOF(Dy@Ni-MOF) nanoneedles on carbon cloth via a Dy-induced valence electronic perturbation approach.Experiments and density functional theory(DFT) calculations reveal that Dy doping can effectively modify the electronic structure of the Ni active centers and foster a strong electronic interaction between Ni and Dy.The resulting benefits include a reduced work function and a closer proximity of the d-band center to the Fermi level,which is conducive to improving electrical conductivity and promoting the adsorption of oxygen-containing intermediates.Furthermore,the Dy@Ni-MOF achieves superhydrophilicity,ensuring effective electrolyte contact and thus accelerating reaction kinetics,Ex-situ and in-situ analysis results manifest Dy_(2)O_(3)/NiOOH as the actual active species.Therefore,Dy@Ni-MOF shows impressive OER performance,significantly surpassing Ni-MOF.Besides,the overall water splitting device with Dy@NiMOF as an anode delivers a low cell voltage of 1.51 V at 10 mA cm^(-2) and demonstrates long-term stability for 100 h,positioning it as a promising substitute for precious metal catalysts.展开更多
Developing highly efficient,durable,and non-noble electrocatalysts for the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the pivotal for meeting the practical demand in water splitting.However,the current transitio...Developing highly efficient,durable,and non-noble electrocatalysts for the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the pivotal for meeting the practical demand in water splitting.However,the current transition-metal electrocatalysts still suffer from low activity and durability on account of poor interfacial reaction kinetics.In this work,a facile solid-state synthesis strategy is developed to construct transition-metal sulfides heterostructures(denoted as MS_(2)/NiS_(2),M=Mo or W)for boosting OER electrocatalysis.As a result,MoS2/NiS2 and WS2/NiS2 show lower overpotentials of 300 mV and 320 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA·cm^(-2),and smaller Tafel slopes of 60 mV.dec^(-1) and 83 mV.dec^(-1)in 1 mol·L^(-1) KOH,respectively,in comparison with the single MoS2,WS2,NiS2,as well as even the benchmark RuO2.The experiments reveal that the designed heterostructures have strong electronic interactions and spontaneously develop a built-in electric field at the heterointerface with uneven charge distribution based on the difference of band structures,which promote interfacial charge transfer,improve absorptivity of OH-,and modulate the energy level more comparable to the OER.Thus,the designed transition-metal sulfides heterostructures exhibit a remarkably high electrocatalytic activity for OER.This study provides a simple strategy to manipulate the heterostructure interface via an energy level engineering method for OER and can be extended to fabricate other heterostructures for various energy-related applications.展开更多
Biopharmaceuticals,such as proteins,peptides,nucleic acids and vaccines,bring about great hopes for the prevention and treatment of various diseases,but the industrialization of these products still faces challenges s...Biopharmaceuticals,such as proteins,peptides,nucleic acids and vaccines,bring about great hopes for the prevention and treatment of various diseases,but the industrialization of these products still faces challenges such as structural instability,inefficient bioactivity and low bioavailability.Ionic liquids(ILs),the marvelous solvent media with inimitable and tunable properties,may provide alternative solutions to overcome the above problems of biopharmaceutical industry.Progress has gradually been made through studies by combination of ILs with biomacromolecules.The applications involved the stabilization,protection,and delivery of biopharmaceuticals.Recent trends are being forwarded to using ILs in vaccines and nucleic acid drugs.However,challenges remain on the toxicity and safety issues.Besides,the cost of adding ILs to the benefits of biopharmaceuticals need to be considered.展开更多
Skin acts as protective barrier against a number of factors such as dust,opportunistic microbial and viral infections,regulates body temperature and waste discharge.Fibroblast cell population plays an important role i...Skin acts as protective barrier against a number of factors such as dust,opportunistic microbial and viral infections,regulates body temperature and waste discharge.Fibroblast cell population plays an important role in devclopment of skin architecturc.A scaffold having capability to support and enhance fibroblast growth is a viable option for wound dressing material which can shorten the time for wound to heal.In this work,Silk Fibroin(SF)and Xanthan(Xa)were blended in three ratios 80 SF:20 Xa(SFX82),60 SF:40 Xa(SFX64),and 50SF:50 Xa(SFX55)to create SF/Xa scaffold.Miscibility and other physicochemical properties of SF/Xa scaffold are functions of blending ratios and blend with the ratio 80 SF:20 Xa has the highest miscibility.Thermal properties of SF/Xa blends are a function of miscibility with SFX82 having superior thermal propertis of all fabricated scaffolds.The porosity of SF/Xa scaffolds is in the range of 67%to 50%,with pore size of 58.1 um-45.5 um,water uptake capacity of 92%-86%,and surface roughness of 49.95 nm-385 nm.SFX82 shows highest growth rate of L929 fibroblast cells indicating its superiority over other scaffolds for providing biological cues for the growth and proliferation of fibroblastic cells in natural environment.SFX82 scaffold is found to be most suitable for fibroblastic cells thereby enhancing the tissue regeneration at wound site.展开更多
1.Introduction Despite being widely known and investigated as a computer science discipline,artificial intelligence(AI)has attracted incomparable interest from researchers in diversified areas[1].In 1950,Alan Turing r...1.Introduction Despite being widely known and investigated as a computer science discipline,artificial intelligence(AI)has attracted incomparable interest from researchers in diversified areas[1].In 1950,Alan Turing raised the classic question that has inspired numerous researchers to date:“Can machines think?”[2].The ultimate benchmark of AI was set by Turing’s revised“imitation game.”展开更多
Spinel oxide(NiCo_(2)O_(4))has demonstrated great potential to replace noble metal catalysts for the oxidation reaction of air pollutants.To further boost the oxidation ability of such catalysts,in this study,a facile...Spinel oxide(NiCo_(2)O_(4))has demonstrated great potential to replace noble metal catalysts for the oxidation reaction of air pollutants.To further boost the oxidation ability of such catalysts,in this study,a facile surface-engineering strategy wherein NiCo_(2)O_(4) was treated with different alkali solvents was developed.The obtained catalyst(NiCo_(2)O_(4)-OH)showed a higher surface alkalinity and more surface defects compared to the pristine spinel oxide,including enhanced structural distortion as well as promoted oxygen vacancies.The propane oxidation ability of NiCo_(2)O_(4)-OH was greatly enhanced,with a propane conversion rate that was approximately 6.4 times higher than that of pristine NiCo_(2)O_(4) at a reaction temperature 193℃.This work sets a valuable paradigm for the surface modulation of spinel oxide via alkali treatment to ensure a high-performance oxidation catalyst.展开更多
文摘Biochemical Engineering(BCE)discipline had largely developed from fermentation technology studies from 1950s through 1960s when fermentation emerged as the core technology able to address multiple industrial needs ranging from health care products such as antibiotics;food products such as single cell proteins,amino acids,organic acids,and vitamins;liquid fuels and chemicals such as ethanol and acetic acid;and industrial enzymes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0908300)the Natural Science Foundation of China(22138006,22278240).
文摘Terpenoids,one of the most diverse and structurally varied natural products in nature,are widely distributed in plants,microbes,and other organisms.Their structural diversity confers significant importance in medicine,food,flavorings,and energy.However,traditional methods of plant extraction and chemical synthesis have limitations in industrial applications.Consequently,microbial cell factories have emerged as an important platform for terpenoid production.Terpene synthases(TPSs)are crucial in determining the structural and functional diversity of terpenoids.This review discussed the origin and classificationof TPSs,outlines commonly used TPS mining methods,and summarizes advances in TPS engineering.In addition,it also explores the influenceof machine learning on enzyme mining,the existing challenges and the future opportunities alongside cutting-edge technologies.
基金funded by the Major Science and Technology Project of Henan Province(231100310200)the National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFF1103804).
文摘Liver diseases remain a global health crisis,with limited safe therapeutic options.Cornus officinalis,a traditional medicinal-edible plant,has demonstrated significant hepatoprotective potential.This review systematically summarizes its liver-protective mechanisms and explores its potential as a functional food.Data were collected from scientific databases such as Pub Med,Science Direct,Elsevier,Google Scholar,and relevant literature.Key bioactive compounds—including iridoids,polyphenols,and polysaccharides—contribute to hepatoprotection by mitigating oxidative stress,inflammation,steatosis,apoptosis,and by regulating gut microbiota.As critical quality markers,iridoids exhibit suboptimal bioavailability,necessitating targeted technological interventions—nanoencapsulation for liver-specific delivery and microbial fermentation for controlled aglycone conversion are proposed to enhance their pharmacokinetic properties and bioactivity.Future research could adopt encapsulation and fermentation technologies for C.officinalis processing,aiming to develop targeted functional food products with enhanced bioactivity of its active components.This review,for the first time,establishes a“component-pathway-integration”model,providing a theoretical framework for evidence-based CO-derived functional food development and highlighting the need for further research on iridoid metabolic transformation to advance liver health management.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1103804)the Academic Research Projects of Beijing Union University(ZK20202516).
文摘Krill oil is effective in reducing blood lipid levels,particularly in individuals with severe hyperlipidemia.However,poor water insolubility and stability limited its usage.This study investigated a method for encapsulating Antarctic krill oil using alginate(ALG)and gelatin(GLN)to enhance its stability and bioactivity.The encapsulation efficiency,functional group integrity,swelling rate,and lipid-lowering activity were assessed.Results indicated that the optimal encapsulation conditions were identified with an ALG:GLN ratio of 2:1(m/m),coagulation bath of 9%CaCl_(2),and a nozzle size of 750μm,resulting in 69.34%encapsulation efficiency.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful encapsulation.The ALG-GLN shell materials enriched astaxanthin in krill oil and protected it from harsh gastric conditions,enabling targeted intestinal release.In a high-fat diet-induced rat model,krill oil microcapsules significantly reduced triglycerides(TG),total cholesterol(TC),and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C)levels while increasing high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C)levels compared to unencapsulated krill oil.Additionally,the microcapsules elevated nitric oxide(NO)levels,enhanced superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,and reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)levels,liver and perirenal fat weight.Therefore,encapsulating Antarctic krill oil in alginate-gelatin hydrogel offers a promising strategy for managing hyperlipidemia and associated metabolic disorders.
基金Funded by the Hubei Province Key Research Foundation for Water Resources,China(No.HBSLKY2023035)as well as by the Technology Foundation for Selected Overseas Scholars,Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security,China(No.[2013]277)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Hubei Province of China(No.2014CFA094)the Overseas High-level Talents Scientific-research Starting Fund of Hubei University of Technology,China(HBUTscience-[2005]2)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51703053)。
文摘When a ceramic ionic-crystal nanocluster is group-substituted with polymer chain segments to form an ionomeric aggregate,is the ordered structure maintained within the sterically hindered nanocluster?We observed,for Na-salt sulfonated polystyrene ionomer,the electron-diffraction lattice fringes of the nanoclusters,which proved their internal crystalline ordering driven by electrostatic attractions overcoming steric hindrance.Kinetically,the nanoclusters'enhanced melting endotherm upon aging indicate their quasi-,slow-ordering character.Extended tight binding molecular dynamics simulations provide an insight into the mechanism underlying the ionic-group aggregation during nanoclustering.We hence proposed an uncommon state of order,polymer-bound ceramic quasicrystal,supplementary to the order phenomena in crystalline ceramics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52372188)Natural Science Foundation of Henan (Nos.242300421625,252300421333)+4 种基金CAS Henan Industrial Technology Innovation & Incubation Center (No.2024121)Key Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Henan Province (Nos.22A150042,23A150038,and 24A150019)2023 Introduction of studying abroad talent programthe China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2019 M652546)Key Project of Science and Technology of Henan Province (No.252102240007)。
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs) are regarded as one of the most promising energy conversion and storage devices.Nevertheless,side reactions and dendrite growth on the zinc metal anode hinder their widespread application.In this study,hemin was employed as a multi-functional artificial interface for the first time to inhibit the disordered growth of zinc dendrites and mitigate side reactions.Theoretical calculations indicate that hemin is preferentially adsorbed onto the zinc anode,thus blocking the interaction between the active zinc anode and electrolyte.Compared with zinc foil,the Hemin@Zn anode demonstrates enhanced corrosion resistance,a decrease in hydrogen evolution,and more orderly deposition of zinc.As expected,the symmetric cell with Hemin@Zn anode can sustain up to 4000 h at 0.2 mA/cm^(2),0.2 mAh/cm^(2).Asymmetric Zn//Cu cells exhibit an average coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.72 % during 500 cycles.Moreover,the full cell Hemin@Zn//NH_(4)V_(4)O_(10) delivers a superior capacity up to 367 m Ah/g and the discharge capacity retention reaches 124 mAh/g after 1200 cycles even at a current density of 5 A/g.This work provides a simple and effective method for constructing a robust artificial interface to promote the application of long-life AZIBs.
基金funded by the U.S.Department of Education under Grant Number ED#P116S210005the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers 2226936 and 2420405.
文摘Theintegration of human factors into artificial intelligence(AI)systems has emerged as a critical research frontier,particularly in reinforcement learning(RL),where human-AI interaction(HAII)presents both opportunities and challenges.As RL continues to demonstrate remarkable success in model-free and partially observable environments,its real-world deployment increasingly requires effective collaboration with human operators and stakeholders.This article systematically examines HAII techniques in RL through both theoretical analysis and practical case studies.We establish a conceptual framework built upon three fundamental pillars of effective human-AI collaboration:computational trust modeling,system usability,and decision understandability.Our comprehensive review organizes HAII methods into five key categories:(1)learning from human feedback,including various shaping approaches;(2)learning from human demonstration through inverse RL and imitation learning;(3)shared autonomy architectures for dynamic control allocation;(4)human-in-the-loop querying strategies for active learning;and(5)explainable RL techniques for interpretable policy generation.Recent state-of-the-art works are critically reviewed,with particular emphasis on advances incorporating large language models in human-AI interaction research.To illustrate some concepts,we present three detailed case studies:an empirical trust model for farmers adopting AI-driven agricultural management systems,the implementation of ethical constraints in roboticmotion planning through human-guided RL,and an experimental investigation of human trust dynamics using a multi-armed bandit paradigm.These applications demonstrate how HAII principles can enhance RL systems’practical utility while bridging the gap between theoretical RL and real-world human-centered applications,ultimately contributing to more deployable and socially beneficial intelligent systems.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52263010 and 52372188)2023 Introduction of studying abroad talent program,Henan Provincial Key Scientific Research Project of Collegesand Universities(No.23A150038)+1 种基金Key Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Henan Province(No.22A150042)the National students'platform for innovation and entrepreneurship training program(No.201910476010).
文摘Thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)consists of a hardsegment and a soft segment,where the former affords mechanical strength and thermalstability,while the latter provides a possibility of good ionic conductivity by promoting dissociation of ions from the lithium salt.Thus,TPU attracts a wide interest recently as a promising polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries.However,the relatively low ionic conductivity of TPU still restricts its actual applications due to the aggregation of polymer chains,which greatly reduces the dissociation of lithium salts.Herein,a strategy to address this challenge was adopted by in situ polymerization poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate)(PEGDA)in fully dispersed TPU.Hence a stretchable solid-state electrolyte(denoted as TELL and the contrast sample was denoted as TLL)with high ionic conductivity of 7.18×10^(-4) S/cm was obtained at room temperature.The Li^(+)transference number is 0.85 in Li|TELL|Li cell and can stably undergo charge-discharge cycles for 1400 h at a current density of O.1 mA/cm^(2),while the contrast sample is short-circuited after 634 h of cycling.The LiFePO_(4)|TELL|Li cell achieves a capacity retention of 78.93%after 200 cycles at 2 C.The LiFePO_(4) TLL Li cellonly gains the capacity retention of 51.9%after 50 cyclesat the same current density.So,the method adopted here may provide a new approach to realize a flexible solid-state electrolyte with high ion-conductivity.
基金supported by the Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20240101118JC)the funds of Medical+X cross innovation team granted by medical department of Jilin University(No.2022JBGS07)+1 种基金the Jilin Province Science and Technology development project(No.20210101437JC)the WU JIEPING Medical Foundation(No.320.6750.2023-3-20 to TGM)。
文摘The cold sintering process(CSP)is a green and innovative method of material densification at low temperatures(<350°C).The traditional CSP entails the addition of liquid phases as a solvent to achieve material densification through the dissolution-precipitation mechanism.However,it is difficult to realize for materials with low solubility.To address this challenge,a universal cold sintering method without the addition of liquid phases has been proposed in this work.The addition of a special polyester-polymer assisted the densification of insoluble ceramics,and hydroxyapatite(HA)and Al_(2)O_(3)were successfully sintered below 100°C,achieving 95-100%densities in a short time(5-20 min).This achievement can be attributed to the low glass transition temperature and the abundance of active sites(C=O)of the polyester-polymer.The denser ceramics exhibited enhanced mechanical properties,with the compression strength of polymer-assisted CSP HA increasing by 147.3%compared to the nanoparticles.Additionally,serving as an advanced bone substitute material,HA underwent quantitative analysis using the CCK-8 method and assessed the impact of polymer presence on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity.Meanwhile,a tight bonding between the polymer and ceramic materials was achieved during CSP,providing a generalized method for designing multifunctional ceramic-polymer.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2022M3H4A6A0103720142)the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.GTL24011-000)+1 种基金the Technology Innovation Program(RS-2024-00404165)through the Korea Planning&Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology(KEIT)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)supported by the Samsung SDI Co.Ltd.and the Korea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST)institutional program(2E33942,2E3394B)。
文摘Strategies for achieving high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries include using high-capacity materials such as high-nickel NCM,increasing the active material content in the electrode by utilizing high-conductivity carbon nanotubes(CNT)conductive materials,and electrode thickening.However,these methods are still limited due to the limitation in the capacity of high-nickel NCM,aggregation of CNT conductive materials,and nonuniform material distribution of thick-film electrodes,which ultimately damage the mechanical and electrical integrity of the electrode,leading to a decrease in electrochemical performance.Here,we present an integrated binder-CNT composite dispersion solution to realize a high-solids-content(>77 wt%)slurry for high-mass-loading electrodes and to mitigate the migration of binder and conductive additives.Indeed,the approach reduces solvent usage by approximately 30%and ensures uniform conductive additive-binder domain distribution during electrode manufacturing,resulting in improved coating quality and adhesive strength for high-mass-loading electrodes(>12 mAh cm^(−2)).In terms of various electrode properties,the presented electrode showed low resistance and excellent electrochemical properties despite the low CNT contents of 0.6 wt%compared to the pristine-applied electrode with 0.85 wt%CNT contents.Moreover,our strategy enables faster drying,which increases the coating speed,thereby offering potential energy savings and supporting carbon neutrality in wet-based electrode manufacturing processes.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22108154,22138006,32171430).
文摘Triterpenoids are valuable medicinal scaffolds,characterized by excellent pharmacological properties and the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups that allow for further structural modifications.Expanding the scope of oxidative modifications on these molecules is crucial for increasing their synthetic structural diversity and unlocking new potential pharmacological activities.However,the progress has been limited by the scarcity of suitable tailoring enzymes.Here,we reported a break-through in achieving targeted and remote dual-site oxidation of licorice triterpenoids using a single P450 mutant.This approach successfully enabled the selective synthesis of the rare triterpenoid,liquiritic acid and 24-OH-liquiritic acid.Our findings demonstrate that microenvironmental accessibility engineering of triterpenoid substrates within the P450 enzyme is essential for continuous and regioselective oxidation.This study not only sheds light on the mechanistic aspects of P450 catalysis but also expands the enzymatic toolkit for selective oxidative modifications in triterpenoid biosynthesis.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.82473887 and 21927808)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Shanghai (No.23DZ2202500)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (No.2021-1-I2M-026)。
文摘The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic activity across the entire brain and its numerous micro-regions remains incredibly challenging.Here,we offer a high-definition spatially resolved metabolomics technique to better understand the metabolic specialization and interconnection throughout the mouse brain using improved ambient mass spectrometry imaging.This method allows for the simultaneous mapping of thousands of metabolites at a 30 μm spatial resolution across the mouse brain,ranging from structural lipids to functional neurotransmitters.This approach effectively reveals the distribution patterns of delicate microregions and their distinctive metabolic characteristics.Using an integrated database,we annotated 259 metabolites,demonstrating that the metabolome and metabolic pathways are unique to each brain microregion.The distribution of metabolites,closely linked to functionally connected brain regions and their interactions,offers profound insights into the complexity of chemical processes and their roles in brain function.An initial dataset for future metabolomics research might be obtained from the high-definition mouse brain's spatial metabolome atlas.
基金Supported by The City of Vienna(MA 27-Project 12-06)the Austrian's Working Compensation Board(AUVA)+1 种基金the Austrian Research Agency FFG,Bridge-Project,No.#815471the New Tissue Project,No.FFG#818412
文摘Recent advancements in the field of musculoskeletaltissue engineering have raised an increasing interest in the regeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL). It is the aim of this article to review the current research efforts and highlight promising tissue engineering strategies. The four main components of tissue engineering also apply in several ACL regeneration research efforts. Scaffolds from biological materials, biodegradable polymers and composite materials are used. The main cell sources are mesenchymal stem cells and ACL fibroblasts. In addition, growth factors and mechanical stimuli are applied. So far, the regenerated ACL constructs have been tested in a few animal studies and the results are encouraging. The different strategies, from in vitro ACL regeneration in bioreactor systems to bio-enhanced repair and regeneration, are under constant development. We expect considerable progress in the near future that will result in a realistic option for ACL surgery soon.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21701182,21771187,21790050,21790051,22005323Frontier Science Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant/Award Number:QYZDB‐SSWJSC052+1 种基金Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:tsqn201812111ICCAS Institute Research Project。
文摘The inherent shortcomings of a zinc anode in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries(ZIBs)such as zinc dendrites and side reactions severely limit their practical application.Herein,to address these issues,an ion‐oriented transport channel constructed by graphdiyne(GDY)nanowalls is designed and grown in situ on the surface of a zinc electrode.The vertically stacked GDY nanowalls with a unique hierarchical porous structure and mechanical properties form a nanomesh‐like interface on the zinc electrode,acting as an ion‐oriented channel,which can efficiently confine the segmented growth of zinc metal in microscopic regions of hundreds of nanometers.In those microscopic regions,the uniform domain current density is effortlessly maintained compared with a large surface area,thereby inhibiting zinc dendrites effectively.Besides,due to the presence of the ion‐oriented channel,the modified zinc anode demonstrates long‐term stable zinc plating/stripping performance for more than 600 h at 1 mAh cm^(−2)in an aqueous electrolyte.In addition,full‐cells coupled with MnO2 show high specific capacity and power density,as well as excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 82%after 5000 cycles at 1 A g^(−1).This work provides a feasible and accessible surface engineering approach to modify the electrode interface for confined and dendrite‐free zinc deposition in aqueous ZIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52363028,21965005)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2021GXNSFAA076001)the Guangxi Technology Base and Talent Subject(GUIKE AD18126001,GUIKE AD20297039)。
文摘Tackling the problem of poor conductivity and catalytic stability of pristine metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) is crucial to improve their oxygen evolution reaction(OER) performance.Herein,we introduce a novel strategy of dysprosium(Dy) doping,using the unique 4f orbitals of this rare earth element to enhance electrocatalytic activity of MOFs.Our method involves constructing Dy-doped Ni-MOF(Dy@Ni-MOF) nanoneedles on carbon cloth via a Dy-induced valence electronic perturbation approach.Experiments and density functional theory(DFT) calculations reveal that Dy doping can effectively modify the electronic structure of the Ni active centers and foster a strong electronic interaction between Ni and Dy.The resulting benefits include a reduced work function and a closer proximity of the d-band center to the Fermi level,which is conducive to improving electrical conductivity and promoting the adsorption of oxygen-containing intermediates.Furthermore,the Dy@Ni-MOF achieves superhydrophilicity,ensuring effective electrolyte contact and thus accelerating reaction kinetics,Ex-situ and in-situ analysis results manifest Dy_(2)O_(3)/NiOOH as the actual active species.Therefore,Dy@Ni-MOF shows impressive OER performance,significantly surpassing Ni-MOF.Besides,the overall water splitting device with Dy@NiMOF as an anode delivers a low cell voltage of 1.51 V at 10 mA cm^(-2) and demonstrates long-term stability for 100 h,positioning it as a promising substitute for precious metal catalysts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(21922814,22138012,21961160745,21921005,22178349,22078333,22108281 and 31961133019)Excellent Member in Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y202014)Shandong Energy Institute(Grant Number SEI 1202133).
文摘Developing highly efficient,durable,and non-noble electrocatalysts for the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the pivotal for meeting the practical demand in water splitting.However,the current transition-metal electrocatalysts still suffer from low activity and durability on account of poor interfacial reaction kinetics.In this work,a facile solid-state synthesis strategy is developed to construct transition-metal sulfides heterostructures(denoted as MS_(2)/NiS_(2),M=Mo or W)for boosting OER electrocatalysis.As a result,MoS2/NiS2 and WS2/NiS2 show lower overpotentials of 300 mV and 320 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA·cm^(-2),and smaller Tafel slopes of 60 mV.dec^(-1) and 83 mV.dec^(-1)in 1 mol·L^(-1) KOH,respectively,in comparison with the single MoS2,WS2,NiS2,as well as even the benchmark RuO2.The experiments reveal that the designed heterostructures have strong electronic interactions and spontaneously develop a built-in electric field at the heterointerface with uneven charge distribution based on the difference of band structures,which promote interfacial charge transfer,improve absorptivity of OH-,and modulate the energy level more comparable to the OER.Thus,the designed transition-metal sulfides heterostructures exhibit a remarkably high electrocatalytic activity for OER.This study provides a simple strategy to manipulate the heterostructure interface via an energy level engineering method for OER and can be extended to fabricate other heterostructures for various energy-related applications.
基金The authors are thankful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21808226,31970872,and 21821005).
文摘Biopharmaceuticals,such as proteins,peptides,nucleic acids and vaccines,bring about great hopes for the prevention and treatment of various diseases,but the industrialization of these products still faces challenges such as structural instability,inefficient bioactivity and low bioavailability.Ionic liquids(ILs),the marvelous solvent media with inimitable and tunable properties,may provide alternative solutions to overcome the above problems of biopharmaceutical industry.Progress has gradually been made through studies by combination of ILs with biomacromolecules.The applications involved the stabilization,protection,and delivery of biopharmaceuticals.Recent trends are being forwarded to using ILs in vaccines and nucleic acid drugs.However,challenges remain on the toxicity and safety issues.Besides,the cost of adding ILs to the benefits of biopharmaceuticals need to be considered.
文摘Skin acts as protective barrier against a number of factors such as dust,opportunistic microbial and viral infections,regulates body temperature and waste discharge.Fibroblast cell population plays an important role in devclopment of skin architecturc.A scaffold having capability to support and enhance fibroblast growth is a viable option for wound dressing material which can shorten the time for wound to heal.In this work,Silk Fibroin(SF)and Xanthan(Xa)were blended in three ratios 80 SF:20 Xa(SFX82),60 SF:40 Xa(SFX64),and 50SF:50 Xa(SFX55)to create SF/Xa scaffold.Miscibility and other physicochemical properties of SF/Xa scaffold are functions of blending ratios and blend with the ratio 80 SF:20 Xa has the highest miscibility.Thermal properties of SF/Xa blends are a function of miscibility with SFX82 having superior thermal propertis of all fabricated scaffolds.The porosity of SF/Xa scaffolds is in the range of 67%to 50%,with pore size of 58.1 um-45.5 um,water uptake capacity of 92%-86%,and surface roughness of 49.95 nm-385 nm.SFX82 shows highest growth rate of L929 fibroblast cells indicating its superiority over other scaffolds for providing biological cues for the growth and proliferation of fibroblastic cells in natural environment.SFX82 scaffold is found to be most suitable for fibroblastic cells thereby enhancing the tissue regeneration at wound site.
基金The Department of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province is acknowledged for this research under its Provincial Key Laboratory Programme(2020E10018).
文摘1.Introduction Despite being widely known and investigated as a computer science discipline,artificial intelligence(AI)has attracted incomparable interest from researchers in diversified areas[1].In 1950,Alan Turing raised the classic question that has inspired numerous researchers to date:“Can machines think?”[2].The ultimate benchmark of AI was set by Turing’s revised“imitation game.”
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22072069)the Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials(Wuhan University of Science and Technology No.WKDM202303).
文摘Spinel oxide(NiCo_(2)O_(4))has demonstrated great potential to replace noble metal catalysts for the oxidation reaction of air pollutants.To further boost the oxidation ability of such catalysts,in this study,a facile surface-engineering strategy wherein NiCo_(2)O_(4) was treated with different alkali solvents was developed.The obtained catalyst(NiCo_(2)O_(4)-OH)showed a higher surface alkalinity and more surface defects compared to the pristine spinel oxide,including enhanced structural distortion as well as promoted oxygen vacancies.The propane oxidation ability of NiCo_(2)O_(4)-OH was greatly enhanced,with a propane conversion rate that was approximately 6.4 times higher than that of pristine NiCo_(2)O_(4) at a reaction temperature 193℃.This work sets a valuable paradigm for the surface modulation of spinel oxide via alkali treatment to ensure a high-performance oxidation catalyst.
